Forest Scene in the Tianshan Mountains. He Chongyuun

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PUBIISHED MoNTHIY .l!!-.ENq!J-S.E--EBEI!9!. !!4!lsH, ARABlc, GERMAN, PoRIUGUESE AND cHlNEsE BY rHE cHtNA wEI-FARE rNsnruTE lsooNc 'cHtNG i.lxG,--cilfinrriii.rf

Articles the /trtontft vot. xxx No. I APR![ r98t Reqdjusting Chins'c CONTENTS Economy Xue Muqioo, the well- Economic/Sociol known economist, discusses Xue Muqiao Economic whys ond wherefores ond on Fleadiustment 7 prospects economic- 's Mineral Besources of co. 62 operotion with foreign More Jobs for Spare Labor in Communes 32 countries. Poge 7 Now They Are Cooking with Gas 40 Visit to a Solar Village 42

Low History's Judgment, New Beginning 28 BookslArtsi Educotion Billions of Books Billions of Books .19 Selected Writings of 23 Chino printed oyel A Chinese Painter Who Works Abroad 24 1.5 billion books in Design School with Detinite ldeas 34 1980. Who is pub- Education Notes 6 lishing whot? Ihe most-reod titles ond NotionolitieslReligion much other in{ormo. Three Ways to Beautify a Costume tion. Poge t9 of the Miao, Dong and Bouyei Women 46 Tibetan-Art Opera-An Age-Old Art Revlved 50 History's Judgment, New Beginning After Seeing the Opera "Maiden Langsha" 52 National-Style Musical lnstruments 65 The sentences on Jiong Oing

Ediruiol Otlicc; Wol Wen Buitding. Beiling (37), Chino, Cobte: .,CHIRECON,, Betjing. Gcncrol Dirlrlbutor: GUOJI SHUD|,AN, p.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. Written for Capitalists? Something for Everyone I used to tind China Reconstructs an I thoroughly enjoyed your October inspiring record of the Chinese people's 1.980 issue. I was most interested in the marvellous socialist achievements. Now "nationalities" article and the Tang- mainly ad- ' know that practical Manner its articles seem to be shan report. However, I dressed to foreign eapitalists. The some of the "cultural" articles will be Your articles are really very in- world's people, more than ever, need very useful in my sixth form general teresting and educative' In particular china's lead in their struggle against studies course. r felt that there was the efforts made by your country in imperialism. taste. solving the problems of population and something to cater for every food in a practical manner are praise- ROBERT A' DE J' HART p,LI1ABETH NIGHTINGALE worthy and may provide guidelines to Stretton, England Bolton, Dnglanil other countries facing similar handicaps and difficulties in tackling these vexing issues. Write More about People's Life 'Mo Ce's Woodblock Prints B. J. BANERJEE Your articles are very informative The works by Mo Ce imPressed me Kanpur, Inilio and some are very important for very much, especially the woodblock students of historY' print, "Oh, the Taihang Mountains. Love for China I would like to suggest that life of Taihang Waters". The colors in his individual workers and common people works are wonderful. The Proper Born in , I knew little about in general should be described in the application of tones makes for an in- China's mainland. Through reading magazine so that readers abroad may describably fine color composition. your articles, I have gained a better know more about the condition of I was amazed at the handling oI understanding of various aspects of China's working people. A question human figures in the xylography of the life there. They have stimulated in and answer column could enable artist. His works are fiiled with strong to a visit this me a wish PaY readers keen to know about a,particular beauty, love, and the spirit of harmony magnificent moun- spring to see the problem to ask and get answers in the and progress tains and rivers in our home country. magazine. U.A. PLATA I always remember that I'm a Chinese. In the outside world certain misunder- Bucaramanga, Colombia I Iove China. That's why I write You created about this letter for more detailed coverage standings have been China. So articles related to food about my beloved motherland. Layout Criticized OI course I'Il introduce China problem, agriculture production, hous- pictures photography in your Reconstructs to my friends here. I ing problem and education should be The and mysetf would like to read more about published regularly. magazine are very beautiful, but they people, history, biogrdphies, as well as CHANDER PARKASH look like stills, rather static, more like discussions about practical problems Karnal, India paintings. Actually there are certain confronting China. Articles about things only photographs can bring out. you please this? beauty spots are also welcome' Why Ads for Alchohol Would consider WANG ZHIYUN As to the layout, I noticed that You Toronto, CanaiLa I have noticed the change in Your are trying to cram as much content as magazine the last years. It is under- you can on every Page. I hoPe You use of emPtY sPace, in Misunderstanding Dispelled standable that you are trying to increase will make more the production of China by marketing the style of oriental Painting. Thanks for your outstanding and through advertisements. DAW KHIN SAN MYINT exclusive article in Your issue of But what is the point of advertising Einme, Burma September 1980-"Philately in China". alcohol? Never in historY have This has also helped us to know or other drugs been of anY alcohol Index APPreciated the philatelists in China. Moreover benefit to the working class. The philately is the misunderstanding that suppressors have been using alcohol on I have subscribed to China Recon- now cleared from banned in China is purpose to keep the working class structs since 1976 and I think that the minds. our down and split up. single greatest improvement you have I suggest you continue to Print annual Research reports say, moreover, that made in it is to Publish an such good articles on philately in future certain percentage of the users of index in the March and December is- issues too, because you are at the for be alcoholics. sues of 1980. Thank you very much the only source of information alcohol will moment this as it saves me time making uP mY for us on stamps of China and it will Even in Norway alcohol and.tobacco own, as I have done for the Previous take more time before the Chinese advertisements are prohibited because four years. philatelic journal Jixtou comes to traia. of health damage by these products. L. S. JAFFE M. NASEEM KHAN FON K. BJOROY Miami, Fl., U.S.A. @uettd, Pakistan Solsrsik, Norwag

.) CIIINA RECONSTFUCTS Wit and Barhs

New machine to pave the way. 11 Hong Huanb

Same flavor for all. Cken Zaorong

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'lrirector, what are you looking Crushing for?', burden. Yue Xiaoging Deng Taihe "I've lost a bution.,,

APRtrL I98T +4*

!\ LIU RENJUN

l'ecding time. Li Yilang

I QI, a three-year-old male made this aquatic mammal so festered and he was running a high Chinese river dolphin, has fascinating to scientists and the fever. We feared he might die, made a new home in our Institute general pubiic all over the world. but thanks to the hard work of of Marine Riolqgy in Wuhan for It is highly intelligent, gregarious, two veterinarians sent bY the more than a year. Captured bY playful, and quick and strong in , couPled with our own fishermen on the middle reaches the water its shaPe, strength, efforts, he recovered fully in about of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and elastic- skin enable it to two months and has not had anY in pr'ovince last year, Qi Qi outrace a torpedo. trouble since. is the first of his species to live Since the establishment of our We have been with him daY and ir-r captivi.ty. river doiphin research grouP in night" Through constant observa- The Chinese river dolphin, also 1978, we've done several. surveYs tion we've determined what and as the white flag dolPhin known of the middle Changjiang, in- how much to feed him, the right (Ltpotes uertlli,fer), is found only vestigating the dolphin's environ- water for him to live in, on the Changjiang below Dongting kind. of ment, characteristics, and habits, to keeP him healthY. At Lake. It has the smallest and how PoPula- have studied its anatomY and was not used tion (not more than 100) of any ot and first, because Qi Qi the four extant genera of fresh- histology through examination of to his new environment and also water dolphin. dead specirnens. When we heard because of his injuries, his weight Qi Qi was captured together the news on January 11, 1980 that dropped from 36.5 kg- to 34. But with a female dolphin that was ill the Hubei fishermen had caPtured now he's uP to 59 kg. and rrleas- and undernourished and died soon ).ive ones, we immediatelY set out ures 1.45 meters. When our re- them the location he after. Although Qi Qi was to retrieve - searchers come to his Poo1, seriously injured in the caPture, was eight hours awaY bY car - swims toward them waving his we managed to nurse him back to and bring them to our institute. tail and waiting for them to feed vigorous good health. The female dolPhin was dead him. The Chinese river dolPhin and Qi Qi, in addition to numer- shares with other varieties most ous cuts and bruises, had serious of the characteristics that have wounds two interlinke'd holes Valuable Scientific Data on his back,- each 4 cm. wide and gained tIU RENJUN is an assistant researcher B cm. deep, Ieft by fishermen who Our scientists have and a member of the river dolphin had tried to catch him with hooks. valuable data on the behavior, group of the No. I Research Section of After ten days at the institute, physiology, and amazing acoustic the Institute of Marine Biology under abilities of the river dolPhin. fhe Chinese Academy of Sciences. Qi Qi's wounds became seriouslY CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 4 The behavioral study shows so that only its fin tips and the that though the animal swims bottom of the tail, where the fat tirelessly round the clock, it has is corriparatively light, will radiate different rhythms at different much heat. As the weather turns times. Being a tough and resource- warmer, the dolphin absorbs its f ul animal, it eats almost all body fat and eventually becomes Chinese fresh-water fish, unlike very thin. Thus, all year round the related porpoise, which is the dolphin keeps a constant tem- usually hypercritieal about its perature of 36"C. Ultrasonic f ood. The river dolphin has a waves from its brain, lungs, and strong digestive system. It swal- bladder are very much like those lows fish whole, but expels excreta of healthy human beings, but its as fine as mud, without any trace electrocardiogram is quite di-f- of fish bones. But the dolphin will ferent not oniy from man's bul f eed only on fish; neither sweet from those of other mammals. frui.t nor steamed bread formed in the shape of fish will interest a dolphin, though sometimes it Excellent System will take a taste and then turn away from such fare. Our research has also disclosed Scientists f rom the Acoustics that the blood of the river dolphin Research Institute of the Chinese is very much like that of mam- Academy of Sciences, led by its mals living on land, especially the director, Prof. Wang Dezhao, have yilano shapes of the blood cells. By also done research on Qi Qi. Their Preparing food for Qi Qi. Li watching the components of the experiments reveal that the river blood change, we can predict how dolphin produces two kinds of animal's physiologicai into his pool, Qi Qi responds im- the condi- signals, which we may , call tion will change. whistles and clicks. The whistles mediately. When the whisttre The river dolphin is very good are within the human hearing signal is reproduced at between at regulating its temperature. A range, but the clicks are ultrasonic. 4,000 and 7,000 kilohertz, Qi Qi warm-blooded creature, it develops When these signals are electroni- never fails to answer. But when a thick layer of fat under its skin, cally reproduced by a device put the signal is above or below those frequencies, his ability to respond is lowered. Qi Qi also responds quickly to recordings of his clicks when they are played back to him. As soon as the device is turned on, Qi Qi swims toward it. If the clicks con- tinue, Qi Qi will swim around the device. When the clicks stop, Qi Qi immediately goes elsewhere. If the device produces both signals simultaneously, Qi Qi swims around the equiprnent and at the same time makes the whistle signal. The dolphin also "sees" objects with his highly complex acousticai system, much more accurate than even the most advanced artificial sonar. He bounces signals off objects and his brain immediatdy integrates them into a "picture" of the world around him. Our present data indicate that the river dolphin has a life ex- pectancy of about 30 years. At the age of three, Qi Qi isi still quite young, and we will have Treating Qi Qi's wounds, many more years to study him.' !

APRIL T98I t HI}UCETT{D^Y N{FKEIM

Faculty lleads Elected schedules. The students study at he began depositing his income home and send in their work for from the fixed-rate interest paid HAIRMEN and vice-chairmen correction. Diplomas will be issued by the state in Chinese banks. An of departments in 's to those who complete their alumnus of Shanghai's Jiaotong Fudan were elected re- University courses, including practice, and University, he hoped to do some- cently. Previously these positions pass the final examinations. Areas thing his alma mater. were held by appoinlment. Last for include (three J. Chuan Chu came to China year, of the 15 departments in the years),Chinese traditional medicine liberal arts, science and engineer- in November 1978 with his wife (three years) and advanced Chinese l,oretta Y. Chu. Visiting Jiaotong ing schools, 11 including those of in Ianguage (two yea.rs). A course University, he found its depart- history, Chinese language and acupuncture wiII be opened'soon. ment of industrial management physics, held such election. Fudan The school, started in 1956, was short of teachers and equipment. is the first university to hold de- originally called Correspondence His father-in-law agreed to donate partment head elections on such a School for Overseas Chinese. It money department's im- Iarge scale. turned out 10,000 students before for the Such election was also held it was closed when the "eultural provement. To seek a more funda- problem, last winter at Tianjin's Nankai revolution" began in 1966. mental solution to the University. Prof . He Binglin J. Chuan Chu returned to the (polymer chemistry) was elected United States and proposed to the Chairman of the Chemistry De- Iraining English feachers Computer School of University of partment. Prof. Wang Jitao Pennsylvania that the two institu- q experienced (organic chemistry) and two others EVENTY-FM become sister schools, each U professors of English language tions were elected' vice-chairmen re- setting up foundation for aca- from abroad are now working in 24 a sponsible for instruction, research demic exchange. and administration. Terms run for Chinese universities and colleges on a program to give' English In March 1980 J. Chuan Chu three years. visited Jiaotong University again The former chairman, 70-year- teachers more training. They were invited by the Ministry of Educa- to make concrete arrangements. old Gao Zhenheng, professor of Rong Hongyuan had decided to organic chemistry, had been head tion, assisted by the Foreign Ex- donate 1,000,000 yuan to the of the department for 30 years. He perts Bureau. foundation Jiaotong University, had repeatedly requested to be re- Six half-year terms have been at lieved of the post to devote his planned to further train 5,400 while University of Pennsylvania energies to writing books, teaching teachers, about one-third of the was to seek its own funds for the graduate students and doing re- number teaching English in Chi- sister foundabion there. Last June, search. Prof. Gao was happy to nese colleges and universities. Mr. Noah S. Prywes, chairman of have 62-year-old Prof. He take Classes in various cities have its computer committee, and last over his old job. begun. The program aims to im- October Mr. John Francis Lubin, prove the teachers' ability in vice-president of the Computer speaking English and to acquaint Schoo1 came to Shanghai to settle Gorrespondence School them with scientific methods of' the details for the joint graduate Re-opens teaching English literature and school class. tr linguisties. A FTER HAVING been closed years, A fo" ten the Correspond- Dr. Merchow from West Germany ence School of Xiamen (Amoy) U.S.-China Joint Projecl teaching a special co.urse on contem- University in province has porary German-language literature at re-opened. school serves over- A GRADUATE level class run by BeijinC University for teachers and The others from all over China" seas Chinese and others who want A 56"rrg1rai's Jiaotong University Wu Chuping to study Chinese culture. It will and University of Pennsyl- help promote cultural exchange vania to train Chinese computer and friendship with other managers began in Shanghai last countries. December 8. The class was initiated One thousand people from 26 and funded by Rong, Hongyuan, countries in different parts of the father-in-law of Chinese-Amefican world made inquiries when they scholar, J. Chuan Chu. heard the news. Of the 800 who Rong Hongyuan used to be a applied for admission 498 passed director and major stockholder in the entrance examinations. the private Shenxin Cotton Mill in ' The school provides teaching Shanghai. After the mill became materials and llrcrks out the course a state-private enterprise in 1956,

6 CHINA RECONSIRUCIS Economic Readjustmetrt, Xue Muqiao Explains

Chino's intention to corry out further exte,nsive reodjust- ment, including some investment cutbocks, in her notionoI economy in 1981 hos evoked close ottention ond mony con- jectures in the foreign press ond omong our own reoders. Below, the noted economist Xue Muqioo onswers relevont questions by our reporter Qiu Jion.

