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Prisoners of War in the Baltic in the XII-XIII Centuries
Prisoners of war in the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries Kurt Villads Jensen* University of Stockholm Abstract Warfare was cruel along the religious borders in the Baltic in the twelfth and thirteenth century and oscillated between mass killing and mass enslavement. Prisoners of war were often problematic to control and guard, but they were also of huge economic importance. Some were used in production, some were ransomed, some held as hostages, all depending upon status of the prisoners and needs of the slave owners. Key words Warfare, prisoners of war. Baltic studies. Baltic crusades. Slavery. Religious warfare. Medieval genocide. Resumen La guerra fue una actividad cruel en las fronteras religiosas bálticas entre los siglos XII y XIII, que osciló entre la masacre y la esclavitud en masa. El control y guarda de los prisioneros de guerra era frecuentemente problemático, pero también tenían una gran importancia económica. Algunos eran empleados en actividades productivas, algunos eran rescatados y otros eran mantenidos como rehenes, todo ello dependiendo del estatus del prisionero y de las necesidades de sus propietarios. Palabras clave Guerra, prisioneros de guerra, estudios bálticos, cruzadas bálticas, esclavitud, guerra de religión, genocidio medieval. * Dr. Phil. Catedrático. Center for Medieval Studies, Stockholm University, Department of History, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.journal-estrategica.com/ E-STRATÉGICA, 1, 2017 • ISSN 2530-9951, pp. 285-295 285 KURT VILLADS JENSEN If you were living in Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea in the high Middle Ages, you had a fair change of being involved in warfare or affected by war, and there was a considerable risk that you would be taken prisoner. -
University College Absalon
University College Absalon Established: 2007 Students: 8500 Degrees offered: 11 professional bachelor programmes but only 2 in English Location: 7 campuses covering the region of Zealand, Denmark. All are within 1.30 hour from Co- penhagen Distinction: First University College in Denmark to achieve an institutional accreditation, a much- coveted distinction and the highest official recognition for quality assurance of higher education institutions in Denmark Exchange possibilities: Absalon has a high number of international partner institution and with it many international exchange possibilities Application deadline: 15 March at 12:00 via http://www.optagelse.dk/admission/index.html International Honours Degree in Teaching Vordingborg campus, Kuskevej 1 B, 4760 Vordingborg Unique possibility to teach in the Danish public school system as well as International schools Growing number of international schools worldwide, and with this degree students can work anywhere in the EU at International Schools Great international exchange possibilities Learning the Danish method of teaching which is very open minded Many possibilities for internship and exchange with partners abroad No tuition fee for EU students (Programme only accepts EU citizens) Small but strong student environment with over 15 nationalities The town of Vordingborg is only 1 hour and 15 minutes by train from central Copenhagen Small and intimate campus, students will know all fellow students Close relationship with teachers, will know them on first name basis Cheap -
How to Legitimate Rebellion and Condemn Usurpation of the Crown: Discourses of Fidelity and Treason in the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus
HOW TO LEGITIMATE REBELLION AND CONDEMN USURPATION OF THE CROWN: DISCOURSES OF FIDELITY AND TREASON IN THE GESTA DANORUM OF SAXO GRAMMATICUS Lars Hermanson The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus’s voluminous work Gesta Dano- rum, composed c. 1190–1210, tells the story of the Danish people from pre- historic times until Knud VI’s conquest of Pomerania in 1185. Here I will deal with the period c. 1146–1178, in which Saxo tells how Duke Valdemar gained the throne and how he later had to defend his position against his kinsmen who tried to usurp the crown. Saxo Grammaticus and the Historical Background Ever since the assassination of Valdemar’s father Knud Lavard in 1131, Denmark had been a country torn by civil wars, as different branches of the royal family vied for the kingship. The Scandinavian bilateral system of kinship implied that the combatants’ hereditary claims were more or less equal. They were all descendants of King Svend Estridsen, who dur- ing the later part of the eleventh century had restored and enlarged the royal patrimony (see Figure 1: Descendants of Svend Estridsen). In order to gain the upper hand over their opponents, the contenders each cre- ated action groups composed of hand-picked kinsmen and allies from among the leading magnates of the realm.1 During the 1140s and 1150s the most powerful aristocratic network was the Trund clan, first and foremost represented by the renowned Archbishop Eskil. The “Trunds” possessed large estates and occupied high offices within the church and the royal administration. Between 1146 and 1157 a fierce war was fought between kings Svend Grathe (Erik Svendsen’s lineage) and Knud Magnussen (Niels Svendsen’s lineage). -
