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Visual Framing of Patriotism and National Identity on the Covers of Der Spiegel San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 Visual Framing of Patriotism and National Identity on the Covers of Der Spiegel Andrea Marie Pyka San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Pyka, Andrea Marie, "Visual Framing of Patriotism and National Identity on the Covers of Der Spiegel" (2010). Master's Theses. 3786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.k9dp-bpt8 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3786 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VISUAL FRAMING OF PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ON THE COVERS OF DER SPIEGEL A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Journalism and Mass Communications San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Andrea Pyka May 2010 i © 2010 Andrea Pyka ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii VISUAL FRAMING OF PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ON THE COVERS OF DER SPIEGEL by Andrea Pyka APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Scott Fosdick School of Journalism and Mass Communications Dr. William Tillinghast School of Journalism and Mass Communications Dr. William Briggs School of Journalism and Mass Communications iii ABSTRACT VISUAL FRAMING OF PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ON THE COVERS OF DER SPIEGEL by Andrea Pyka This thesis studied how Der Spiegel , a news magazine in Germany, visually framed images of German patriotism and national identity on its front covers between 1947 and 2009. This study specifically examined whether the covers showed an increase in symbols of patriotism and national identity following four major events in Germany. The events included: the building of the Berlin Wall, the reunification of Germany, the adoption of the Euro, and the 2006 World Cup. A framing analysis of the covers showed that there was an increase in symbols of national identity across each of these four events. However, based on the statistical results, there was no gradual increase in patriotism symbols on the covers of Der Spiegel across the events. The results also revealed that there was a greater number of patriotism and national identity symbols after three out of the four events than before the events. There was an exception with the adoption of the Euro, which had more symbols before the event versus after the event. Der Spiegel covers were coded for five symbols of patriotism and national identity: political figures, the German flag, Germany’s national colors, the coat of arms, and symbols categorized as other. Of these symbols, political figures were most commonly used on the covers across the four events. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my grandfather, Erhard Eidner. I will always value his strength and perseverance that continue to inspire me. I am extremely grateful to my parents, Gisela and Walter, for supporting me in pursuing my passions in life, including my recent master’s work. I thank them for teaching and encouraging me to strive to be the best that I can be. I would like to thank Niels van Naarden for standing by me through this unique experience. I will be forever grateful for his dedication, words of encouragement, and emotional support. In addition, I would like to thank Mecky for keeping me company during the whole process. Finally, I thank my three advisors, Dr. Scott Fosdick, Dr. William Tillinghast, and Dr. William Briggs for their efforts and for not hesitating to help wherever possible. It was an honor and pleasure to work with all of them. I would especially like to express my deepest appreciation to my primary advisor, Dr. Scott Fosdick, for his kindness, enthusiasm, and patience. I thank him for always believing in me and encouraging the best of my abilities. This thesis would not have been possible without his guidance. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................... 2 Chapter II ............................................................................................................................ 5 Review of the Literature ..................................................................................................... 5 Framing Theory. ......................................................................................................... 5 Journalists’ role in framing. .................................................................................... 6 Framing as a process. .............................................................................................. 8 Framing and the text. .............................................................................................. 9 Visual Imagery in the Media..................................................................................... 10 Visuals and framing. ............................................................................................. 11 Visual communication. ......................................................................................... 12 Magazine covers and design. ................................................................................ 13 Principles of Design. ................................................................................................. 14 Unity. .................................................................................................................... 14 Balance. ................................................................................................................. 15 Contrast. ................................................................................................................ 15 Emphasis. .............................................................................................................. 16 Der Spiegel and Design. ........................................................................................... 16 Historical Context of Germany in 1947. ................................................................... 18 National Identity and Germany. ................................................................................ 19 vi National identity and the media. ........................................................................... 22 Patriotism and the Media. ......................................................................................... 24 German patriotism. ............................................................................................... 25 Overview of Main Literature and Theoretical Framework. ...................................... 26 Hypotheses. ............................................................................................................... 29 Chapter III ......................................................................................................................... 30 Method .............................................................................................................................. 30 Qualitative Analysis. ................................................................................................. 31 Quantitative Analysis. ............................................................................................... 32 The sample. ........................................................................................................... 32 Coding variables. .................................................................................................. 33 Patriotism and National Identity Symbols. ............................................................... 34 The country flag. ................................................................................................... 35 The national colors. ............................................................................................... 35 Political figures. .................................................................................................... 35 Coat of arms. ......................................................................................................... 36 Other national symbols. ........................................................................................ 36 Coding for Tone. ....................................................................................................... 36 Germany’s Historical Events. ................................................................................... 37 The building of the Berlin Wall. ........................................................................... 38 The reunification of Germany. .............................................................................. 38 The adoption of the Euro. ..................................................................................... 38 vii The 2006 World Cup. ........................................................................................... 39 Intercoder Reliability. ..............................................................................................
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