Xue Muqiao. Liu Chen

China's a. economy has register- tion, China's overall production A. As a Chinese proverb says, ed many successes and advances rose 8.4 percent in value last year. "Ice three feet thick isn't formed in the last two years, so why does Light industry's output rose 12.4 overnight." The key reason for the government the no.w propose a percent, that of heavy industry 1.6 two successive years of big finan- policy of further readjustment? percent. There has been a'wel.- cial deficits is that Leftist think- What is behind this major decision? come change in the proportions ing long continued to dominate between A. Early in 19?9 the State heavy and light industry. China's economic work. Since Council analyzed China's economic The market in town and coun- 1958, the country had pursued situation and, on that basis, put tryside is flourishing-a reflec- a policy of "high growth rate, high forward a policy readjusting, tion of the state of production and accumulation, Iow returns and low of people's restructuring, consolidating and the livelihood. Retail rate of consumption".ln Hence, for improving the economy. Now sales have risen sharply, by 1b a Iong time, the people's livelihood two percent years of experience have shown in 1980 over 19?9. Salaries, did not improve. In the first two this policy to be correct. wages and bonuses for factory and years gang's After office after the fall, we initial readjustment, the national workers have gone up. failed to sum up history's lessons economy has begun to improve. Consumer purchasing power is earnestly, and in readjusting the gradually In agriculture the situation is turning to such house- econorny did not succeed in very good now. The new economic hold durables as TV sets, washing striking an overall balance. On machines policies applied in the rural areas, and tape recorders. thd one hand, there was the desire and the substan{ial raising of state But we must also soberly rec- to improve the people's livelihood ognize purchasing prices for farm and some latent dangeis in rather quickly, and on the other, sideline products, have boosted the situation. The chief alarm to get a lot of industrial'and other signals are large deficits in state the incomes of the peasants and - economic construction done in a stimulated their economic initia- finances, excessive currency issues hurry. The slogans put and prices. forward tive. There were rapid advdnces rising We wilt be in were unrealistic, serious the targets too in agriculture in 1978 and 1g79. In trouble if these trends go high. particular, on unchecked. ,In 1978 in we 1980, despite w.idespread bad Thby inform us embarked on a large number of that China's national economy, weather which caused a drop in projects built with imported after two years of readjustment, grain harvests, production of cash equipment. They were more than still hasn't entirely extricated crops went up and overall agricul- China could handle - \,rdth the itself from its passive situation. tural output'did not fall below available technical and adminis- 1979. China has 1,000 million peo- These are the reasons that have prompted trative forces, funds and materials, ple, 800 million of them peasants. the government to de- cide on further readjustments. and in fact were more than Stability in the rural sector means needed. Much construction was basic stability in the whole a. \{hy should there still be such undertaken without due considera- country. selious financial difficulties in the tion or foresight, even after the In industry, in spite of the fifth year after the downing of the government proposed its policy of crunch in energy and transporta- gang of four? readjustment in 1979. Such con- APRIL I98I t

The Shanghai Blariket Factory uses orlon fibres to make Linqing county, proviprovince, last year harvested more blankets that are soft, Iight, warm, resilient and impervious cotton than ever in its history. Li Jin to mildew and moths. Zhang Liuren

struction kept growing in scale, be improved, but only within the communications, and to develoP further aggravating the economic Iimits of present capabilitY. education, science and culture. and financial imbalances. However, along with the cutbacks In the long range, the readjust- in new heavy industrial projects, ment should help us find a new SEEKING A NEW ROAD much must be done to exPand path f or econornic develoPment a. What measures will the construction in agriculture, light suited to China's situation. As government take in further industry, energy and transPort and already said, our former approach reailjustment? A. To start with purposes, the Island paddy fields readjustment in,1981 will pursue Commune members on Hainan fertilize !n "r.tr"i,?1ir1r"*, three. 1- To bring about a rough balance of payments and revenues, avoid further deficits, and so leave no debts for 1982.2. To achieve a rough balance of credit income and expenditure, and discontinue issuing currency for the purpose of meeting financial expenditures. 3. To essentially stabilize prices, especially those for basic daily necessities which account for 70 percent of consumer spending" One of the chief remedies is to reduce investment in capital con- struction, as only this can eliminate the financial deficit. Bank loans wiII be put under strict controls. The livelihood of the people will

8 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS was one of "high growth rate, had already been brought about high accumulation, Iow returns by the three years of Leftist er- and low rate of consumption." It rors beginning in 1958. The cur- resulted either in waste of na- rent readjustment, however, is a tional weal,th, or in the creation of strategic decision taken on our Iittle wealth at great cost, and did own initiative following sober not help to improve the people's appraisal and analysis of the state livelihood. China is a large and of the national economy. populous country starting from a Secondly, there is a big dif- poor economic base. Practice has ference of degree between the shown that it won't do to be too economic difficulties f aced then impatient for quick results. From and now. The crisis of the early now on a new approach is needed 1960s was marked by sharp drops to develop our economy not by in agricultural production frorrr undertaking- numerous new pro- 1959 on, which extended to light jects, but by giving full play to and heavy industry in 1960-61. existing enterprisgs, increasing Markets were extremely short of economic effi.ciency, expanding goods. Today, by contrast, both social production and graciually industrial and agricultural produc- raising standards of living and tion are rising. consumption among the people. Thirdly, the current readjust- In sum, the task is to free our ment calls not only for cutbacks Work on a 220 kilovolt high teniion economic work once and fot' all and decreases, but also for transmission line aeross the Changjiang increases. The (Yangtze) River in central Anhui from the fetters of "Leftism" and advances and province" Cllen Mauquan find a steady, sound path of economy is advancing in the course development for China's economy" of readjustment, unlike the last time, when everything was at a A COMPARISON standstill. The central task today is to cnntract the scope of capital How does the current read- A. construction. Projects re- justment differ from that in the that early 60s, after the difficulties quire heavy investment, take a Iong time to require brought by the "Great Leap buiid, or raw Forward"? materials and fuel not now available, are to be' resolutely A. It is similar jn its aim of cor- halted. For exarnple, construction recting serious imbalances in the of a number of imported plants national economy. But it is also has been postponed. But that is different in some ways. only one side. The other is that Firstly, the earlier reacljustment the building of industrial under- was very hurried we wer€ takings that are connected with - power forced into it after economic crisis the people's livelihood, have a New thermal station al the Jiaozuo coal rnines, r""ir rnii"LTi;ru

"Fearl River" SLB-6 4-band radio-recorders produceal in Guangzhou find a ready ma-rket. yigen xu quick capital turnover and yield good economic results will be speeded up so as to better meet the people's daily needs. Furthermore, in the 60s we did not have today's economic and technical exchanges .with foreign countries exchanges which help us strengthen- weak links in our national economy and improve our capacity for self-reliance. But as we look at today's advan- tages, we should also take the disadvantages fully into account. As a result of the ten disastrous years and the pernicious ideolog- ieal influence of the gang of four, lhe spirit and morale in Chinese

APRIL I98T society are not as high as in the tial material reserves" Large-scale this end, remain firm and unshake- early 60s, and it will take time reforms in China's economic struc- able. During our readjustment, and effort to remedy this. ture are not feasible while there the scale of economic construction Furthermore, to readjust capital are serious disproportions in the has to be controlled and reduced construction may be more difficult national economy, f inancial in-' to eliminate the country's finan- than before, because many prG come and expenditure do not cial deficit. Many domestic capital jects involved are large ones balance, reserves srs low and a construction projects are also being bought from abroad, and their fairly large deficit exists. Hence cut back, and it is necessary to postponement or cancellation will we have summed up the ex- halt or defer some imported ones create probiems. per-ience of various localities, made which cannot go into production for lack of raw materials or a. What arrangements are heing a comprehensive estimate of the made for workers and staff left situation, weighed all the pros and energy. Further imports of equip- must be with nothing to do when construe- cons and, on that basis, adopted a ment and technology reduced a However, we fion is curtailed or enterprises are policy of simultaneous readjust- for time. orders combined or restructured? ment and reform, with readjust- will keep on honoring all ment taken as primary now and contracted with foreign concerns, A. Persons temporarily without some time come. That the even if some of the construction work will continue to receive their for to pace the reforms be stepped involved is stopped or postponed, pay and welfare benefits, of will original and no will be changed and be grouped for professionai down does not signify a change contracts in orientation, or backtracking. without the consent of the other training, as a sort of "intellectual party. investment" for future work in Moreover, some current reforms readjust- Internationally, many exPerts their specialties. They may also do not interfere with these on macro-economics view China's organized to work in municipal ment but help it among' be - economic readjustment as wise construction, and tree-planting in are the system of group (or in- point of view. and around factories, on a part- dividual) responsibility for pro- from the long-term the U.S. economist Richard J. Seltzer work, part-study basis. duction in agriculture, and increased powers of self-manage- wrote recently that China's "prag- READJUSTMENT AND REFORM ment granted to industrial enter- matic readjustment policy entails a. Since readjustment will be the prises. Both should be kept up a period of slower but more central task in the next several and continued. Another example balanced and selective develoP years, does that mean that reforms is the system whereby from 1981 ment. Its goal is to lay the basis in the economic syStem will be onward, investment in the build- for more rapid growth later in the given up? Are there contradictions ing of profit-yielding projects is 1980s and a ten-year economic between readjustment and reform, to be made not through outright plan now taking shape." Once and it so how to resolve them? financial allocations, but through China's economy has been read- justed advance, A. Initial reforms in the economy bank loans, which carry interest. and begins steady in the past few years have been This major reform in management prospects for economic and shown by experience to be correct will help towards the more ra- technical cooperation will be bet- in direction and productive of good tional use of state funds and better ter than ever. results. (See "Reforming Eco- results from investments in capital Even now, there still is broad nomio Management" in the March construction. scope for cooperation that fits in 1981 issue of China Reconstructs vqith the readjustment, for in- Ed.) COOPERATION WITH ABROAD stance in such fields as agricul- - But certain shortcomings have ture, Iight industrY, energy a. In view of the protracted sources, railway transPortation, also cropped up. In some locali- period of the economic readjust- interest has been port construction, hydro-electric ties, the overall ment, some quarters abroad are neglected in the pursuit of the power and technical renovation of worried that Chrina's economic existing enterprises. In the last Iocal. There has been some policy of greater openness to the duplication in the building of two years China has signed rest of the world might change, economic and technical cooperation enterprises, with some new enter- affecting present ties of prises ones and their contracts with Japan, the United crowding older economic technical cooperation grabbing raw or States and , including those small factories with Chlna. Would you comment? materials and markets from larger for 17 joint-investment enterprises ones as well as indiscriminate A. Such fears are uncalled for. already granted permission to handing- out of bonuses, Since China embarked on a policy operdte within the countrY, four unauthorized price-raising and so of openness to the outside a few projects for joint exploitation of on. Steps are being taken to cor- years ago, she has been importing undersea petroleum and 17 jointly- rect these faults. equipment, technology and funds, run (cooperative) enterprises. Such Generally speaking, readjust- greatly benefitting her national ventures will increase in number ment and reform promote each construction. China's determina- as China's economic readjustment other. But reforms can only be tion to modernize, and her open makes headway and her finances carried out on the basis of substan- economic policy adopted toward rmprove. tr

10 CHINA RECONSTEUCTS Heauen'

Reisu Hill.

THENJIANG, a city in central /' Ji"ng.o province that dates back some 2,500 years is f our hours' train ride west of Shang- hai. The ancients called it "The Foremost Landscape under Heaven". The city is on the south side ot the Changjiang (Yangtze) River where it is intersected by ihe Grand Canal. With the mountains Rubbing of a stone inscription by Mi Fu, one of ihe four great Song dynasty on three sides and the river on the calligraphers. fourth, Zhenjiang was the strate- gic "gate" of access to , in past ages China's capital, and from the steep rearmost one which Knowing Sun's proposal was a hence was also named Jingkou drops abruptly into the river. trick, Zhuge Liang, famous wise (Entrance to the Capital). During the Three Kingdoms pe- strategist. decided to counter with History lives in Zhenjiang, much riod (220-280), King Sun Quan of another to foil the intriguer. At of it connected with the "Three Wu recognized its strategic value his suggestion, Liu Bei did come to Jingkou to visit a highlY Hills of Jingkou" Beigu, Jiao- for the control of regions along - shan and Jinshan. - Here, for cen- the middle and lower Changjiang placed relative of Sun Quan to turies, scholars, poets and painters River and adjusted the construc- solicit his assistance. The digni- have come to admire and savor tion of the city to the defense tary, in return for costly gifts, the romantic old stories and leg- Beigu HilI could offer. persuaded Sun Quan's mother to ends clustered around it. Ganlu (Sweet Dew) Temple invide Liu Bei to Ganlu Temple to Visited by Marco Polo in the near the top of the hill is a re- determine whether or not he would be qualified to marry the 13th century, it was already f a- minder of an old legend about the princess. The old dowager noticed mous for its handicrafts. "The marriage Bei, ruler the of Liu of long arms city is a seat of trade and manu- Sun Liu Bei's long ears and Kingdom of Shu, to Quan's features said to be peculiar to facture," he wrote in his Trattels. kings had formed sister. The two - was so "The silk produced here is used emperors. She satisfied, an alliance against their common the wedding took place almost in to weave gold brocade and other enemy Cao Cao of the Wei State fine silken stuffs. The place a hurry. Traditional operas based in the north. But Sun Quan was on this theme are still popular. abounds in gams and articles of not happy about Liu Bei, who had A climb to the summit gives a daily use." Today it has become borrowed Jingzhou in western fine view of the river. Some 1,400 an industrial city with a popula- Hubei province from him, but re- years ago the Emperor Liang Wu tion of 300,000 and a new port. fused to return it. Sun then pre- Di climbed to the top and wrote a tended that he would give Liu his six-character inscription "The Three Kingdoms Hill of the sister to marry, planning that Foremost Landscape under Heav- Beigu (Fortified North) Hill when Liu came for the ceremony, en", associating the phrase with rises sharply east of the city and he would force hirh to relinquish the city forever after. Engraved has three peaks. It got its name Jingzhou, on a cliff, it is still legible.

