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Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kilavuzu RAPOR PAKISTAN SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU SALİM ÇEVİK PAKISTAN SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU COPYRIGHT ©2013 SETA SETA Yayınları XXIII I. Baskı : Mayıs 2013 ISBN : 978-605-4023-24-0 Kapak Tasarımı : M. Fuat Er Tasarım ve Uygulama : Ümare Yazar Fotoğraflar : AA Baskı : Pelin Ofset, Ankara İletişim : SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Nenehatun Cad. No.66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara Tel: (0 312) 551 21 00 | Faks: (0 312) 551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] PAKISTAN SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU Salim Çevik Katkıda Bulunanlar Muhammet Koçak Ahmet Halit Hatip ÖNSÖZ 11 BIRINCI BÖLÜM 13 PAKİSTAN’IN DÜNÜ VE BUGÜNÜ IKINCI BÖLÜM 19 SİYASİ HARİTA ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 83 DİNİ HARİTA DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 113 ORDU BEŞINCI BÖLÜM 123 PAKİSTAN MEDYASI ALTINCI BÖLÜM 127 İŞ DÜNYASI YEDINCI BÖLÜM 131 PAKİSTAN TOPLUMUNDAKİ DİĞER ÖNEMLİ KİŞİLER İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR | 11 ÖNSÖZ | 13 1. PAKİSTAN’IN DÜNÜ VE BUGÜNÜ | 15 2. SİYASİ HARİTA | 21 2.1 Ulusal Partiler ve Aktörler | 21 2.1.1 Pakistan People’s Party/ Pakistan Halk Partisi (PPP) | 21 2.1.1.1 Asıf Ali Zerdari | 24 2.1.1.2 Bilavel Butto | 25 2.1.1.3 Yusuf Rıza Gilani | 26 2.1.1.4 Raja Pervez Eşref | 28 2.1.2 Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz/Pakistan Müslüman Birliği-Navaz (PML-N) | 29 2.1.2.1 Navaz Şerif | 31 2.1.2.2 Şahbaz Şerif | 33 2.1.2.3 Nisar Ali Han | 34 2.1.3 Pakistan Tehreek-e Insaf/Pakistan Adalet Hareketi (PTI) | 35 2.1.3.1 İmran Han Niyazi | 37 2.1.3.2 Cavit Haşimi | 38 2.1.3.3 Şah Mahmud Kureyşi | 39 2.1.4 Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid/Pakistan Müslüman Birliği- Quaid (PML-Q) | 40 2.1.4.1 Çaudri Şecaat Hüseyin | 41 2.1.4.2 Pervez Elahi | 42 7 2.1.5 Önemli Siyasi Figürler | 42 2.1.5.1 İftihar Muhammed Çaudri | 42 2.1.5.2 Pervez Müşerref | 44 2.1.5.3 İjaz-ül Hak | 46 2.1.5.4 Şeyh Raşid Ahmed | 47 2.1.5.5 Aftab Ahmed Han Şerpao | 48 2.1.5.6 Müşahid Hüseyin Seyyid | 49 2.2 Bölgesel Parti ve Aktörler | 50 2.2.1 Etnik Kompozisyon | 50 2.2.2 Muttahida Qaumi Movement/Birleşik Ulusal Hareket (MQM) | 53 2.2.2.1 Altaf Hüseyin | 55 2.2.3 Awami National Party/Ulusal Halk Partisi (ANP) | 56 2.2.3.1 İsfendiyar Veli Han | 59 2.2.4 Diğer Etnik Parti ve Örgütler | 60 2.2.4.1 Belucistan Sorunu | 60 2.2.4.1.1 Beluci Örgütler ve Partiler | 64 2.2.4.1.1.a Parrari | 64 2.2.4..1.1.b Balochistan People’s Liberation Front/Belucistan Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi (BPLF) | 64 2.2.4.1.1.c Jamhoori Wattan Party/Cumhuriyetçi Vatan Partisi (JWP) | 65 2.2.4.1.1.d Baloch Republican Army/ Beluci Cumhuriyet Ordusu (BRA) | 66 2.2.4.1.1.e Cundullah (Iran) | 67 2.2.4.1.1.f Cundullah (Pakistan) | 68 2.2.4.1.1.g Balochistan National Party/Belucistan Ulusal Partisi (BNP) | 69 2.2.4.1.2 Beluci Kabile Liderleri | 70 2.2.4.1.2.a Ataullah Mengal | 70 2.2.4.1.2.b Akhtar Mengal | 71 2.2.4.1.2.c Navab Hayr Bahş Marri | 72 2.2.4.1.2.d Brahamdagh Han Bugti | 73 2.2.4.2 Diğer Etnik Örgütler ve Partiler | 73 2.2.4.2.1 Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front/ Cemmu Keşmir Özgürlük Cephesi | 73 2.2.4.2.2 Awami Tahreek/Halk