Velkommen Til Fjordlandet
FREDERIKSSUND 45 min KØBENHAVN ROSKILDE 25 min 7 min LEJRE visitfjordlandet.dk visitfjordlandet.com visitfjordlandet.dk/de Velkommen til Fjordlandet Med denne guidebog i hånden kan du gå på opdagelse i de fantastiske oplevelser, som Fjordlandet tilbyder. Fra UNESCO verdensarv i Roskilde Domkirke til vikingeliv i Sagn- landet Lejre, og fra Frederikssund Vikingespil til naturen i Nationalpark Skjoldungernes Land. Fjordlandet er Danmarks- historie, fællesskaber, fjordliv og græs på knæene. Kom langt væk fra hverdagen – kun et vikinge-stenkast fra storbyen. Tomas Breddam, borgmester i Roskilde Carsten Rasmussen, borgmester i Lejre John Schmidt Andersen, borgmester i Frederikssund With this guidebook, Gehen Sie mit diesem you can explore Fjordlandet kleinen Reiseführer auf Ent- with all the exciting deckungsreise im Land der adventures that it offers. dänischen Fjorde – Fjord- From UNESCO’s world landet. Vom UNESCO Welt- heritage site at Roskilde kulturerbe im Dom zu Ros- Cathedral to Viking life in kilde bis hin zum Leben der the Land of Legends Lejre Wikinger im Sagnland Lejre, (Sagnlandet Lejre) and from dem Land der Legenden, Frederikssund Viking Games von den Wikingerspielen in to the scenic landscape in Frederikssund bis zum Na- Skjoldungernes Land tionalpark „Skjoldungernes National Park. Fjordlandet is Land“. Das Land der Fjorde Danish history, community, – Geschichte, Wikinger und fjord life and knee-high Natur! Lassen Sie den Alltag grass. Escape from everyday hinter sich – nur einen life – only a Viking stone’s Wikinger-Steinwurf weit von throw from the city. der Großstadt. 2 Indhold Contents Übersicht Vikinger Vikings Wikinger 3 Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor 11 Gastro Gastro Gastro 18 Museer Museums Museen 28 Events Events Events 41 Overnatning Accommodation Übernachten 43 Vikinger © Vikingeskibsmuseet Tag på tidsrejse til from cradle to grave as you vikingetiden see the remnants of their I Fjordlandet har vikingerne houses, ships, jewellery and sat deres tydelige spor i burial sites in the form of landskabet. -
Danish Law, Part II
University of Miami Law Review Volume 5 Number 2 Article 3 2-1-1951 Danish Law, Part II Lester B. Orfield Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr Recommended Citation Lester B. Orfield, Danish Law, Part II, 5 U. Miami L. Rev. 197 (1951) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol5/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DANISH LAW DANISH LAW LESTER B. ORFIELD PART II* LOCAL GOVERNMENT In 1841 local government was reformed by introducing parish councils to which the peasants elected some representatives. 233 In turn the parish councils elected members of the county councils. The pastors were no longer to be chairmen of the parish councils, but continued to be members ex officio. The right to vote was extended to owners of but 1.4 acres. The councils were created to deal with school matters and poor relief; but road maintenance, public health, business and industrial licenses, and liquor licenses were also within their province. The right to vote in local elections was long narrowly restricted. Under legislation of 1837 the six largest cities other than Copenhagen chose coun- cilmen on a property basis permitting only seven per cent of the population to vote. Early in the nineteenth century rural communities began to vote for poor law and school officials. -
In the Footsteps of the Vikings
In the footsteps of the Vikings Experience five original Viking ships, that provide a unique perspective on Viking Age maritime culture. Visit the Boatyard and the scenic harbour. vikingeskibsmuseet.dk Explore the reconstruction of the largest Viking Kings Hall ever found, an impressive high seat fit for the warrior kings from the dawn of the Viking Age. sagnlandet.dk The Viking Village in Frederikssund gives you the opportunity to see a Viking settlement and experience how the Vikings lived and worked. vikingespil.dk Velkommen til Fjordlandet Med denne guidebog i hånden kan du gå på opdagelse i de fantastiske oplevelser, som Fjordlandet tilbyder. Fra UNESCO´s verdensarv i Roskilde Domkirke til vikingeliv i Sagnlandet Lejre, og fra Frederikssund Vikingespil til naturen i Nationalpark Skjoldungernes Land. Fjordlandet er Danmarks historie, fællesskaber, ordliv og græs på knæene. Kom langt væk fra hverdagen – kun et vikinge-stenkast fra storbyen. Tomas Breddam, borgmester i Roskilde Carsten Rasmussen, borgmester i Lejre John Schmidt Andersen, borgmester i Frederikssund With this guidebook, you Gehen Sie mit diesem can explore Fjordlandet with kleinen Reiseführer auf Ent- all the exciting adventures deckungsreise im Land der that it oers. From UNESCO’s dänischen Fjorde – Fjord- world heritage site at landet. Vom UNESCO Welt- Roskilde Cathedral to Viking kulturerbe im Dom zu Ros- life in the Land of Legends kilde bis hin zum Leben der Lejre (Sagnlandet Lejre) and Wikinger im Sagnland Lejre, from Frederikssund Viking dem Land der Legenden, Games to the scenic von den Wikingerspielen in landscape in Skjoldungernes Frederikssund bis zum Na- Land National Park. tionalpark „Skjoldungernes Fjordlandet is Danish history, Land“. -