APRIL T981 11 Soon Liu Bei and Sun Quan be- Here Li Bai (701-762), the re- making a living by gathering fire- came enemies and f ought each nowned Tang dynasty poet, for wood, and using his knowledge of other. T,iu was defeated and died instance, wrote: "Beigu Hill of medicine to help local fishermen. at Baidi, a town higher up- the Zhenjiang is a pass of the King- The hill was named Jiaoshan in river. His wife, sister of the dom of Wu". And Xin Qiji (1140- his memory. victor, climbed to the Lingyun 7207), a Song dynasty poet, left Dinghui Temple built here (Reaching the Clouds) Favilion on his famous lines here: during the same dynasty was used the top of Beigu Hill, bowed to Where Li.e the central plai,ns? by the Buddhists. Its buildings the west where her husband had Before me is only the uieta with their painted eaves and ver- died, then threw herself into the from Beigu Touser. milion columns seemed part of the river. Ever" since then, the pavil- -The ages r'l,se, Jlourish and surrounding foliage, hence it was ion has been cailed Jijiang declin,e described as "wrapped in Jiao- (Offering Sacrifice to the River) Like the usaters of th,e long shan"" in the 8th century the Favilion. riuer, Great Master Jian Zhen, an emi- I{ot far from Ganlu Temple Rolling on neuer to retur.n" nent monk of the Tang dynasty, stands an iron pagoda bullt in sailed from the city of Yangzhou, 1078 during the Northern Song Hill of Calligraphy on the opposite side of the river, dynasty. The 9-story structure to Japan. There he created the Jiaoshan Hill rises the rvas destroyed seismic from Ritsugaku sect and introduced by tidal middle of the river and is covered 'vvaves and iightning. After liber- , Sculpture and with luxuriant pines and bamboo ation in 1949 it was restored, but groves. medicine. His disciple Shenyong Here, two Chinese char- was the abbot with only five stories. acters inscribed of Dinghui Temple. on a cliff are an Today Master The beautif ul two-story Duo- apt description of the hill as it Mingshan, who has jing (Multiple Landscape) Tower looks studieC and practised Buddhism from a distance: "Floating years, on the hiiitop was said to have Jade". for 50 and several dozen been disciples conduct worship the the dressing piace of Liu Legend -

L2 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS -l he port at Zhenjiang. Jinshan Temple.

Ganlu Ternple on Eeigu Hill.

The Lingyun Favilion, or Jijiang (Offering Sacrifrce to the R.iver) Pavilion on Beigu Hill where Liu Bei's wife of the Three Kingdoms period was said to have drowned herself as a sacrifice to her dead husband"

Chanting sutras at Dinghui Temple.

The main hall of Dinghui Temple. ;:l ."*",

' E i*'-:3-*1 kt A street in Zhenjiang.

"Steamed tr)umpiings S$ufi'ed with Zhenjiang Crabs' Fat", a famcus locai -f dish. aday's pr,rpils in the city's schools Pltr.tto', bt W.ong Hong::tnt which fell into the water in a At the foot of Jiaoshan there are Associated with this place is the Iandslide. In the Qing dynasty five also the remains of seven ancient ever-popular legend of the White blocks of the cliff were recovered, rammed earth batteries used by Snake, loved as an opera even bearing 92 characters, enough to Chinese troops who fought heroi- today. A divine white snake, lhe show the unrestrained style of his cally against invading British story goes, after 500 years of devo- handwriting. gunboats during the Opium War. tion, transformed itself into a The sheer cliffs of Jiaoshan along beautiful woman named Bai Su- the river bear at least 1.,000 years Hill of Legend zhen. She met the yr:r.rng man of travelers' names and poems in Xu Xian at West Lake Hang- various styles of calligraphy. The Jinshan Hill used to be an island in zhou; they fell in love and lived most outstanding is a short essay in the Changiiang River, but by together. But the feudai monk, Fa- inscribed on "Floating Rock" by the 19th century had begun to Lu You merge with land on the southern ha.i, disapproving of such behavior, of the Southern Song inveigled Xu Xian into coming dynasty (1127-1279), bank. It was said that a son of to who wrote at Jinshan Temple. a when Pei Xiu, a prime minlster in the The White Snake time the invasion oI the followed but was refused Jin (Tatar) troops from north Tartg dynasty came to the hill to entrance. the In desperation she forced the Song move become a monk. When cutting into brought on a court to to terrible tempest Lin'an (today's Hangzhou). the" mountain for quarrying. he to flood the tem- Only ple. The monk took refuge in a few dozen words, the essay found a quantity of gold, hence the White Dragon Cave and breathes the intense patriotic pas* name of Jinshan (Golden Moun- toid the young man to flee to Hangzhcu. sion aroused when author tain). its There, the White Snake met him watched the Song navy at maneu- Jinshan Temple at the top built at the Fallen Bridge (as vers on the river. in the Eastern Jin dynasty (B1T- and in ali good love stories) were r.econciled, A modern poem with five char- 420) is one of the few of that age Statues of the White Snake acters to a line was written in still extant in China. It once had and some her faithful maid the Blue Snake 1920 by members of the Chinese 3,000 monks. Its halls and stiIl stand on Jinshan Hill at the Lawyers Association, group towet-s at different leve1s and the a who ,into entrance of the White Dragon worked rocks around them combine very hard for the abroga- Cave, fathomless and so narrow tion of all unequal treaties im- a harmonious who1e. Ancient scholars described it as "the temple that only one person can go ahead posed on the Chinese people by sideways. adding a mysterious air imperialist powers: wrapping the hiIl". A pagoda crowns the summit. In the 18th to the celebrated hill. To abrogate unequal treaties, century the Qing dynasty court Military strategists have alu,ays We canaass around the land; had a replica of this temple con- fought to control Zhenjiang. On Alter stopping here for a rest, structed at its summer. resort at the hilltop is Miaogao Terrace We'll tour the whole uorld. Chengde north of Beijing. where the famous heroine Liang Hongyu "beat a drum in fighting the Jin troops". Her husband, Food markel in Zhenjiang. Photos by W'atto Hongxun the Southern Song general Han Shizhong, led 4,000 men out to resist an invading Jin army of 300,000 around the h111. At the suggestion of this resourceful woman, his units 1ay in ambush in the reed marshes. As the battle became fierce, Liang Hongyu herself beat a drum to heighten the morale of the Song army. which won thc. day. Though Zhongling Spring lies today on the western side of Jin- shan IIilI, it was forrneriy ).ocat- ed in the middle cf the river. It was described by the Song poet Su Dongpo as "vanishing and emerging with the coniing and go- ing of the waves". A.lready in the Tang dynasty its water was rated the best of the seven grades of water used for 'rea" Today the spring has been enclosed in a square pool. The tea made with APRIL T981 l7 its clear water is unusually rubbings. bronzes, pottery and scales are left on during steaming fragrant and fiavorful. porcelain, most of which were to retain the fat. Jinshan HiIi became known in unearthed in Zhenjiang and date This shad is cooked with Zhen- Tang tirnes. Since then many from the Neolithic Age to the jiang vinegar, a famous product foreigners harre visited this place. Ming dynasty. A lion-shapeC -,vhich \,'on a silver medal in an ln 1,172 the Japanese artist Setshu celadon has been exhibite,d ir-r a internatiorral exposition. Fre^sh painted Ji.nshan Ten-rple and its dozen countries, including France ginger is added. The Song callig- landscape. a scro1l that became and the U.S.A. There are also rapher and poet Su DongPo famous in Japan. 4,000 relics related to the revolu- wrote: tionary struggles of the local The siluer fish uith ginger Library and Museum people. and uinegar, Halfway up a slope in Boxian Is seroed tttso feet long on a Park in the outskirts of Zhenjiang Local Products snous u:hite platter. is'the Shaozong Library. It was The peach is in blossom, Zhenjiang noted f or its successor to the Wen- is spring is in the air, built as the products. These in- zong Tower of Jinshan Temple handicraft Its taste ecl.iPses that oJ the clude screens made of marble which housed the Si Ku Qaan with water mall,otu and Perch. Shu, a huge collection of works natural markings resembling clouds, jade carvings, oil paintings, "steamed Dumplings Stuffed from ancient times compiled jewelry, with Zhenjiang Crab Fat" are also during the dynasty and gold and silver velvet Qing relishe'd f or their thin PastrY, destroyed by its troops when they articles, embroidered pillowcases' and palace lanterns. They are abun,dant juice and delicious taste. f ou,ght against the Taiping Zhenjiang's fine views of the hills Peasant Uprising in the middle of sold in over B0 countries. Dishes in Zhenjiang's res- and the great river recall a Poem the 19th century. The library by the EmPeror was again destroyed during the taurants delights to all gour- Qing 'dynastY mets are- cooked in the Yang- Qian Long (1736-1796) and three anti-Japanese war of 1937-45. - members of his retinue, each aI- After liberation the people's zhou style, paying much attention to bringing out the food's full ternateiy composing a line, when government allocated a large sum they arrived here on a tour of the Among flavor but using little seasoning. of money to rebuild it. south: the 80,000 ancient books now "Crystal-like Pig's Trotters" is a preserved there, many are the famous dish known for 300 years. The Long rioer surges os if only known copies. One of these The skin comes out Pure white, on an inkstan,e, is a set-phrase dictionary in 100 sparkling and translucent. The Pick up Jinshan and Jiar:shan volumes compiled by Bai Juyi Iean meat is soft while the f at hills as ink sticks (772-846) of the Tang dynasty and meat not greasy. "Steamed HiLsa To rub on the sl.ab; re-edited by Kong Chuan of the Shad" is one of the best. Every Use the iron Pagoda os a Song (960-1279). summer the fish swim up the brush The Zhenjiang City Museum river from the sea and spawn Ta utrite on the blue skg - buiit in 1958 exhibits over 1,000 near Jiaoshan Hill. This is the That's big enough, surelY, Jor ancient books, paintings, stone finest season f or the dish. The a Jeu Lines. tr

Biggest Crystal of Cinnabar The biggest single crystal of cinnabar ever foun'd in China was dug up last June in Guizhou province, a big producer of the mineral. It measures 6.54 by 3.5 by 3.7 cen- timeters and weighs 237 grams, sparkles like a diamond and has dark red and white lines. Cinnabar, or red mercuric sulphide, the principal source for extracting mercury, is widely used in the chemical industry and now in laser technology. It is also an ingqe,l dient in Chinese medicine. Th,is piece will for the time being be preserved in its entirety. Song Lianfeng

1B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS China's Best-Se[lers and How They Are Made

FAN ZHILONG

year THE 1980 was a bonanza as anti-Party or anti-socialist ple's Literature Publishing House, r one for book publishing in "weeds". There was a chronic the People's Art Publishing House China, with a total of 4.b billion book hunger. and 10 others. About 80 are operat- copies printed. They include Great strides have been made ed by various government depart- 20,000 titles in the social scjences, since the dpwnfall gang of the of rnents or mass organizations, These literature, science-technology and four in 1976; but "breaking through include the People's Communica- education. Among the biggest the taboos of the gang is far from tions Publishing House printing were A Study on the prob- enough," says Wei Junxuan, vice- under the Ministry Cornmunications, lems of Chi.na's Socialist Econo- director of the People's Literature of the People's Medical Publishing mA by economist Xue Muqiao (2.? Publishing House. "We need to Flouse, million copies), Days free ourselves the Nationalities Publishing Com- uith Com- from straitjacket pany, 'of nmnder Peng Deltuai, thinking. We debates, the Workers' Press the a rem- had over Al]-China iniscence about the dedication to almost every book before publica- Federation of Trade Unions and the people and unbending upright tion, but it turns out that those the Physical Culture Publishing spirit of the late war hero and over which we had the House. Ninety belong biggest de- provinces, former Minister of Defense, a bates are the ones readers like to municipalities and people,s newly-annotated edition of the best." autonomous regions. The Liberation classic novel Pilgrimage to the The steady growth that has Army has two of its West (2.t million copies), a newly- taken place is shown by the own. edited edition of. Selected Short following table. The People's Publishing House, Stories of Mao Dun, one of China,s which put out A Studg on the Problems outstanding writers, the anthology Titles Millions of of China,s Socialist Econom.g, was the to Taiuan Short Stories, The Chie! Copies first be set up Criminal Inuestiqator, one of the on a national level after liberation few detective stoiies publishod this 1976 12,842 2,974 for printing works on the social year, Chinese translations of Ro- 7977 12,886 3,308 sciences. As new interest is shown main Rolland's Jean Chnstophe 1978 74,987 3,774 in socialist economics, its 1g80 cata- and Charlotte Bront6's Jane Egre, t979 17,2t2 4,071 Iog lists an unprecedented number the children's book lnteresting 1980 (esti- 20,000 4,500 of new titles by China's best- Mathematics and The Family mated) known economists including 56- Handbook, cialist Proiluction, a collection of infor- More than 14 times as many Circulation anil mation Distri.buti.on on housekeeping. books were printed in 1gZ9 as by Xu Dixin, Some in Theoretical There has been a change in 1950, representing an average an- Problems of Socialist publishing. Economy A few years ago when nual increase of 9.8 percent. But by Sun Yefang, Economic was Effects it under control of the gang on a per capita basis even this is of Soci,alist Productton by of four, only about 4,000 titles qirite small only 4.b copies per Yu Guangyuan. Xue Muqiao,s were on sale, mostly on political person. - book is notable for the way it topics. Chinese classical literature combineb theory with practice and was vilified as feudal, western Who Publishes? for his analysis of real problems in classics as propagation of bourgeois presentday economic life. It was ideas, and many contempordry . China has close to 200 publishing sold out almost as soon as it went literary works were branded houses. They are of four typesl on sale. Directly pub- under the National " The most outstanding book is* FAN ZHILONG is a staff reporter for Lishing Administration are the sued by the People's Publishing China Reconstructs. People's Publishing House, the peo- House last year was the first

APBIL T98T 19 I

The 1980 Book Fair in the Workers' Cultural Palace. Beijins. Li Fetl volume of The SelectedWritr,ngs o! Red Star Ooer phina, Agnes Smed- Literature Old and New Zhou Enlai containing 60 of his ),ey's The Great Road, Lois Wheeler The People's'Literature Publish- important writings from pre- Snow's Death With Dignity and' ing House over the years has put Fought Mao. liberation days, most of which had Anna Wang's I for out many printings of classics like One most encouraging never been printed publicly before. o[ the A Dream of Red Mansions, Water signs recent years is that some It aroused great interest through- in Margin and Romance of the Three unorthodox views are getting a out the country. Kingdoms as well as volumes of hearing as part of a general trend The 80-year-old Commercial research on these and other classics to encourage academic and artistic Press and the 60-year-o1d Chung and guides to their texual editing. creativity, the daring to explore Hua Book Company, now state- Works by famed writers of the and independent thinking. One of owned, are still playing an indis- older generation whcl are still alive Peasnnt Wars of Anci'ent pensable and distinctive role. The these is like Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Ding Ling Cltina Prof Sun Daren of former now publishes mainly ref- by . and Ai are being published in College, Qing erence books and Chinese transla- Shaanxi Teachers' large numbers. Together printings published Province tions of works on the social by the Shaanxi of Mao Dun's Midnight and House. He sciences from abroad. while the People's Publishing Spring, Autumn and Famil.g by Ba peasant uprisings Ialter concentrates on classics o.[ argues that Jin total 3 million copies. Most economy to de- philosophy, literature and history. helped the feudal impressive is the enthusiasm velop through small changes in the The Sanlian (Joint) Pubiishing of these old writers to create relations of production. Another Company was formed by the amal- new works. Eighty-one-year- is Ideological Trends in China's gamation of three others Life, old Ba Jin started to write - Literature ah.d Art, written in 1936 Readers' and New Knowle'dge Reflecti.ons f or the Hongkong - by Li Heling, offering a different which played a progressive role view from that generally held on newspaper Da Gong Bao in 1979. from the 1930s to the eve of libera- the important debate over the two The first volume was published last tion. In "the 1950s and early 60s it slogans then current in this field year by the People's Literature published many works on philoso- on the eve of the war with Japan Publishing House. The 8O-year- phy and the social sciences. After (literature of national defense and old dramatlst and filmmaker its ten years of suspension it has mass literature to defeat Japan. Xia Yan wrote a speeial preface now resumed normal operation. Its Ed.). It has appeared in the period- for the 500,000-word edition of his recent output includes some trans- ical Lu Xun Annals published re- selected works. lations of outstanding foreign cently by Northwestern UniVersity Eagerly awaited. and widelY ac- books on China like Edgar Snow's in Shaanxi province. claimed on their publication were