Hareketi | 74 2.2.4.2.3 Jeay Sind Qaumi Mahaz/Yaşasın Sind Milli Cephesi | 75 2.3 Dini Parti ve Aktörler | 75 2.3.1 Jamat UIama e Islam-Fazlurrahman/ Islam Uleması Cemiyeti-Fazlurrahman (JUI-F) | 76 2.3.1.1 Mevlana Fazlurrahman | 78 2.3.2 Jamat e Islami/ Cemaat-i Islami (JI) | 79 2.3.2.1 Seyyid Münevver Hasan | 82 2.3.2.2 Liyakat Baloç | 83 3. DİNİ HARİTA | 85 3.1 Dini Yapı ve Aktörler | 85 3.1.1 Sünniler | 86 3.1.1.1 Barelviler | 88 3.1.1.2 Deobendiler | 89 3.1.1.2.1 Tebliğ Cemaati | 89 3.1.2 Şiiler | 90 3.1.2.1 Tehrik-i Caferiye Pakistan (Tehrik-i Islami)/Pakistan Caferi Hareketi (Islami Hareket) (TJP) | 90 3.1.3 Selefiler | 92 3.1.3.1 Jamiat Ahle Hadith/Ehl-i Hadis Cemiyeti (JAH) | 92 3.1.4 Etkin Dini Liderler | 93 3.1.4.1 Muhammet Tahir-ül Kadri | 93 3.1.4.2 Tarık Cemil | 95 3.1.4.3 Cevat Ahmet Hamidi | 96 3.1.4.4 Ibtisam Elahi Zahir | 96 3.1.4.5 Ahmet Refik Akhtar | 97 3.2 Silahlı Dini Gruplar | 97 3.2.1 Sünni-Şii Kavgası Odaklı Mezhepçi Örgütler | 97 3.2.1.1 Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan/Pakistan Sahabe Ordusu (SSP) | 97 3.2.1.2 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi/ Leşker-i Cengvi (LJ) | 99 3.2.1.3 Sipah-i Muhammed Pakistan (SMP) | 100 3.2.2 Keşmir Odaklı Gruplar | 100 3.2.2.1 Hizb-ül Mücahidin | 100 3.2.2.2 Leşker-i Tayyibe | 101 3.2.2.3 Ceyş-i Muhammed | 101 3.2.3 Taliban | 102 3.2.3.1 Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan/Pakistan Taliban Hareketi (TTP) | 107 3.2.3.2 Molla Nazir Grubu | 108 3.2.3.3 Hafız Gül Bahadır Grubu | 109 3.2.3.4 Hakkani Grubu | 109 3.2.3.5 Tehrik-i Nizam-i Şeriat-ı Muhammedi/Şeriat-ı Muhammedi’nin Egemenliği Hareketi (TNSM)- Svat Talibanı | 110 3.3 Dini Azınlıklar | 111 4. ORDU | 113 4.1 Mirza Aslam Beg | 118 4.2 Hamid Gül | 119 4.3 Eşfak Pervez Kayani | 120 4.4 Zahir-ül Islam | 121 4.5 Ahmed Şuja Paşa | 122 5. PAKİSTAN MEDYASI | 123 5.1 Jang Group | 124 5.2 Dawn Group | 125 5.3 Nawae Waqt | 125 5.4 Express Media Grup | 125 5.5 PTV | 126 5.6 Dunya | 126 5.7 Daily Times | 126 5.8 Business Recorder Group | 126 5.9 ARY Digital | 126 6. İŞ DÜNYASI | 127 6.1 Mian Muhammed Manşa | 127 6.2 Beşir Ali Muhammed | 128 6.3 Mir Şakil-ür Rahman | 128 6.4 Ikbal Ali Lakhani | 129 6.5 Mian Habibullah | 129 6.6 Seddarüddin Haşvani | 129 6.7 Aftab Ahmed Vohra | 130 6.8 Saigol Group | 130 7. PAKİSTAN TOPLUMUNDAKİ DİĞER ÖNEMLİ KİŞİLER | 131 7.1 Abdülkadir Han | 131 7.2 Hüseyin Hakkani | 133 7.3 Şeri Rahman | 133 7.4 Ahmed Raşid | 134 7.5 Hurşid Ahmed | 134 KISALTMALAR ANP : Awami National Party/Ulusal Halk Partisi APMSO : All Pakistan Mohajir Students Organization/Pakistan Muhacir Öğrenciler Birliği BNP : Balochistan National Party/Belucistan Ulusal Partisi FATA : Federally Administered Tribal Areas/Federal Kabile Bölgesi IJI : Islami Jamhori Ittehad/Islami Demokratik Ittifak IJT : Islami Jamiat Talaba/Islami Talebe Cemaati ISI : Inter-Services Intelligence/Birimler Arası Istihbarat JAH : Jamiat Ahle Hadith/Ehl-i Hadis Cemiyeti JI : Jamaat-e-Islami/Cemaat-i Islami JKLF : Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front/Cemmu Keşmir Kurtuluş Cephesi JUI : Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam/Islam Uleması Cemiyeti JUI-F : Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam- Fazlurrahman/Islam Uleması Cemiyeti-Fazlurrahman Grubu JWP : Jamhoori Wattan Party/Cumhuriyetçi Vatan Partisi KP : Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/Hayber