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Download (394Kb) CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter, researcher will explain about related and relevant theories that become the main discussion in this research. This chapter covers language varieties, types of language varieties, colloquial, types of colloquial, teaching listening, and Ariana Grande “Thank U, Next” album. 2.1 Language Varieties Language is not uniform or constant, even though English has been established as international language, it does not mean people have same rule, same dialect, and same way to use that language. The appearance of language varieties is caused by the variety of linguistic styles used by the society and it will continue to grow as the times develop. According to Nordquist (2019), Language variety is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Linguists commonly use language variety as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language. Alluding to Wardhaugh and Fuller (2015), a ‘language’ is considered an overarching category containing dialects, it is also often seen as synonymous with the standard dialect; yet a closer examination of the standard reveals that it is a value-laden abstraction, not an objectively defined linguistic variety. Further, every language has a range of regional dialects, social dialects, styles, registers, and genres. Those aspects might cause variations in language. 6 2.2 Type of Language Varieties Several points of view have been taken to analyze and classify the language variety. In line with this, the varieties can be divided into two types, they are individual and societal language varieties. Jendra (2012), divides into many types of language variety, but the researcher only takes some points which have close relation to this research. Whereas, in relation to the uses, language varieties are classified according to several different points of view including the way it is used, the formality, the stratification, and many others. According to the way it is used, language is divided into spoken and written form. According to the formality, it is separated into formal and informal language varieties. 2.2.1 Individual and Societal Language Varieties The language used by every individual in community is concrete. Individual language variety is commonly referred to as a speech. In sociolinguistics the variety is sometimes called as idiolect. Fromkin (2011) argues that the differences among individual language varieties might result from several factors such as age, sex, and state of health, size personality, emotional state, and personal idiosyncrasies. For example is remembering the powerful words used by the first president of Indonesia, Soekarno, he is identical with his words such as menghantam (to strike), menggempur (to assault), and his phrase such as jiwa revolusi (spirit of revolution) which make the audiences amazed. Hence, personal favorite expression is a symbol of distinguishable idiolects. In addition, different ways of pronouncing, speed of speaking, 7 unclear articulation, and unusual accent, are also features of individual language variety. Jendra (2012) asserts that the language used by a community is abstract. Practically any idiolect (speech) can only be understood through some knowledge about the society of which the individual speakers belong to as member of the community. Unlike public figures’ language, the language of common people is normally a shared one which is simply identified as a societal language variety. Hence, a societal variety is a variety of a language that is shared and spoken by members of a particular speech community. The variety is commonly known as dialect but sometimes also called as socialect. 2.2.2 Spoken and Written Language Varieties According to Jendra (2012), English presume written language variety is more formal rather than the spoken form. The spoken variety is basically differentiated from the written form as it involves pronunciations, intonations, stress, tempo, gestures, and facial expressions. While the written variety is signed with punctuation, marks, capitalization of letters, and spacing. In speaking, the stress can be showed by sounding louder, or rising the pitch, while in writing it can be signed by underlining, capitalizing, and bold typing for the same purpose. In speaking, we can use the gesture and facial expression to express our felling, but in writing it is quite difficult to convey our feeling. 8 2.2.3 Formal and Informal Language Varieties The formal language variety in written form is commonly used for official letters, research reports, academic seminars, etc. For the spoken form, formal language is usually used when speaking to people that we are supposed to respect socially such as college lecturers, business officers, and many others. The informal language variety is commonly known as casual style or colloquial style. Casual or colloquial style is frequently used in spoken form rather than in written form. The informal language is usually used when talking with friend, family at the break time, or it might be used in written form when texting with friend or someone close. Wardhaugh and Fuller (2015) postulate that relationship between language and social structure is paramount in the development of the concept of the speech community, and this includes the idea that there are different levels of speech communities which correspond to different types of social groups. It can also reflect and make the selection of language levels or the modesty of language (formal, semi-formal, and informal) used in communicating in a community The distinction of formal and informal language can be known by seeing the use of form and degrees of vocabulary. The formal language is necessary to use the complete form, for example I am, I have, you will and many others. In contrast, the informal language might use I’m, I’ve and you’ll, etc. By seeing the degree of vocabulary, the use 9 of word “children” is more formal rather that “kids”, for “finished” word is more formal rather than “fix up”, and many others. Those type of language variety that have been discussed above is only a small part of the classification of languages, which mean with the classification will facilitate us as language users to better understand to use language appropriately and in context. By studying and understanding the language, miss communication can be minimized. 2.3 Colloquial Barzegar (2008) asserts that “a colloquialism is any word or expression, which might appropriately be used in conversation among ordinary or educated people”. Colloquial words is commonly used in informal context such us in a break time at school, and many other public places. Similarly, Trask (1999 in colloquialism, n.d.) argues that: “colloquial language, colloquial dialect, or informal language is a variety of language commonly employed in conversation or other communication in informal situations. The word colloquial by its etymology originally refers to speech as distinguished from writing, but colloquial register is fundamentally about the degree of informality or casualness rather than the medium, and some usage commentators thus prefer the term casualism”(in Jalalpour and Tabrizi, 2017). 2.4 Type of Colloquial According to Epoge (2012), colloquialism might consist of seven types, those are in the forms of: 10 1. Reduplication Reduplication is doubling or repetition word with or without a change in sound to express a morphosyntactic category or an excessive level toward something. Igboanusi (2002) has identified the use of reduplication purposes to show “each” (as in one-one, half-half). It can be used for measurement or estimations that are emphasized (as in many-many, before- before, fast-fast, fine-fine, slowly-slowly) or for pluralisation (as in big-big, small-small). Some examples provided based on the theory are: Very-very: Your performance is very-very amazing. (Your performance is very amazing.) Small-small: Do you have small-small pepper? (Do you have small brand of pepper?) 2. Double Subjects The use of double verb on English colloquial is purposed to emphasize the subject. It is commonly used even though is not grammatically correct. The examples that are formulated based on theory above are: This your brother is very good boy. (This brother of yours is very good boy) We students from English Department got good score of TAEP test. (The students of English Department got good score of TEAP test.) Basically, this type of colloquial sounds redundant and only uses repetition to emphasize the subject. 11 3. Coinage Coinage (neologism) is a new word or phrase that eventually becomes language. Mostly Coinage (neologisms) are the result of the establishment of new field of art, science or technology. For example, the field of computer science brings large range of neologism such as user- friendly, software, floppy disk. The other examples of coined English are: Yahoo: the most popular terms in internet world. Fox: a Form One (first year) student in secondary school. 4. Compounding A compound word is a linguistic expression that consists of at least two free morphemes or morpheme constructions of which function is a single word. Structurally, various types of word classes are compounded and matched to form new words. Brain-box (it is made up of two English nouns ‘brain’ and ‘box’): an intelligent person. Slow boy (it is made up of an English adjective ‘slow’ and noun ‘boy’): snail. 5. Clipping A clip is a short variant of a complex word. In "head words," the first part (syllable) is used: lab for laboratory, math for mathematics. In "end words," the beginning or the first syllable is deleted: phone for telephone, plane for airplane. 12 6. Semantic Extension Semantic extension has to do with variation in the semantic range of a word. The trend in this regard is that of the extension of the semantic range of native English words wherein the words retain their English meanings but acquire additional ones not familiar in native English.
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