20 CETNA BECONSTRUCTB writer Chen Dengke, who was writer Liu Binyan which warns framed jailed and under the gang against intriguers in high places. of four, and. The Changjiang Rolls Taiu:an Short Stories, Taiuan on Unceasingly about a woman Prose and Taitnan Poems published texti-le worker and underground iast year, the first of their kind to Communist in 1g27, by the au- appear on the mainland B0 thoress in Peng Hui, who was perse- years, were greeted with acclaim. cuted to her death during the ,,cul- tural revolution,'. Works from Abroad Three novels which grew out of the ",, and ap- To share the work of bringing peared first in one of the several contemporary foreign literature to new publications devoted to works Chinese readers in Chinese, the by new writers became best-sellers Foreign Literature Publishing in book form. They are Song of House was recently yingfeng, set up under the Generals by Mo a the auspices of the People's Litera- writer in the army, which tells of ture Publishing House and the the sufferings of three air force Shanghai Yi Wen Publishing generals, The Price by the worker- House. Together they plan to writer Chen Guokai and A publish 300 titles a year. Woman Prisoner's Account by Tan Translators of the older genera- Lin, another young worker. tion are doing new works and a Thirty-six of the best stories great number of books and stories chosen from dozens of literary from many countries publications are being appear in Selected done by young translators, says Short Stories of 1980. They in- Sun Shengwu, assistant chief

Sha Yexin, a young short-story writer yho achieved fame with his play 'Mayor Chen Yi' about Chen Dengke, ,,Breaking the strugglei oi author of New the late Foreign ilIilnister who was Ground" (left) with Xiao Ma. another mayor of Shanghai just famous Jin" after liberation The writer Ba writer. in 1949. .') .... :t i;,;,;

Beneath the Red Banner, an un- clude new works by well-known editor of the People's Literature finished semi-autobiographical older writers Xie Bingxin and Mao Publishing House. From well- novel of life in a Manchu family Dun, who is writing in this form known translators there were Less- during the decline of the Qing again after a long absence from it, ing's Laokoon translated by Zhu dynasty by the late famou.s novelist and some by newcomers to the Guangqian, and playwright The Ramayana trans- Lao She, and field and by overseas Chinese. Two iated by Ji Xianbei, Romain Fortress Besieged, a novel about of them were the subject of hot Rolland's SouL Enchanfed translat- spiritual problems of intellectuals debates: Loue Is Not to be Forgot- ed by Luo Dagang written and Anton in the 1940s by the well- ten by Zhang Jie about a woman Bottigieg's The Lampli,ghter known trans- scholar Qian Zhongshu. who, married to a man she does lated by Xie Bingxin. Very highly regarded were not love, misses finding true love The 90 contemporary Breakirvg New works Ground, a novel with another man because he and pubiished in translation last year about cadres persecuted in the she are not able to speak out, and "cultural revolution" include Herman Wouk's The Winds by the The Warning by the well-known of War (400,000 copies; its sequel APRIL 1987 21 Lotse, Mami.age and FamilY and Ideals, Sentiment clnd SPiritual Life, both by the China Youth Publishing House, together sold a million copies. Encouragement of young writers is one asPect of the latter's work. lts Again I ClasP Your Hand (also somewhat inele- gantly translated as Second Hand'- shake), the story of the lif e and loves of a woman scientist who returns from study in the U.S., bY the young writer Zhang Yang, was attacked by the gang of four but appealed to readers and was wide- ly circulated in hand-coPied manuscripts. Since the book's first official edition in July 1979 it has run to several printings to reach 4 The editorial staff of the Science Publishing House of the Academy Of Sciences stuttying ancl choosing materials. Photos by Xinhua million copies. Books on popular science bY the Russian writer Ilin and the War and Remembrance will soon ist Party members to studY aPPear- 19th century science fictlon of Jules be out), Irwin Shaw's Poor Man, ing in a printing of 7 million Verne are favorites among Young- Ri,ch Man, Siegfried'Lenz's The copies, was brought out bY the er readers. For them, too, an easY- German Lesson, Graham Greene's Shanghai People's Publishing reading series of books on science The Heart of the Matter and a House, Dags tttith Corrumander and cultural subjects is being selection of short stories by Isaac Peng' Deh.uai came from the Si- prepared. Bashevis Singer. The Foreign chuan People's Publishing House. Most science books are handled Literature Publishing House has Its Seuenteen Poems bY Zhou En-. 'by the Science Publishing House, also issued collections of essays on Ioi published in 1977 was greatlY the Popular Science Press and local foreign literature. appreciated by the peoPle. Over science publishers. TheY have aI- These publi.shing houses are now recent years books by a lot of well- ready issued earlY volumes of a at work on three sets of books, one known writers have piled uP wait- Chinese medical encYcloPe'di.a of contemporary foreign litera- ing to be published. The and a scientif ic-technoi'ogical ture, one of foreign classics of house has produced some 500 of encyclopedia. literature and art and a volume of these. Other local houses in Some 1,200 titles of scientific Iiterary background material "We Shandong, Jilin, , and technical books in a total of want to introduce foreign litera- and provinces have been 100 milli.on copies were issued bY ture comprehensively and system- very active and their outPut is local publishers last Year. atically with representative flowing into the national book Reference books are in big de- pieces from each historical period market, gradually becoming a mand. The three-volume Ci. Hai, and also to show different schools force in competition with those at the first dictionary-encyclopedia to of thought," Sun Shengwu said. national level. be published in China since libera- "We also want to introduce foreign tion, came out in an edition of theory on literature and art in or- 270,000 coPies. Textbooks for Specialized Publishers on TV sold five der to heighten our appreciation " English lessons of it." The two specialized Publishing million copies, the Xinhua Dic- houses directed at the largest tionary, inrtisPensable to PrimarY (combined a half billion) middle-school. students, 80 Enterprising Local HouSes readership and are the China Youth Publishing million copies. A multivolume Books by 1ocal publishers used to House and the China Children's general encycloPedia is to be Pub- be limited to subjects elosely con- Publishing House. TheY commis- Iished in sections over the next nected with their areas, and " the sion many famous writers and spe- ten years. Issuance of its first writings of national leaders or cialists to compose or comPile volume on astronomy and the other major works were handled works especially for their readers. first copy of its Chi,na Yearbook, only by national-Ievel publishers. One aim is to aid the moral devel- a volume of events, created a stir There has been a breakthrough on opment of juveniles and Youth in the publishing field. this. Be a Qualified Communist, and help them solve real Problems For many Years guid'ebooks on a booklet of criteri.a for Commun- of iife. sex and problems of living were

RECONSTRUCTS 22 CTIINA totally prohibited, but recently a few have appeared. The Familg Handbook ar.d The Family Heatth Aduisor by the renowned gynecol- ogist Lin Qiaozhi have both gone Selected Writings through three printings. Serual Knotoledge and Essentials f or Netolytoeds were sold out a few of days after they came off the press. Books on cooking, growing flowers and potted plants, fish-raising and Z,HOU ENLAI interior decoration are also coming off the presses. of Zhou Enlai (YoI. 1 in Chinese) The paper situation has been has improv- Publishing House in Beijing. Nationwide ed somewhat so now publishers, New Year's Day. biggest problems are shortage the Compiled by thepocuments Fditorial Committee under the of competent editors and of print- Central Committee of the Communist party ing of China, this facilities. The latter greatly volume includes 60 of the important writings of premier Zhou slows up production. Sometimes it Enlai (1898-1976). They belong to the period of China's new- takes six months to a year to get a democratic revolution from Civi1 War 100;000-word book onto the counter (L924-1927) to the eve- of the Republic after the manuscript is ready. in 1949. The writings are a 40 have shed before. They reflect t Joint Publication of the late premier in the liberation, his loftiness of As cultural exchange with other ntributions to the combinat countries broadens, Chinese pub- Leninism with China's revolutionary pr_acticg_ lishers are having more contact In selection, compilation and checklng, the editorial com- 'veteran with their counterparts abroad. mittee sought the help of revolutionaries and relevant The China Art Publishing House organizations. For the reader's convenience it has added notes and the Kodansha Publishing and explanations at the end of the volume. House of Japan are jointly putting Artist Liu Kaiqu designed a reliet of Zhou Enlai that is out Traueling embossed on the front cover of the ile lure edition. Its dust in Chino, a set of jacket travel guides. In conjunction with and the paperback front cover use the sketch of the pre- mier drawn Time-Life Books, Inc. of the United by Wu Biduan. The significance of the book is not only historical, contemporary States, the Science Publishing but as well. It is an impor- tant source for the study of Marxism-Leninism-Mao House and the Popular Science Zedong Thought, the theoretical legaey of Chi.na,s veteran Press are putting out Chinese revolution- in aries and the history of China,s revolution. the Lif e Nature Library, Life The first volume has already been translated into Japanese" Science Library and series the English, French, Spanish and Russian translations are under Children's Treasury of Scientific way and will be published severally beginning in May 19g1. tr Knowledge. Discussions are now under way on the joint publication of a picture book on China's grotto statues by the Historical Relics (Wenwu) Press and the Japanese Heibonsha Publishing Company. There will be joint publication of two books with the Yugoslav pub- lishers of the Shang- hai Museum,-Treasures with the Historical Relics (Wenwu) PresS, and on a giant-size picture book China's Past and Present with the Shang- hai People's Art Publishing House. They will include books published in Chtnese for sale inside China, and in other languages for distri- bution abroad. China's publishers feel that such joint efforts offer broad prospects for the future. tr

APBIL T98I ZNo, A Chinese Pcinter Who Works Abrood

YE QIANYU

Chang Shans Pu at rvork. Sailing Back.

f-\HINESE ink-and-wash paint- time, they believed that because Features of [Ier Art \.r by Chang Shang Pu, a of their time, place and the polit- ings Chang Shang Pu belongs to this the environment their work Chinese woman now living in ical works are should be more in harmony with school. Her major United States, were exhibited in sim- trends in western art, This they landscapes characterized by Shanghai and Beijing last Novem- plicity, naturalness and profound called "adaptation". ber. The unique style of her feeling and imagination. With the The they chose for their works won favorable comments. "roots" splash-ink technique and the use Viewers u'ere impressed by the art were the landscapes of Wang of fine lines, she seeks a simPle way traditional Chinese art is Wei in the Tang dynasty (618-907); but at the same time vigorous taking root and developing over- the four schools represented by effect. She uses more colors than seas. Huang Gongwang, Ni Zan, Wu the traditional two hues of Chi- During the anti-Japanese and ochre, Zhen and Wang Meng in the Yuan nese painting - blue and Iiberation wars in the 30s and 40s, dynasty (1271-1368); and par- But she adds them so harmonious- many well-known Chinese paint- ticularly ihe four great painters of ly that the ink is not overwhelmed and remains dominant. In the ers went to Hongkong. There, the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing decade following her first exhibi- under the influence of western (1644-1911) dynasties Da, art, they gradually evolved a new -Zhu tion in Hongkong in 1967, her Shi Tao, Shi Xi and Jian Jiang. school of traditional Chinese paint- works were shown in Taiwan Prov- artists they ing. Huang Ban Ruo was its Among contemporary ince, Japan and Europe, winning pioneer, followed by Lu Shou held the landscapes of the contem- great acclaim for their vitalitY. Kun. These artists regarded tradi- porary artists Huang Binhong, Fu In 19?4 she moved to San Fran- tional Chinese painting as their Baoshi and Li Keran in high cisco, bringing with her the poilt of departure or "root", as regard. They selected as their theories, experience and Painting Hongkong school' Lu Shou Kun put it. At the same own medium the Chinese ink-and- methods of the Intelligent and talented, she strove wash school and felt it their duty for "self-expression" and .t'self- YE QIANYU, a master contemporary to develop it higher so that it Bainter, is vice-chairman of the Chinese development" in her work, evolv- Artists' Association anil heatl of the could stand on a par with oil Paint- ing her own style. In this Process, Department of Traditional ehinese ing as an independent branch of her paintings came close to those Painting in the Ceutnal Acailemy of Fine Arts ln Beijing. world art. of China's contemPorarY Painters

24 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Mountain-and-Water Landscape

Bamboo and the Moon Tailu Pavilion in Taiwan in their efforts to express the should ,remain uninfluenced by ford to send her to an art school. beauty of nature. Hence Chinese her surroundings? She has rnany friends in the film viewers readily appreciated her The creativeness of Chang and theater fields in China today. work. Shang Pu's work derives from her Among them was the late Zhao To adapt to the present trends accomplishments in traditional Dan, who had worked with her in of western painting and at the Chinese painting. This can be seen Shanghai's Star Film Company 40 same time express her own subjec- from her earlier works, including years ago. It was in Hongkong tive mood, Chang Shang pu com- copies of Song dynasty paintings over 30 years ago that she began bines a realistic reflection of the and the studies of Gong Xian to study painting under Huang objeetive world with abstraction (1618-1689), a master well-known Ban Ruo and Lu Shou Kun. Hard achieved by omitting unnecessary in the Qing dynasty. Her visit to academic experience toughened details. Her themes are chosen China with her exhibition was her mind and spirit, out of which from the real world rather than made, she said, "to fulfill my came her success and contributions mere imagination, and are depicted obligation to my motherland. I to art. through a creative method dif- want to show the Chinese people Chang Shang Pu's exhibitions in ferent from pure abstraction. what I have learned in painting Shanghai and Beijing mean that a Some critics doubt whether her and, perhaps for our corunon new school of traditional Chinese recent works belong to the genre benefit, discuss art with my col- painting abroad has come back of traditional Chinese painting leagues." home to its point of origin an at all. I think, however, that since Born in Anhui province Chang occasion of great significance.- It we must recognize the evolution Shang Pu grew up in Nanjing. is my hope that all of us Chi- of art, what reason have we to Although fond of painting as a nqse artists at home and abroad- demand that the work of this child, she began to act in films will work together more to contri-- Chinese painter living abroad because her family could not af- bute to world art and culture. !