Jezierski & Hermanson.Indd
Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim, from the Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries Amsterdam University Press Crossing Boundaries Turku Medieval and Early Modern Studies The series from the Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (TUCEMEMS) publishes monographs and collective volumes placed at the intersection of disciplinary boundaries, introducing fresh connections between established fijields of study. The series especially welcomes research combining or juxtaposing diffferent kinds of primary sources and new methodological solutions to deal with problems presented by them. Encouraged themes and approaches include, but are not limited to, identity formation in medieval/early modern communities, and the analysis of texts and other cultural products as a communicative process comprising shared symbols and meanings. Series Editor Matti Peikola, University of Turku, Finland Amsterdam University Press Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim, from the Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries Edited by Wojtek Jezierski and Lars Hermanson Amsterdam University Press Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: St. Henry and St. Eric arriving to Finland on the ‘First Finnish Crusade’. Fragment of the fijifteenth-centtury sarcophagus of St. Henry in the church of Nousiainen, Finland Photograph: Kirsi Salonen Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 983 6 e-isbn 978 90 4852 899 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789089649836 nur 684 © Wojtek Jezierski & Lars Hermanson / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. -
Sacred Monuments and Practices in the Baltic Sea Region
Sacred Monuments and Practices in the Baltic Sea Region Sacred Monuments and Practices in the Baltic Sea Region: New Visits to Old Churches Edited by Janne Harjula, Sonja Hukantaival, Visa Immonen, Anneli Randla and Tanja Ratilainen Sacred Monuments and Practices in the Baltic Sea Region: New Visits to Old Churches Edited by Janne Harjula, Sonja Hukantaival, Visa Immonen, Anneli Randla and Tanja Ratilainen This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Janne Harjula, Sonja Hukantaival, Visa Immonen, Anneli Randla, Tanja Ratilainen and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0024-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0024-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... viii Part I: Building Churches in the Baltic Area Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 Conspicuous Architecture: Medieval Round Churches in Scandinavia Jes Wienberg Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 32 -
Denmark and the Crusades 1400 – 1650
DENMARK AND THE CRUSADES 1400 – 1650 Janus Møller Jensen Ph.D.-thesis, University of Southern Denmark, 2005 Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................v Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 Crusade Historiography in Denmark ..............................................................................2 The Golden Age.........................................................................................................4 New Trends ...............................................................................................................7 International Crusade Historiography...........................................................................11 Part I: Crusades at the Ends of the Earth, 1400-1523 .......................................................21 Chapter 1: Kalmar Union and the Crusade, 1397-1523.....................................................23 Denmark and the Crusade in the Fourteenth Century ..................................................23 Valdemar IV and the Crusade...................................................................................27 Crusades and Herrings .............................................................................................33 Crusades in Scandinavia 1400-1448 ..............................................................................37 Papal Collectors........................................................................................................38 -
Forms of Social Capital in the European Middle Ages Angels, Papal Legates, and the Scandinavian Aristocratic Elites, 12Th-13Th Centuries