Paktunva LJ : Lashkar-e-Jhangvi/Leşker-i Cengvi MMA : Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal/Ortak Eylem Birliği MQM : Muttahida Quami Movement/ Birleşik Ulusal Hareket NWFP : North Western Frontier Province/Kuzey Batı Sınır Eyaleti PML : Pakistan Muslim League/Pakistan Müslüman Birliği PML-N : Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz/Müslüman Birliği-Navaz Grubu 11 PML-Q : Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid/ Müslüman Birliği-Kaid Grubu PML-Z : Pakistan Muslim League-Zia/Müslüman Birliği-Ziya Grubu PPP : Pakistan People’s Party/Pakistan Halk Partisi PTI : Pakistan Tehreek-e Insaf/Pakistan Adalet Hareketi SMP : Sipah-i Muhammed Pakistan/Pakistan Muhammed’in Ordusu SSP : Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan/Pakistan Sahabe Ordusu TJP : Tehrik-i Caferiye Pakistan/Pakistan Caferi Hareketi TNJF : Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Fiqah-e-Jafaria/Caferi Fıkhının Egemenliği Hareketi TNSM : Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi/Şeriat-ı Muhammedi’nin Egemenliği Hareketi TTP : Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan/ Pakistan Taliban Hareketi ÖNSÖZ Pakistan iki yüz milyona yaklaşan nüfusu ve stratejik coğrafyası ile dünya siyaseti- nin önemli ülkelerinden birisidir. Orta Doğu, Orta Asya ve Güney Asya’nın kesiş- me noktalarında yer alan Pakistan’ın stratejik önemi son yıllarda komşu bulunduğu coğrafyaların dünya siyasetindeki ağırlığına paralel olarak sürekli artmaktadır. Üs- telik Pakistan nükleer güce sahip sayılı ülkelerden birisidir. Zaman zaman bir diğer nükleer güç olan Hindistan ile yaşanan sınır gerilimleri, öte yandan Afganistan sını- rında süreklilik arz eden çatışmalar ve El-Kaide ve Taliban’ın varlığı Pakistan’ı dünya gündeminin üst sıralarına taşımaktadır. Bütün bunlara rağmen Pakistan ülkemizde yeterince tanınmamaktadır. Haklı olarak her fırsatta Türk ve Pakistan halkları ara- sında tarihi köklere dayanan iyi niyet ve dostluk vurgulansa da bu tarihsel bağlar henüz siyasi-ekonomik veya kültürel ilişkilerle yeterince desteklenmemiştir. Bu çalışma Pakistan’ı ve Pakistan siyasal hayatını Türk kamuoyuna ve bölge üzeri- ne çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara tanıtmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla ülkenin tarihi ve siyasi sistemi ile ilgili temel bilgiler kısaca verildikten sonra ülkenin si- yasal yapısı ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu bölümde ülkedeki siyasal parti ve aktörler; ulusal, bölgesel ve dini parti ve aktörler olarak sınıflandırılarak liderlerin biyografik analizi ve partilerin tartışmalı meselelere karşı tutumları ve seçmen kitleleri değerlendirilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise ülkedeki dini kompozisyon analiz edilmekte, ülke içindeki farklı dini yapılanmalar ve bunların birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri, ortaklıkları ve rekabetleri incelenmektedir. Uluslararası alanda da giderek önemli bir konu haline gelen silahlı dini gruplar da ayrıca ele alınmakta ve haklarında ayrıntılı analizler sunulmaktadır. 13 PAKISTAN SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU Dördüncü bölümde ise ülke kaderine uzun yıllardır hükmeden askeri yapı ince- lenmekte ve Pakistan’daki ordu ve onun yönetimi ile ilgili belli başlı önemli nokta- lar ve soru işaretleri tartışılmaktadır.
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