COMING OFF THE PRESS

A Great Trial in Ohinese History

Authentic, comprehensive ond up-to-dote report on the triol of the two counter- revolutionory cliques of Lin Bioo ond Jiong Qing (November lggo-Jonuory 19g1) ' Mojor crimes of the defendionts ond the disosters they brought to the country ond people during the "culturol revolution,,; ' Highlights of court heorings ond court debotes; ' Documents: lndictment ond Verdict; ' Stqtistics ond o mop; list of iudges, prosecutors, towyers ond defendonts. ,And: A prefoce by the noted sociologist Prof, Fei Hsioo Tung who wos o member of the ponel of judges; 56 on-the-spot pictures in 12 poges Size of Book: 140 mm. X 203 mm. poges: 234 Prices: Europe ond North Americq €1.3O, U.S. $2.60, FFl1.00, DM4.8O Asio, Africo ond Lotin Americo S0.65, U.S.$1.3O, FFS.SO, "HK $6.60 Published by New World PreBs, Beijing, Chino (Coble: NEWORTD) Distributed by Guoji Shudion, P,O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino

APRIL 198I 27 rstotry's Judgmemt, Hew Begimnimg

ZHENG SHE

N January 25, 1981, after es alike. They brought untold The indictment agairxt these two months of sessions the sufferings to the peoPle of all defendants alone lists 729,571 special court under the Supreme China's nationalities and Pushed frame-up victims during the ten People's Court of China pro- the national economy to the brink disastrous years, of whom 34,800 nounced sentence on the ten of collaps. Under the banner of were persecuted to death. The principal culprits of the Lin Biao "cultural revolution" they played overall estimate of peoPle unwar- and Jiang Qing counter-revolu- havoc with the precious cultural rantedly slandered and hurt in tionary cliques. Jiang Qing and and ethical legacy of the Chinese various ways during that Period Zh:ang Chunqiao, who were both nation, and set China with her is close to 100 million. found guilty of capital crimes and brilliant and ancient history reel- How to deal with this counter- obstinately unrepentant, were sen- ing backward. They Poisoned so- revolutionary gang so bitterlY tenced to death with a two-year cial mores, disoriented and harmed hated by the Chinese PeoPle? To stay to give them a chance to earn a whole generation of the Youth, retaliate by decrees of summarY remission. The eight' other de- and disrupted the fine standards vengeance, on the princiPle of an fendants received pri-son terms of conduct acquired by our Public eye for an eye? Or Proceed bY ranging from 16 years to life. functionaries in the decades of Iaw and try them publicly as an Time in custody prior to the sen- revolutionary struggle. object lesson to the whole PeoPle? tences is to be counted as already Some of the things that were The latter course was chosen. sert ed. done in the years 1966-76 seem History, at long last, has passed incredible to us today. Investiga- Strictly by Law its judgment on this band of tions by the special court revealed careerists who tried by criminal that, throughout the countrY, more An outstanding feature of the acts to obstruct the course of than 100 thousand PeoPIe were trial was its strict distinction political mistakes and - history. The conclusion of the arrested and sentenced on the between trial, the biggest in the Peop).e's charges of "malicious vilification'i. crimes under the law. The de- coun- Republic since its founding in Some were jailed f or a single fendants were arraigned as .-t1949, brings to a formal close a word or sentence considered de- ter-revolutionary criminals, not most grievous period in the life of trimental to Lin Biao, Jiang Qing for their political stand or views. charged a total this sociaiist country. It is ex- and their associates. ManY Peo- The indictment criminal counts, each suP- pected to mark a miLestone in the ple, too, were victimized as a of 48 new period of stability and unity, result of the deification qf ported by evidence (more than were produced). EverY of growing socialist democracy leadership fanned uP by the 800 items count and piece of evidence was and legality and of wholehearted gang of four. An elderlY worker work for sociaList modernization. examined in court for accuracY was branded an "active counter- and relevance. Those that did In Retrospect revolutionary" and persecuted for not stand the test were disallowed. many years because he Put his For example, the indictment bust During the "cultural revolution" hands around the neck of a charged Jiang Qing, Zhang Chun- that began in 1966, Lin Biao, Jiang of Chairman while qiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Qing and their associates took cleaning it. The charge: "Suspected Hongwen with a consPiracY in advantage of the extremely ab- intent to murder" ! A five-Year- pursuance of which Wang Hong- normal political situation then o1d child, playing with a cat, wen went io see Chairman Mao created. For pretended "rev- happened to put on its head a Zedong in Changsha to lodge false olutionary" reasons, they tram- badge portraying Chairman Mao. accusations against Zhow Enlai pled on the Constitution and and mother were hauled uP Xiaoping,'in an attemPt in- Child and Deng the law, wrecked existing before a criticism prevent the latter's aPPoint- procedures, fanned "revolutionary" to stitutions and struggle meeting. A tYPogra- ment as First Vice-Prernier. After anarchy beating, loot- and in which phical error, a slip of the tongue examination, the court decided and ransacking became the ing when shouting slogans, a news- that this act, evil-intended though order da;2, and imposed of the picture of Chairman was, did not constitute a crime th6ir cruel, feudal-fascist dictator- paper with a it wastebasket under law, and so did not cite it in ship upon cadres and mass- Mao on it thrown in a by mistake all these were suf- the final judgment. Yao WenYuan grounds- being branded had been charged with criminal ZHENG SHE is a reporter for China ficient for Reconstnicts. a "class enemyl'. responsibility for the Planned

28 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS armed rebellion in Shanghai, be- Ed.)" and had colluded with Kang cause he had prepared public Sheng, then a senior leader in the opinion for it. The court held Chinese Communist Party, and that this charge was insuffi- Xie Fuzhi, former Vice-Premier ciently proved, so it was dropped. and Minister of Public Security, in The indictment had charged the ordering the extraction of con- defendants under eight different fessions by torture and fabrica- categories. The judgment Iisted tion of false evidence to frame only six: namely. organizing and the couple. The court called in leading or actively participating witnesses and re-played recordings in counter-revolutionar5r cliques, of Jiang own pronounce- Qing's Jlang Qins and Zhang Chunqiao, death plotting to overthrow tl.re govern- ments on this subject. Irrefutable s€nience with two-yeai reprieve. ment, conspiring to stage armed evidence compelled her to admit rebellion, killing and injurring the facts of this crime. people for counter-revolutionary Wu Faxian, former commander purposes, condr.rcting demagogic of the Air Force, who confessed in propagandi lor corrnler-revoIL- court to having handed over the tionary pllrposes. and traming direction of the Air Force to Lin innocent people. The l.rvo other Biao's son Lin Liguo, said he categories confessions shou-ld bear dit'ect responsibility by torture,-extorting and illegally detaining for Lin Liguo's counter-revolu- people were not listed se- tionary plot to assassinate Chair- parately- for two reasons: For man Mao Zedong and launch a some of the defendants tl're statute coup d'etat. Investigation by the of limitations for subh offences , court, however, showed that Wu Wang Hongwen, life imprisonment; Yao had expired. In the case of others, Faxian had no knowledge of Lin Wenyuan, 20 years imprisonment, they had playecJ an insl.rumental Liguo's use of the powers given role in counter-revolutionary ac- him to engineer thosd criryrinal tivities alreadSr coverecl by other preparations. In the judgment on counts. Wu Faxian, the count was omitted. Throughout the trial, stress was The defendants and their laid on evidence and investiga- lawyers were given full op. portunity tion. Neither confession b), th" to exercise the right of defense. On December 19, 1980 defendants, nor lack of it, was Yao Wenyuan read own de- taken as proof. Z!;lang Chunqiao his fense statement. On December 24 remained silent .throughout the Jiang blso read hers, en- court examinations Qing and debates, titled "Some Views of Mine", in refusing to answer any questions. which she denied all culpability Chen Borla and Huang Yongsheug, lE Nevertheless, each years. of the charges and attacked the court, saying, brought against "To him rvas scrupu- rebel is justified, but am sitting Iously I examined and checked. An in jail; to make revolution is no instance was the charge that crime, but I am being punished." Zhang had incil.ed Kuai Dafu, Quotations from her statement a one-time Red Guard leader: at were made public the next day in Qinghua University, to fan up a the Beijing press and over TV. campaign to overthrow Liu Shao- Court deliberations on the case of gi, the then Chairman of the Huang Yongsheng, former Chief People's Republic of China. This of Stdff of the People's Liberation crime was rvritten into the iudg- Army, lasted three afternoons ment only after the court had pro- during which he spoke for three duced Kuai Dafu's diary and a Red hours in his own defense. Guard "War Builetin,, both r:e- Wu Faxian and Ll Zuopeng, lT years, cording Kuai's accepLance of The WilI of the People Zhang's instructions, and sum- moned Kuai who confirmed it in The 42 sessiops of the court person. were attended by more thah 60,000 people Jiang Qing at first denied the from many localities and walks charge that she had directly of life. Zharg Ziyi, an old (Continued p. controlled the "Group for Exa- on 33) mining the Cases of Liu Shaoqi Qiu Huizrro, 16 years; Jiang TengJlaq, and Wang Guangn-rei (Liu's wife- l8 years.

APRIT, 1O8I New Ring Rood Aids Beijing Traffic

LIU HONGFA

The new Second Ring Road has four lanes for motor vehicles and two for bicycles, each five to seven meters wide. It has 22 accesses, of which nine are cloverleaf intersec- tions. The biggest is a three-level traffic circle, on the site of the old gate on the city's north- west, with a bicycle level between the north-south and east-west levels. The intersection can handle 6,000 motor vehicles and 20,000 bicycles and other non-mechanized vehicles per hour, and it can take 100-ton trucks. Beijing now holds the record among Chinese cities for multi-Ievel intersections. A subway will run under the Second Ring Road, connecting with the present east-west line under Chang'an Avenue. The tunnel construction and traek laying have been completed. In the future the Three-level traf,fic circle at the former Xizhimen Gate. Zheng Dehong Second Ring Road will be en- larged on its southern side (see map). D) EIJING is speeding up its from the growing pains of a1l large LD traffic with a new rot nd-the- cities. It has 3 million bicycles and rnHE RING ROAD system suits city beltway or ring road opened 90,000 motor vehicles, which I Beijing, which centers around to traffic last December 25. The though still a small number the old palace. In the 50s the first, 23.3-kilometer limited access high- . compared to other cities, re- the Inner Ring Road, which is way, built on the site of the former presents a big jump in recent more a routing of streets than a old city wall, circles what was once years. Hence traffic jams and highway, was constructed by the city proper. An earlier ring many accidents. On Chang'an widening those on three sides of the palace through tearing down road runS just outside what used Avenue, the city's broadest east- most of its outer wall (the inner to be the wall of the o1d palace, west thoroughfare, average speed wall complete with guard towers the located at the kilometers has dropped from 50 still stands). The outer wall on the center of Beijing, and a third, a per hour in the 1950s to 30 km. truck route still under construc- south, containing the Tian An today. The average speed of buses Men Gate, was kept intact. Along tron, roughly skirts the boundary and trackless trolleys in the city between the now-enlarged city and this route, starting frorn the gate, is only 17 km. per hour. Cars and suburbs. Much of is also open the annual round-the-city race is its it bicycles line up for a kilometer at to traffic. run at Spring Festival. The old With a population of 8 million, some stoplights during rush hours. painted archways or pailous, af, the Beijing capital district suffers Traffic accidents numbered 10,24? severai intersections, breaking the in 1980, though this was a drop o1d streets into three narrow lanes, previous years. They caused were taken down as an obstruction LIU HONGFA is a siaff reporter for from China Reconstructs. 7,939 injuries and claimed 490 lives. to traffic though some were moved

CHINA RECONSIEUCTS Beiiing Trqffic Routes and re-erected in parks. The con- cept of the wall is still preserved in street names such as Dong Huangchenggen, Base of the East Imperial Wall.

rDHE OLD city wall on whose site I the Second Ring Road is built, was started in 1420 during the reign of Ming dynasty Emperor ! t7 Yongle. He had just moved the o capital there from Nanjing and 4o rl wanted a similar walled city. (The o earlier Yuan dynasty wall was in c .\- a somewhat different place.) I ? The wall To Shijingshan L was built of big bricks st"it it"i €, made in Shandong province, with c t- thick paste made from glutinous E rice used to mix an exceptionally L- strong mortar. Later nine gate towers were built. After the liberation of Beijing in 1949, to facilitate traffic, 30 gaps were cut in the wall. Then, accord- \ ing to the plan for the city and \ needs of its construction, the waII, '\ ,//--- -- viewed as an obstruction to \\.*ct;;;ileJ ----=/F---- modernization, was torn down @ interseerions section by section, conveniently rrr! Route for luture highway leaving the space for a circular ==== Under construction thoroughfare. Four of the old gate towers in this outer wall have been Desheng Gate preserved for their architectural on the north and of the city's canal system. So on Dongbian and historical value and in order Gate on the southeast. this leg of the Second Ring Road, to keep some of the atmosphere of The moat that used to encircle the willow-lined canal with old tle old Beijing. They are Qianmen, the wall has been turned into an Desheng Gate in the background, the Front Gate on the south, underground sewer, except for the still give some feeling of the old Zhengyang just Gate north of it, north side with remains as part city. tr

Intersection near"the embassy section. Hu Ying

APRTL 198I 3l i**' 3 $..