CERGU’S WORKING PAPER SERIES 2017:1 Forms of Social Capital in the European Middle Ages Angels, Papal Legates, and the Scandinavian Aristocratic Elites, 12th-13th Centuries Wojtek Jezierski ___________________________________ Centre for European Research (CERGU) University of Gothenburg Box 711, SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG January 2017 © 2017 by Wojtek Jezierski. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This paper studies the forms of aristocratic social capital and modes of its conversion into dynastic, educational, economic, and symbolic forms in Scandinavia during the High Middle Ages. By closely scrutinizing the activities of several papal legates sent by Roman Curia to the North as well as the policies of locally appointed papal legates – particularly Absalon of Lund and Anders Sunesen – , the article shows how the Scandinavian aristocratic elites interacted with wider European networks of power in the course of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The documents associated with the activities of papal legates studied here (papal bulls, diplomas, synodal decrees, and contemporary chronicles) are treated as nodes tying together local Scandinavian powerful families, their local monastic foundations, and political ambitions both home and abroad with wider European networks of papal authority and protection, recognition in international educational circles, and dynastic alliances. By pursuing the high medieval ‘angelological’ model of government applied to papal legates, this paper shows what the political technology of delegation of power looked like in pre-modern Europe. Keywords: papal legates, Roman Curia, social capital, conversion of capital, Absalon of Lund, Anders Sunesen, William of Modena, Skänninge synod, delegation of power, angels, mystery of ministry Forms of Social Capital in the European Middle Ages Angels, Papal Legates, and the Scandinavian Aristocratic Elites, 12th-13th Centuries Wojtek Jezierski To Lars Hermanson on his 50th birthday On December 31st, 1224, Pope Honorius III (r. -
A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons About Islam," Quidditas: Vol
Quidditas Volume 32 Article 6 2011 Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth- Century Latin Sermons about Islam Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Upton, Todd P. (2011) "Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons about Islam," Quidditas: Vol. 32 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol32/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Quidditas 30 Hostis Antiquus Resurgent: A Reconfigured Jerusalem in Twelfth-Century Latin Sermons about Islam Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado This paper investigates how Christian writers from late antiquity through the twelfth century transformed explanations of encounters with Middle Eastern peo- ples and lands into a complex theological discourse. Examinations of sermons and narrative sources from antiquity through the first century of Crusades (1096- 1192) serve as evidentiary bases because of the polemical way in which Pope Urban II’s 1095 sermon at Clermont defined Muslims. In that sermon, chroniclers recorded that the pope rallied Frankish support for an armed pilgrimage by dis- paraging Muslims who had overrun Jerusalem and the Holy Sites – calling them a “race utterly alienated from God” (gens prorsus a Deo aliena) -- and associating late-eleventh century Arabs with the return of what Richard of St. -
Xxviii.201326597 ? ?
24 x tipoldeforældre XXVIII.201326597 ? ? * † Forældre: XXIX.402653193 ? XXIX.402653194 ? Søskende: XXVIII.201326597.1 ? Bopæl: Erhverv: Vielse: ? ∞ XXVIII.201326598 ? * † 18001 XXVIII.201326598 ? ? * † Forældre: XXIX.402653195 ? XXIX.402653196 ? Søskende: XXVIII.201326598.1 ? Bopæl: Fælles bopæl: Børn: XXVII.100663299 ? * † 18002 XXVIII.211505665 Oluf Juel 1050-? * ca. 1050 Århus † Forældre: XXIX.423011329 ? XXIX.423011330 ? Søskende: XXVIII.211505665.1 ? Bopæl: Erhverv: Vielse: ? ∞ XXVIII.211505666 ? * † 18003 XXVIII.211505666 ? ? * † Forældre: XXIX.423011331 ? XXIX.423011332 ? Søskende: XXVIII.211505666.1 ? Bopæl: Fælles bopæl: Århus Børn: XXVII.105752833 Ebbe Olufsen Juel ∞ XXVII.105752834 ? * 1075 Århus Købstad * † 1115 Århus Købstad † 18004 XXVIII.211505673 ? ? * † Forældre: XXIX.423011345 ? XXIX.423011346 ? Søskende: XXVIII.211505673.1 ? Bopæl: Erhverv: Vielse: ? ∞ XXVIII.211505674 ? * † 18005 XXVIII.211505674 ? ? * † Forældre: XXIX.423011347 ? XXIX.423011348 ? Søskende: XXVIII.211505674.1 ? Bopæl: Fælles bopæl: Børn: XXVII.105752837 Thorsten Thorstensen ∞ XXVII.105752838 Ingerd Arnulfsdatter * 1065 * 1068 Alvastra Sogn, Kronoberg † 1120 Pedersborg Kirke, Sorø † 1110 Pedersborg Kirke, Sorø 10 18006 XXVIII.211505675 Arnulf Folkesson 1021-? * 1021 Sverige † Forældre: XXIX.423011349 ? XXIX.423011350 ? Søskende: XXVIII.211505675.1 ? Bopæl: Erhverv: Vielse: ? ∞ XXVIII.211505676 Ingegerd Knudsdatter * 1085 Roskilde † 1127 18007 XXVIII.211505676 Ingegerd Knudsdatter 1080-1127 * 1040 Roskilde † 1127 Forældre: XXIX.423011351 Knud 4. den