Brigade-run factories provide jobs in countrysidi:: Noodle shop, processing pig bristles, tailoring shop. Photos bg Wang Xinzhu

T N China's cities, where many First the reader should have an workpoint and thus each member's I more young people are awaiting idea of work-organization in the income, local industries and side- job assignment than state-run en- countryside. The basic accounting line occupations must be found terprises can now accommodate, unit under the commune (usually for the surplus manpower. work was arranged for more than the production team, and more The Xujiazhuang brigade of the 6 million last year, mainly in col- rarely the larger brigade) first pays Zulai commune near the famous Iectively-run and units and in- a low agricultural tax and sets Mount Tai (Taishan) in Shandong dividual repairs and services. aside accumulation funds, then it province is doing well in this re- What about the surplus manpower distributes the rest of its crop (or spect. It has 306 hectares of land in the rural areas? The blind income from it) to its members and 1,753 people capable of cul- flow of population from country according to the number of work- tivating it. If aII of them worked to city is not permitted in China, points each has earned. Unlike on the land, however, it would both because the huge and the present situation in the cities, mean about six people per hectare. unwieldy metropolis is seen as all those able to work are given Today, with tractors, seeders, .owing undesir:able and to tem- something to do. For example, if threshers, winnowers, mills and porary cutbacks in industrial and a hectare of farmland is being water pumps, the brigade needs other cpnstruction. So rural worked by 10 or 15 members much less manpower per hectare. emploJrment problems must be instead of five or six, and the total Moreover, as the socialist prin- settled on the spot. How is it income remains the same, the ciple of each according to his done? "to value of each workpoint will be labor'r' is applied, with those who NAN ZHENZIIONG is a reporter for lower and each member's share do more getting more pay, work Xinhua News Agency. less. To raise the value of the atten€lance ranges from 80 to 90

32 CHTNA RECONSTRUCTS percent and labor productivity is neecied for these dinners that the grain processing, beancurd 30 percent higher than previously. entire family used to be kept busy making, blacksmithing, slaughter- The trend toward fewer mernbers for an entire day making bread. ing and corpenur/. The most actually doing farming is shown Now the bakery does it. People welcomed is the house-building by the drop from 1,084 in 1978 to from neighboring villages also group. Commune mernbers used 931 in 1980. Where have the rest come to buy or have their flour to have to spend at least 200 yuan of the 800 brigade members not made into bread. on cigarettes, tea, wine and food for farming gone? The Xujiazhuang brigade distri- alone when bricklayers built a Some 250 of them now work buted 202,553 yuan in cash income three-room house for them. Today in commune-run enterprises -- to its members in 1979. This, plus they pay the building group only making cement, bricks, paper, earnings frorn family sidelines and 120 yuan without any entertain- wine and farm tools, or engaged food.-grain distribution makes up ment expenses. The team built in transport and building. Part of the family income. Like city well over 100 houses in 1980. their pay is given them directly people, these country dwellers Xujiazhuang brigade has be- for everyday expenses and the have realized the importance of come a national model in arrang- rest of it goes back to the produc- service trades. The brigade has ing work for a surplus mral tion team to be distributed 'as set up service groups for tailoring, manpower. tr workpoints. The other 500 not needed on the Iand work in sidelines run by the brigade such as forestry, animal husbandry, education, medical History's Judgment stitute of Sociology under the service, farm tool repair, pig (Continued from p. 29)' Chinese'Acaderny of Sciences, who bristle joined processing, brick making, embroi- soldier who had the Party served on the panel of judges at public dery, basket making, sewing, food in 1925 declared: "The the trial, wrote his impressions trial was good. showed processi.ng and slaughtering. It up the in his preface to A Great Trial in enemy and educated the people." Chinese History, a book just The farm tool repair shop, to , Ding Gongnan, Chief of the published in Beijing: "I wish take one example, has well- Beijing Committee of the Chinese lighted, spacious rooms containing to make two points. One is that Peasants and Workers Democratic we have adhered two lathes, a planer, press, strictly to the drill Party, said: "Today these arch- law. The milling machine, punch press, trial of the LinJiang criminals who caused a decade of cliques is all an affair of the electric and gas welders, and ,after turmoil have been brought to Chinese, grinders. It had six workers in lhe criterion to be fol- book, publicly tried and sentenced Iowed should be no other than the 1979, and last year there were ten. according law. has as- to This law of China. It would be most Its output value last year was suaged the grievances of the peo- inappropriate to judge our legal 45,000 yuan, The 57 winnowers ple and vindicated justice. We procedure legal it turned out were all sold before members of the democratic parties, by any foreign system, the wheat harvest. It is now together with people of the whole in the West or el.sewhere. designing a seeder for neighboring country, are extremely happy." The second point is that, I must frankly is brigades and communes. Noted ballerina Bai Shuxiang, who admit, our legal system Another brigade factory proc- had been cruelly persecuted by not perfect and our experience in esses pig bristles. Operations such Jiang Qing, said when about to governing by law is rather as cleaning, combing and sorting leave for the Philippines to take inadequate. StilL, we have made are done by machines. It has 1?b part in an international perform- a tremendous step forward.", workers. Preliminary processing ance: "Now, at Iast I have seen The sentencing of Jiairg Qing of about 80 percent of its products Jiang Qing get her just deserts!" and her associates is seen as a is done by 300 brigade members Said Qing Lisheng, Deputy triumph of truth over falsehood, outside the factory, in their spare Secretary-General of the Chinese anq of [ght over darkness, a time. Academy of Sciences: "The trial victory of the people over the The brigade also runs a bakery. has not only redressed the people's breakers of socialist law, and of Here, four workers bake 50 grievances and vindicated justice, civilization over barbarity. This kilograms of bread a day, and but also upheld the authority of was the first time in China since s-ometimes as much as 100 kg. They the law. What's needed from now the founding of the People's also make bread for commune on is to crcnstantly strengthen the Republic that such high-ranking members who hand in their own socialist legal system and rule by persons had been tried according flour. The charge is only 6 yuan law." These words 'express the to normal legal procedures and per 50 kg. of flour used. An old general will. duly punished. In China, where custom in the area is to give a A New Be$inning legal traditions are relatively dinner for relatives and friends at weak, it was' in itself an im- weddings, funerals or when a Professor Fei Xiaotong (Fei portant strengthening of the legal child is born. So much bread is Hsiao-tung), Director of the In- system. tr

APRIL 1987 33 A Design School with Definite ldeas

LIAN XIAOCHUN and BAO WENQING mHE Central Institute of Arts .l- and Crafts is both a school and a design unit. Its aim is to create articles that are an aesthetic in- spiration and joy to the user, com- bine reality with the ideal within the limitations of the living stand- ard of the Chinese people, and can be widely understood and appre- ciated by them. Many sucoesses in this direction have been achieved by the students and 'faculty over the Iast three years since the school resumed full operation after the "cultural revolution", as shown in a recent exhibition of their work. Also included were some designs by late professors who had made earlier contributions. The institute's actual beginnings go back to the early 1950s when Zhang Ting, Zhang Guangyu, and Zkleng Ke, three old artists in the Department of Applied Indigo print wall hanging tlesigned and made by Teng Art of the Central Acad- Fengqian. emy of Fine Arts in Beijing, took on some students to design the in- Most of its present 126 teachers hand-dyed and worked wool- teriors and dinner service for the and 515 students (including 70 cushions and bed throws, table- Xinqiao and Peace hotels, two of postgraduates) were represented in cloths, pottery table lampstands, Beijing's first modern ones built 2,000 items in the 1980 exhibition. bamboo lampshades and ceramic after liberation. Prior to this, Since the "cultural revolution" wall decorations as well as callig- Zhang Ting, head of the school, they have thrown out the restrict- raphy and paintings. In contrast had been taking students in the ing ideas of the gang of four period with many of the fussy things now weaving and dyeing department to and shown a new creativity. One on the market, these seemed to the countryside to learn aesthetic aim is to foster more individual have been chosen for their sim- tastes of the peasants, the beautY ways of expression. At the same plicity, restfulness and their utili- of the textiles they produced and time, the staff believes in linking zation of the natural beauty of the how these were made. teaching with production and so- materials. ciety, and achieving a proper rela- In 1958, only two years after it Pottery and. Porcelain: Most of the tionship between Chinese tradition was formally set up, the school exhibits were made by the students and learning from foreign sources. undertook the designing of the in- and teachers at those of China's teriors for ten large public build- Interior Decoration: On exhibit ancient kilns which are still func- ings then under coflstruction in were a living room, study and tioning. They include the zr,bo Beijing, including the Great HalI children's playroom in addition to pottery of Shandong province, of the People, the Nationalities a bedroom-a forward-looking ivory-white porcelain of Fujian Palace, the new Beijing Railway display no doubt looking toward province, the unglazed purple sand Station and others. During this the day when more Chinese homes earthenware of Jiangsu and the assignment, many young artists would have such separate rooms blue and white porcelain of the gained the experience which has featuring tastefully made furnish-- famous ceramics center Jingdezhen made them the mainstay of the ings: furniture (rattan, bamboo or in Jiangxi province. Many were by institute's current staff. wood), straw rugs and screens, professors Zheng Ke and Mei

34 CEINA BECONSTBUCTS Drigntl ht Y iurLptrtX

a t

PDttery Ilower vase" Iei: set of unglazed :i r/ra l)r'tigtteti (ti1!l oiLiii(, ltr { hiittft;ng 'Ditrt De:ictttl nnti ntole br Patt ('hLitiltlt,g LH2' d.: $+ i 4l ,t ,jr: a, I lil fl, + 3' i'i +., '1 #f ,r i; f, 1;i. #,:t !. + tl # ffi 'iTFri {t !+ .1. q f 1= ,! .*,% il+ rfti *& '+ e 4, ,4 ,;. i; f; 5, t .+1r! .i ei SI , ,,{ ,, ;am il, !fffi"'# h1 4 ' E-il "IF* ii r', fr' p: ' *! ,'d I"'rs'@,1 { & r* :! .iar E t 16Lsf, r. e.t d S l ,+ ftSt *iF+ r- t d ,i;: ti 1,.6 Hd ,t _6fr +'1!ffi4rH ,, ?#ff + A'841S *q,+,ii e ir'r+,8 + *i E{ aj i,E qrH++FltsE li &:' ' il' rr "+ r *flr ffiB +&is : Y+ { r:r ++ Flil ; * ![s ,ii:f;!*&, I'its:.,i*;a,fl ,= -,+,itri';flpr q i1 iq #t..,#E$5 ,fiE n ,- t l, :+ 4l ic jq ffi'sl g6;* 5 , . qi { r: +4 r.!". , i.; sx- ,e E+ * .: H .$s. i,*! lrp + ! I e tlg i-i " ,*i :, +r i-ti p *.- F ! E+ e ,!i + r1i #it' trl:* :5 r;, : r, + {ri' &F 1r Worked wo()l harrging. De:rgnerl oril ntale b.; Zhou Aibiry

Xishrrangbanna sct:Ge (shell mosaic) {)esignerl and nude L,.t Zhu Ju:shan Flying Deity (decorative porcelain plate) Teachers and siudents of the Ceramics Department Camel (woolen embroidered wall hanging) )-tesigned und made b, Liu Yuanjeng

ll'own on the water in South China (lacquer)

Painted b1- Qiao Shiguang Firelighi dance (porcelain tiles) Desi,qned bt Lei Cuituan

Mandariir Ducks, symbolizing happy rnarriage (porcelain wall tile) Teachers aird sluCenls o.f thc Ceranilcs Deportment

for Zoo Wall. Teachers and students of Jianying and their students, who terest. Some which seemed to be used the traditional techniques and ordinary life sketches were actual- materials after visits to the ancient Iy a statement of the artist's view kilns. While carrying on in the of the objective world. fine old tradition, these works do "China should have at least 20 not blindly follow it but show crea- such institutes," said Li Keran, the tive advances. famous painter. "Zhang Ting's One of the institute's earliest spe- ideas on art are correct. He holds cialties, ceramics the department that painting should be integrated has people trained many who are with crafts and beauty with prac- playing an important plants role in tical use. He lays stress schools on con- and throughout the ception, vitality, boldness and country. young It has also taught creativity. I hope he wilI train people from other countries. Its more young talents." tr students and teachers have pro- duced numerous ceramic designs for government buildings, Modetn alum resist-dyed hanging Chinese ploys various minority motifs. exhibitions abroad, hotels and the foreign and domestic market. Costume Design: This is a new de- partment set up in 1979 and the easy-to-live-with clothes suited to present-day society reflect the Tied-and-dyed and modern ste.nciled youthfulness of the faculty and tlesigns in indigo prints. Yong Yin students. Visitors were particular- ly impressed by what the designers did with what are considered rela- China's many nationalities and on tively ordinary materials, cotton styles abroad, and assembled, their indigo or batik prints, poplins and findings into course material. They cotton-dacron mixes. The 50 mod- have also sponsored classes on styl- els on display were done in only ing and color combinations attend- six months by students under the ed by tailors from 12 provinces and guidance of lecturer Bai Congli. cities, whiie members of the staff have The department offers courses in traveled to various localities give both illustration and design. In its to similar short-term courses. short existence its people have Basic Training: Two halls were created designs for a clothing ex- devoted to works done in the in- port fair in Shanghai, stage cos- stitute's classes on basic techni- tumes and clothing for diplomatic ques. Some of the painting personnel and athletes going "studies" were not bound by the abroad. They have collected rnuch limitations of the technique, mate- information on the folk costumes rials or socially-popular subjects and decorative accessories of and expressed the artists' own in-

Ceramic wall plaques.

,,. -$r

APRTL T98r 39 Now They're Cooking with Gos

LIU CHENLIE Production ond Use of Methqne ffOME-made methane has large- JJ- ly replaced wood, .*1, and straw as domestic fuel for some 40 million Chinese peasants, conserving resources, saving mon- €y, and making more fodder available for livestock. By the end of 1980, more than seven million rural households accounting for five percent of the peasantry had built their own methane-producing tanks 14 times as many as in 1975.- In , addition, larger tanks to power small electric generating stations have been set up collectively in

Boiting water on a methane stove in the office of the Matou Commune, Wang Xinmin

Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hu- termentation produces nnethane nan, Hubei, and Anhui provinces. (CHa), a light, colorless, and A model methane-producing' odorless hydrocarbon gas. A plal- village is the Suzhuang production tic hose along the wall leads the brigade of the Matou People's gas into the house. Commune, an hour's drive east of Beijing. In the past two years, Worries About Fuel Disappear journalists and more than 200 experts from 63 countries have In Suzhuang, as in many other come to see how it's done. rural areas, fuel had been a peren- The village's main street is A methane-equipped kitchen in Su- nial problem. Every spring, 80 zhuang village, Matou People's Com- flanked newly-planted pines by percent village's straw, mune. Zhang Yuting and row after row of new horxes of the for 130 families. Each family's which might otherwise have been used as fodder, had to be consum- roonu are arranged around a square courtyard and surounded ed as fuel. The brigade also had by a wall-a typical architectural to buy coal from the state, and style in north China. Outside the since the supply of coal is limited east wall of each house stand the the villagers had to forage for family's latrine and pigsty, and wheat stubble and firewood. Not under these is a sealed tank made only was this work burdensome, of native cement, taking valuable time from agricul- Human and animal wastes are tural and sideline production, but discharged into the tank, water it was also harmful to the local and straw are added, and natural ecology. As one peasant described t}re LIU CHENLIE is a staff reporter lor situation before the introduction of China Reconstructs. the methane tanks, "We were no

CIIINA BECONSTBUoIS longer worried about having rice in the pot, but we still had to worry about having fuel in the 50 YEARS OF METHANE USE stove. We figured it would be better if we could cook with gas Recent historical research has shown that Luo Guorui, born as they do in the cities." in rural province, was the first Chinese, and among This dream began to come true the first persons in the world, to promote the use of methane. in April, 1978. While planning the This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of reconstruction of the village, his China Guorui Gas Company in Shanghai. brigade leaders studied the ex- Luo experimented with methane production as early as 1929 perience of Mianyang county in in Shantou (Swatow) and Shenzhen (Shumchun) in Guangdong, Sichuan province in western and two years later, went to Shanghai where he set up his busi- China, and decided to include ness. In 1935 he wrote Guorui's Lecture Notes on China's Storage methane production in the design, of Natural Gos, which he usi:d in a training class he organized. adapted to local conditions. Among his students was Si Baosui, of Zhuji county, Zhe- The brigade offered each family jiang province, who built a methane tank in his home town in free transportatjon of all building 1936. Si Baosui died in 1978 at the age of 89. The following materials and a loan of 45 yuan year his family donated his entire collection of Luo Guorui's for those that had to be purchased, works to the government. supplementing a grant of 35 yuan from the commune and the county government. The Ioan was to be paid in three years with off family in Suzhuang has a methane electric light in the ceiling he said, fertilizer a by-product of meth- - system. "We have the gas lamp in case ane production. In addition, something goes wrong with the each family was allotted 200 work ' points Benefits of Methane electricity. And it's brighter than (the accounting in the a 60-watt bulb." Mrs. Zhang told annual distribution of the brigade's At the home of the peasant me how the smoke from the cook income according to labor per- Zhang Baoxiang, I'saw a young stove used to blacken the walls formed) for building the tank. woman, Zhang's daughter-in-law, and make it difficult to breathe; A technician from the county walking toward a stove with a pot these pro$ems don't exist with methane office was sent to in her hand. She turned a valve, methane. Suzhuang with films, slides, and struck a match, and immediately There are seven people in the pale posters to give the peasants infor- blue flames appeared from 20 family. They used to burn 24 mation and encouragement, and he holes in the burner, just as they yuan worth of coal every year, in also trained three local people who would with natural gas. On the addition to wood. Their gas stove became full-time methane special- wall, a meter recorded how much cost them only ten yuan, including ists in the village. The peasants methane was left in the tank. the hose and pressure meter. were enthusiastic and built 7L Zhang Baoxiang lit a gas lamp They have already paid off their fermentation tanks in the first in the bedroom, which was a bit loan for the fermentation tank month of the project. Now every dazzling, and pointing to an with fertilizer produced in it.

At the Bio-Gas Seminar organizeil by United Nations Fooal & Agriculture Organization in Sichuan province last April. (Risht) Seminar delegates visit a peasant family in the Tahua commune, Chongqing county, whose countyard is as clean and neat as a garden after the installation of a methane tank. Shen Mengsheng i,.;tW.:;

APRIL T98T 4l "Every methane tank is like a small flrctory, producing excellent organic fertilizer," said brigede leader Zhang Desheng. "Tanks in the village turned out 900 tons of liquid fertilizer last year. We used it on the wheat fields in place of ammonia water. It not only brought down production costs but also kept the wheat output at 4.5 tons per hectare despite the drought.'n "Methane production," he con- tinued, "has also increased the available feed for the brigade's livestock." Because most of the straw was burned as fuel in the past, brigade had to spend 900 the Solar heat is used by 28 of the 36 households in Production Team No. 8. yuan a year for feed. Now o,nly 20 percent of the straw is used for fue1, and the rest js reserved as fodder. Last year 200 pigs and A Solor Villoge seven cows were added to the brigade's livestock, and the num- ber of pigs raised by individual JI YUQING families has risen to 307, up from 44 in 1977. Methane production also helps improve sanitation and prevent di.sease in rural areas, as manure, st1aw, and garbage are better cohtrolled. No dysentery has been reported in Suzhuang since the methane system was introduced. Methane also provides energy for communal enterprises. In addi- tion to each family's l0-cubic-me- ter tank, the brigade has built a 1OO-cubic-meter one that powers small generators for irrigation and a mill. Because fermentation takes place only at certain temperatures and is thus influenced by climate, the amount of methane produced by a family tank from May to November is more than enough for cooking three meals a day and Wu Ying and her granddaughter cook dumplings on a solar stove. fueling a gas lamp. But in winter, Photos bg Xue Tiejun the tank produces only enough gas for one meal and some boiled AN a clear day last summer, I At the entrance to the village, I water each day. So some coal is l. could teII from alar that I was encountered an old woman sitting still needed for both cooking and approaching Production Team No. under a big tree in front of a house heating, but much less than 8 of the Tanhe Brigade in Hai'an and weaving a fish net. At 67, Wu before. county, Jiangsu province. Not for Ying appeared thin but in good "We're now planning to insulate nothing is No. 8 known as "Solar health. She was happy to tell me the houses to conserve heat in Village": cement solar-energy about the solar stoves in the winfer, store surplus gas in sum- stoves neatly lined up in front of village. mer, and mechanize the removal tlre peasants' hornes are capped by "Twenty-eight of the 36 families of fertilizer from the tank." said sol.ar reflectors glinting under the here are using them now," she Zhang Desheng. tr sun. said, "and the others are prepar-

42 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ing to install them. There's an old saying about the 'seven necessities for housekeeping'-firewood, rice, oil, salt, vinegar, soy sauce, and tea. Firewood is the first. But more than 20 families used to run out of fuel by February or March, One ltind ol ilerger and we had to ask the state for help. A f actory made ciga- "Now we don't need to buy coal rettes that were of verY one from the state any more. And most poor quality. Each matches to of the straw we used to burn can took a lot of day the factorY be put to better use. This year we' tight. One letter a got ten tons of fertilizer from the received a from straw, plus animal fodder and match factory: "ManY thanks for the qualitY of material for house repairs, and the your cigarettes, it makes remainder for use in the stove good sales for The when the sun doesn't shine." us!" cigarette factory rePlied: T[fU Ying stood up to attend to "Since we fit together, W the large aluminum pot of Iet's merge and share the boiling water on her stove. After prof its.'i serving me tea, she poured the water into four thermos bottles. Miao Di "Since we don't need to collect firewood any more, my husband EYerything now looks after the trees for the Father l(nows production team, earning work Pingping: Why do points," she said. "Even an old people shut one eYe lady like me has time to do some when they aim a gun? income-producing work in addi- Father: Silly ! If tion to housework and child care. shut both eYes This year I've made five fish nets. they how could they see My earnings have been equal to where to shoot? the cost of our solar stove." I was surprised at the low cost till Wu Ying began to list the -Y'EtL materials: 150 kg. of cement, 15 kg. of steel, three square meters of glass, 200 kg. of sand, 150 kg. of Hu Yi pebbles, one kg. of asphalt, and less than one kg. of metal wire about 35 yuan. "We got work- logical Reason points for the time spent Putting do you always come late. the stove together," she Pointed Teacher: Why gate. says out. Pupil: Because of that sign at the It Every 20 minutes or so, Wu "School - Go Slowl" Ying went to readjust the angle of the solar reflector so that the sun'is rays were always focused at the bottom of the pot. A solar stove that automatically follows the sun costs more than 1,000 yuan, far beyond a peasant family's reach. Looking up at the sky, Wu Ying observed that, for all the utility of the solar stove, it can't be used when the sun doesn't shine. "It would be better if we had a Hu Yi methane stove besides," she said. !

APRIL 1981 Symposium on Physical Culture Science was held. Physical Culture Research A relatively new field, physical culture science gained international momentum only after World War and $ports Medicine II. In China it has an even briefer history. Ten physical culture in- DU HAORAN stitutes were organized in Shang- hai, Beijing, Xi'an and other T AST December China Physical theory; biomechanics of sports; cities in the early 1950s. In 1957 r-l Education and Sports Science sports psychology; and sports train- some 25,000 trainees were grad- Society and four related scientific ing. Two preparatory groups were uated from such schools and societies were established in established on apparatus and re- colleges. Beijing: physical culture and search equipment,- and on anthro- China's first National Research pometrics. The leading body of Institute of Sports Science was set the DU HAORAN is the Director of Chinese the Sports Medicine Association up in 1958, followed by Beijing Academy of Physical Cglture. was reelected. The 1980 National Sports Medicine College attached to Beijing Medical Institute. In nationwide physical The well-known practitioner passes 1964, the first -- of Chinese metlicine Zheng lluaixian on his bonesetting technique, Xinhua culture symposium was held in the capital; the papers presented in- dicated that the researchers had played a big role in improving the physiques and the athletic abilities of the Chinese people. However, during the "cultural revolution" these institutes were abolished, the researchers were persecuted, and many of the ref- erence materials were destroyed. Only in the past few years has there been recovery and advance.

Research on Physical Culture The 1980 symposium received 621 papers, double the number in the 1964 symposium. The authors rang- ed from professionals in PhYsical culture to amateur workers.

i) In terms of content, more subjects and disciplines were covered. Advances were reported in the theory and history of physical cul- ture; physical education; sPorts injuries; sports physiology and biochemistry; medical control and therapeutic sport. New research was reported in the fields of sports training and sports biomechanics. Sports psYchol- ogy, intimately connected with training and competition, was once criticized as being based on philo- sophical idealism, but work in the field has now been resumed. Study has also started on the aesthetics of physical culture, cybernetics and sports. ;:i Sports Injuries Research in sports injuries has progressed in the past few years.

4q CHINA RDCONSTBUCTS The symposium received 120 pa- pers from 34 units. Cartilage injuries of the knee, elbow, and ankle are common among athletes, and will not heal by themselves. The National Research Institute of Sports Science, the Sports Medicine Institute attached to the Beijing Medical College and other units have looked into the etiology and progression of these ailments and of bone spurs through general sur- veys and animal experiments. They also explored various ways of healing injured cartilage, with initial success, such as excision of local cartilage, heterotransplanta- tion of articular cartilage, and General survey of chilalren. animal experiments with silicone salhen. time that we have a clear picture construction. Ma.ry 'experts and Such common tendo-entesytis of the present physical condition scholars were particularly pleased ailments among athletes as patella- and the growth characteristics of with this. Some of them said: tendinopathy; injuries to the Chinese children and young "Formerly, we dared not think shoulder sleeve, and tendo-entesy- people. At present, an average of doing a study on such a large tis of the ischia-pubis are very hard adult male (aged 18 to 25) is 170.3 scale. Today the dream of a to treat. Researchers have gained centimeters tall and weighs 58.5 lifetime has come true." some knowledge through clinical kilograms, with a chest measure- experience and animal experi- ment of 85.7 centimeters. An Scientific and Technical Exchange ments. Using the electromicro- average adult female of the ,same scope to study tendo-entesytis was As an academic body, the China age is 159 centimeters tall, Physical Culture and Sports also reported for the first time in weighs 51.5 kilograms, and China by the Huashan Hospital Science Society is a part of the Chi- has a chest measurement of nese Association of Science and attached to the Shanghai. No. 1 78.9 centimeters. Analysis of all Technology. It actively engages in Medical College. data shows that the young people's Physical culture institutes in academic research, scientific sur- physique has considerably devel- veys, public education, and scientif- China have set about introducing oped and improved" modern science and technology to ic exchange with foreign scholars. The indices of profile of Chinese In the past two years, China has the field. For example, ultrasonic young people are inferior to those echocardiograph, telemetric elec- sent physical culture scholars to of Europeans, and many indices. Europe, America and Japan to do trocardiograph and cardiac output are also inferior to those of the impedance plethy.smograph are research and take part in interna- Japanese. This may be attributed tional forums. At the same being used in research on medical to social, racial, and hereditary control. Heart rate telemetry, blood time foreign experts and scholars factors. Geographical and climatic have been invited to China to gas analysis and limb theography conditions also have an influence. are also being introduced. give lectures. Among them were: Taking the Huaihe River and Dr. L. Prokop (Austria), former Qinling Mountain Range as the Survey of Youth and Children president of the International dividing line, people are taller Federation of SportS Medicine; The papers on the physical and heavier in the northern prov- Yoshio Kuroda,.professor of sports fitness of our young people inces than those in the south. medicine at Tokyo University and Five tests 60- and children attracted the atten- - sit-ups, the chairman of the Japanese Scientif- tion of those attending the sym- meter run, pull-ups, the standing ic Committee; Richard C. Nelson, posium. The State Sports Com- long jump, and the 400-meter run director of the biomechanics mission, the Ministry of Education showed that male norms in urban laboratory at the University of and the Ministry of Public Health areas, w'ith a few exceptions, are Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) and chair- reported a survey covering 16 higher than those in rural areas; man of the International Academy provinces and cities. They meas- but women in rural areas are ahead of Biomechanics; and Wolfgang ured 23 indices of profile, function of city women in some tests. Baumann, professor of biome- and fitness of 250,000 pupils and This first scientific study pro- chanics at the Cologne Sport students between the ages of 7 vides not only a scientific basis College (Kiiln Sporthochschule). and 25 from 1,210 primary, middle for education, public health and Such exchanges are important to schools and colleges, obtaining physical culture work, but also China's development of sports 4,400,000 data. This is the first valuable information for economic scrence. D

APRIL I98I 45 Three Woys to Beoutify o Costu me

Art of the Mioo, Dong ond Bouyei Women

YIN SUQING

MBROIDERY, batik and bro- The rest are scattered r-lET through People in the river valleys picture sads are three of the ways Guangdong, and Yunnan. fish and shrimp in designs that that many of China's minority na- Miao girls begin to do embroidery run more to the reds. Out of their tionalities decorate their costumes. when they are six or seven. It, deep love for natural life the Miaos Done with exquisite workmanship along with spinning and weaving, excel at stylizati.on and artistic they are used with great variety by is their chief spare-time occupa- exaggeration of forms appearing in the different nationalities. tion. From the day she is consid- nature. ered proficient, a girl works on Bands of embroi'dery are worn Embroidery of the Miaos her wedding gown. The beautiful on the sleeves, collar, belt and embroidery on the dress girl The embroidery of the Miao peo- a skirt, which may range from mini- wears to dancing and singing ple is considered the best. Most to floor-length. Sometimes a bett festivals is, in the traditional view, of the 3,900,000 Miaos live in the will har.,e several sections with a a sign of her skill, and likely to south, in compact communities in different pattern in each. Exqui- be an attraction to a young man. Guizhou and Hunan provinces. site intricate designs with har- Flowers, birds and butterflies monious lines and rainbo'*, colors are the most popular motifs among make each garment a work of art. YIN SUQING is a vice-heatt of the Historical Eelics Department of the Miaos in the mo'untainous regions Mi.ao women further enhance their Central Institute of Nafionalities. and they favor green as a color. beauty with silver hair ornaments, breast plates and other jewelry.

Batik of the Bouyeis

The Bouyeis' batik work is con- sidered outstanding. The 1,700,000 Bouyeis live in Guizhou province. They have been known for their batiks for around a thousand years. Bouyei women learn to make them at the age of 11 or 12. With a blade of brass or bamboo, melted wax is applied to the white parts of the design leaving exposed the motifs of human figures, flowers, birds and animals. After the wax hardens the cloth is immersed in the dye. Originally only home- made indigo was used. Now other colors, brown, red, yellow and green are also available. The next

Miao women. Zheng Shuytt

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Miao (left) and Dong women's costumes. Liu (hen Miao embroidered designs.

Miao cross-stitch. A Dong girl. Liu Cltert

Bouyei batik.

Dong embroidered apron.

Bouyei costume. Dong brocade with boy-riding-goat-motif. ('en tral lnstitute /b r Natiomt li tie.s step is to boil the cloth in water until it is clear of wax. If the de- Blrds' Paradise sign is a multicolored 'Dne, the waxing and dyeing process must ZHANG QINGXIANG be repeated for each co1or. The women wear front-buttoned AN a single giant banyan dwell jackets with sleeves trimmed with \J thou-*ands of birds of dif- strips of batik over full gathered ferent kinds. In the morning, skirts. Young women wear em- while some fly out on the daily broidered headscarves, older search f or meals and mates, women black turbans. Often em- others, active only in the dark, broidering is done on top of the are returning to their nests. Eor batik design. Belts, headscarwes, many years the birds have lived quilt eovers and curtains are some- in harmony, sharing one home. tirnes decorated in this way. This engrossing scene is found on a small island called Hezhou rhe birds' paradise ,, *lXl[ Brocad.e of the Dongs (Crane Land) in the Tianma ff]I,ll;,, River, about 75 kilometers south The Dong nationality, 1,100,000 The big banyan of Guangzhou. wooden people living in Guizhou, Hunan almost entire island, block it up, by sinking covers the loads of river and Guangxi, are famous for the over one boats carrying big its branches stretching peasants way their broca'de designs, which BanYan trees mud. The night the hectare of land. there with only a few lines, capture the grow beard-like aerial roots from were blocking the river essence of whatever they are de- year. suddenly came a big storm. In their branches every peasant was picting. In a Dong village nearly eventually the confusion one Lengthening, they behind only punt- every family has a hand loom and reach the earth and root. lost. leaving a .-take pole. girls start weaving brocade at the The roots then sprout new stems. age of 13 or 14. The most common now to tell The pole turned into a banYan So it is very difficult missing motifs are camellias, human main of the tree. To remember their which is the trunk peasants named it figures, counter-clockwise swasti- Hezhou. is said brother, the big banyan on It every- kas and geometric patterns. These, only one other in the "sacred tree". Afterwards, there is passed would add of course, are also used by other compare with it, in one who it world to back up its roots. Later nationalities, but those of the India. earth to egrets frequentlY flew Dongs are outstanding. Big as is, the tree can't hold a flock of it island and rested on the The women wear tunics, often the birds at once. So the to the all As egrets and cranes look collarless, over skirts or trousets. "guests" have to dwell in the big tree. the sleeves much alike, the small island got Bands of brocade edge "hoteI" in turns. Every day when and front closing, and trouser bot- crimson, its name, "Crane Land". the east is turning environ- toms. Festival costumes are of fine other The island's natural egrets, sparrows and well preserved, be- cloth, silk and satin. Homespun diurnal birds, bustling with cries, ment has been used to be the material for every- tree, cause the people in' Xinhui have first wheel above the then followed an unwritten day clothing, but in recent Years river branches and all along flock to the catch kill the machine-made cloth of black, pur- Iakes in the Pearl River Delta law not to or ple, white and blue is popular. birds- or damage the tree. More and the coastal areas to catch years world- Women's hairstyles varY greatlY feed on shrimps, fish, mol- than 40 ago the and Chinese writer Ba Jin from district to district. The hair luscs, insects. Meanwhile, famous and visited and is worn in a knot at the front, night egrets are re- (Pa Chin) the Place birds like note called "The back or in one on each side, or in At sunset, wrote a travel turning to the tree. name braids wrapped around the head. home, and Birds' Paradise", and that the day shift comes the The men have tunics with but- makes room for has stuck. After liberation, the night shift people's government built a tons at the front; in the mountains This lively scene fascinates Park them. on bank of the Tianma River they wear collarless tunics but- visitors to the island. the toned on the right side and big for the convenience of tourists. turbans. rfiHERE is a legend about the Xinhui county is the home of It is a Dong girl's pride to show I Hezhou banyan: During the many overseas Chinese. EverY off her handiwork. She will Pre- reign of the Ming emperor Jing year a great number of them, as sent a shoulder bag or vest she has Tai (1450-1456), the people in well as compatriots from Hong- woven to the young man she what is now Xinhui county kong and Macao, and foreign favors. At festival get-togethers it dredged the Tianma River. Be- tourists visit Hezhou. They cruise is.,,the custom for the young man fore long a drought hit the area. around the island in boats, get- to signify his choice by singing to The local tyrant declared it was ting a fine look at the giant the girl in praise of her skill and the river that brought this disas- banyan and watching the chang- cleverness. tr ter and forced the peasants to ing of the avian guard. tr

APRIL 1981 49 Tibetan Opera

An Age-old Art Reuiued HU JIN'AN

rnHE Tibetan opera is one I of the form. Although linked to religion oldest drama forms among in its birth and development, it China's minority nationalities. Fon was rooted in the people and their hundred of years it has been per- life. The melodies used by Tibet,s formed in Tibet as well as in Si- earliest operatic ensembi.e, the chuan, , and yun- Bundunba (Seven Sisters) Troupe, A nan provinces wherever there were very similar to those of the Ngoinba dances to exorcise evil are large communities- of Tibetans. ,'Xaiqen,,. spirils and pnopitiate the gods. foik songs known as The Nianrin Its origins may be traced to the instrumental music is closely re- 8th century when the Tibetan king Iated that of the Tibetan tap- Chisongdezan (742-7g7), a devout dances, drinking songs and goruai which could last anywhere from Buddhist, inyited the eminent In- (round) dances. Of the dance two or three hours to three days, dian monk Padma Sambhar.,a to movements, many originated from at the discretion preach of the perform- and teach in Tibet. In 77g, the people's everyday experience. ance-master. Padma Sambhava composed a rit- This may explain why Tibetan The last part was the epilogue, ual "sorcerer's dance', to greet the opera has survived, with unchang- or zha:ri, which in Tibetan means completion of Samye Monastery. ed popularity, for centuries. blessing or good augury. Singing Based on a story from the Buddhist benedictions, the performers did a sutras, it embodied local folk dance Staging and Structure joyous dance, and then presented movements and was performed to the audience with hadas (cere- exorcise evil spirits and propitiate Performances used to be given monial silk scarves) to conclude the the gods through a kind of pan- in the open to the accompaniment performance. tomime. It is considered as the only of a drum and a pair of cym- precursor of Tibetan opera. bals. The melodies, high-pitched and resonant, were sung with Media of Expression Frbm Rite to Art choral backing, giving an effect The chiel media of expression in both robust an'd harmonious. Tibetan opera are: song, dance, Some six centuries later a lama Each traditional opera consisted rhymed monologue, recitation, called Tangdong Jyalbo (138b-?). of three parts: The doin, the rong acrobatics and acting. put on performances of this dance and the zhari. Most important is the singing. to raise funds to build a bridge. To In the doin, or prologue, a nar- Each traditional opera had its own make it more interesting and re- rator called the ngoinba (hunter, main melody or theme, which re- Iigiously instructive, he interlaced or fisherman) first offered prayers mains consistent throughout. For the original form with episodes of thanks to the gods and solicited each character, too, there was only trom folk tales and the Buddhist their blessings. Then he discussed one melody, longer or shorter- as sutras. This dramatization, ,in the plot and the charaeters, often situation demanded. The opera which songs were added to dance, to the aceompaniment of dance might r:se another melody, such as gained immense popularity among movements. a dirge or folk song, common to all the local people. Hence Tangdong The main body of the opera was the characters, but not more than Jyalbo became known as the called the ron.g. The performers one. founder of Tibetan opera. came out and stood in a circle. The Dance and acrobatics are also es- Later still, the fifth Dalai Lama performance master, usually the sential in Tibetan opera. The dance (1617-1682) decreed that Tibetan same person as the ngoi,nba, ex- movements usua).ly had little con- opera should be performed sep- plained the plot, scene, setting, nqction with the plot or the feet- arately Irom religious services. characterizations and lyrics in a ings and emotions of the charac- Thus it became an independent art rhymed mcnologue. At appropriate ters. They were meant to set off points in the story, the appropriate the theme by contrast, or by vary- HU JIN'AN, deputy director of the actor would leave the circle to sing ing the mood and thus help push Tibetan Opera Troupe of the Tibet his or Autonomous her lines, then return to the the drama to a climax. Some de- Region, has more than 20 circle and dance years of experience with this art. Ho or do acrobatics noted specific actions such as wrote the revised version of the tradi_ with the others. This alternation marching or horse-back riding. The tional opera Maiden Langsha- went on till the end of the show, actors would occasionally break

50 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS mask and the blue mask, so named for their attire. The former was of earlier origin, its presentations were quite simple and its in- fluence gradually waned. The blue mask school which came later was more sophisticated, and its four Iargest troupes enjoyed wide re- nown. Most prestigious was the Gyumolong ensemble. It rvas with members of this en- semble as its core that the Tibetan Opera Troupe of the autonomous region was set up in 1960. It shift- ed the locale of this traditional art form from pubiic squares and An amateur troupe from Lhasa perlorms the Tibetan opera 'Zhowa Sangmo'. street corners to the regular stage, Nianrin adding to it the benefits of the make-up room, stage props, light- ing effects and orchestra. .As a into folk dance movements as they character. Broadly, there were result, it is fast becoming a well- sang. two main schools the white rounded drama form. tr Rhymed monologues were gen- - erally reserved for male characters of high social position, the The Tibetan opera "Princess Weneheng" Zhogolo cadenced speech being meant to . create a feeling of dignity and prestige. Recitation was both in metered verse and ordinary speech. Metered verse in the Ti- betan language calls for a strictly defined number of words or sen- tences per stanza. Acting in the old Tibetan opera relied heavily on masks and gestures. The only exceptions were the clowns, with their lively warmth and humorous facial ex- pressions. Today, masks are no Ionger ernployed by any of the characters unless essential to the plot, and emphasis on facial ex- pression has made the opera more vivid and moving. As for the plots, most were taken from stories ,and biographies in the Buddhist sutras, or on folk ta1es. Thirteen traditional operas Tibetan opera performance in the Norbu Lingka Park, Lhasa. Nian,r:in are still extant today, of which only eight are frequently perform- ed, Though unsophisticated, the plots are often beautiful and touching. Traditional Tibetan opera was wldely popular and troupes were numerous. As r-nany as twelve used to be officially designated to act during each year's Xodoin festival. Amateurs performed in the rural areas, on street corners and in monasteries or temples. Each troupe had its own style and ".".;+.;

APRIL I98T C'hagba Samzhub (risht) tells Langsha Wenbo he loves her,

As time passes, he is impressed by Langsha's wisdom, diligence, kindness and beauty, and comes to Iove her. They have a son. This infuriates Ani even more. Accus- ing Langsha of being an evil spirit. she persuades Chief Chaqen to break up the marriage and have Langsha burned to death. Driven beyond iforbearance, Langsha becomes a goddess again, curses Chaqen and Ani and destnoys them. This opera, based on legend and on the struggle between good and evil, expresses the Tibetan people,s yearning for freedom and hap- piness. It differs a good deal from the version I first saw long ago. After Seeing rhe Op"ro

TUNGGAR LOSANG CHINLAI

trols the family property, and she Dramatist Hu Jin'an has given the wtT '!;.,*T!ff.,*#n'T fears that Langsha will encroach Beijing by revised piay new content and a the Tibetan Opera on her authority. She despises broader and coherent structure Troupe of the Tibetan Autonomous Langsha for her humble back- while keeping the liveliness and Region I was there to watch it. I ground, persecutes her in every national essence of the original. It had loved this traditional Tibetan way, makes her work like other reminds opera me of the process of in my childhood in Tibet. slaves and gets Chaqen to beat After reform and development of a lapse of more than twenty her. Tibetan opera, of years, I was overjoyed at seeing it which I At first, Chagba Samzhub is personally saw the beginning. again in the capital. reluctant to wed Langsha, believ- ing that a forced marriage cannot Recollections Ancient Theme R,evived be happy. But, displeased with the way his father and sister's maltreat I am 53 years old now. As a The Maiden Langsha is a lyrical Langsha, he sympathizes with her. child of eight, I was declared a combination of reaiity with rfan- tasy. In the plot, a celestial being sympathized with a poor old slave Masked sorcerer's dance at temple fair. from the opera ,,The Maiden Langsha" , couple and came down to the mundane world. to be incarnated as their only daughter. She is given the name Langsha Wenbo, mean- ing "glorious radiance,,. Her hope is to bring them happiness, but Chaqen, a local lord, spotting her at a temple fair, forces her to marry his son Chagba Samzhub. Their marriage fills Ani Nyemo, the lord's daughter and brid.e- groom's sister, with jealousy and hate. Although a nun, she con-

52 Living Buddha in a lamasery near beautiful voice entranced his directors and actors cruelly per- Nyingzhi, east of Lhasa. In 1960 audiences. secuted. Even the custom of I was invited to teach ancient The Gyumolong Troupe, num- singing arias from Tibetan opera at Tibetan at the Central Institute of bering about 40, was the only major festivals and at wedding Nationalities in Beijing, where I professlonal one sponsored by the celebrations was banned. am now an associate professor. old local government of Tibet. It In the last couple of years, Since childhood, I had loved had deep popular roots and was Tibetan opera has made a come- Tibetan opera, and when at the artistically accomplished, yet, in back. Writers and artists, both lamasery organized an amateur status, in the old society, its Han and Tibetan, have done well troupe composed of twenty or so members hardly ranked above in reviving traditipnal Tibetan young monks aged between 8 and tramps and beggars. They received dramas, one of which is the ?-act 20. We spent much of our time no pay, for most of the Year The Mai.den Langsha. The present Iearning and performing. wandered from place to Place version has done away with Traditionally, we Tibetans cele- with their stage props loaded redundant details and episodes brate the Xodoin, a five-day on donkeys, and made their Iiving built on superstitious or backward festival which falls between the by performing on the streets or customs. Yet its author has sixth and seventh months by our simply begging. succeeded in retaining its fairytale calendar. Originally a religious beauty, and handled the traditional and Down recitation and holiday, it iater became the occa- Up forms of rhyme, dancing, including a masked sor- sion for dramatic troupes all over the Democratic Reform in After cerer's dance, in a way that brings Tibet come to Lhasa and give 1959, the people's govern- to Tibet in out the individuality of the Tibetan perf ormances, also ment over the trouPe, and in and so was took opera. The opera now lasts only Drama transformed it into the called the "Tibetan 1960 two and half hours as against Troupe of the a Festi.val". Thousands and thou- Tibetan Opera ten in the past. sands of Lhasa people and peas- Autonomous Region. The artists given quarters and ants and herdsmen from the were living Problems and Prospects suburbs would come to the Norbu regular salaries. Their livelihood Lingka, the largest park in the city. was guaranteed and their enthu- But, as I see it, there are also revised Wearing their holiday best and siasm ran high. Zhaxi Dunzhub certain defects in the appointed head them and opera. For example, the scene in bringing with them yoghurt and a was to permanent member forces Langsha to wine made of qingke barley, they later elected which Chaqen Chinese Dramatists' As- weave pulu (a woolen fabric) and would encamp in tents near by of the sociation. The government sent harvest qingke barley does not stage performances and watch writers and artists of the Han tally with social custom in Tibet, virtually day and night. Many of help them restore because in the old society a woman presented nationality to them were by the and rearrange traditional dramas. after becoming a member of a Gyumolong Troupe. one of the Many new ones reflecting con- noble famiiy never did manual four f amous in pre-liberation temporary reaiities were created. Iabor. The revision of the ending, Tibet. I got to know the late But, much of this good work too, is excessive. The original Zhaxi Dunzhub, a renowned artist was undone during the "cultural drama ended with Langsha resur- who although illiterate was widely revolution". All the troupe's dra- rected after death and persuading gifted. He played a 6-stringed mas were stigmatized as "poison- the villains to mend their ways, guitar and excelled at singing, ous weed.s", as being 'feudal", whereas in the new version she recitation, acting and dancing. He "backward" and "reactionary", uses her powers to put them to usually acted the parts of positive Professional and amateur troupes death. I feel this is too much of a heroes, both male and female. His were disbanded and playwrights, change; besides which, the new ending may be unacceptable to Chaqen and Ani orcler Langsha eonsigned to the flames, devout Buddhists. Also, some arias Photos by Wu Chuping have been over-polished to the determent of their original flavor. A1l in all, I think The Maiden Langsha represents a bold effort to blaze a new trail for the traditional Tibetan opera. As long as the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom; weeding,through the old to bring forth thdnpw" is correctly applied, and new content is introduced while retaining traditional national forms, Tibetan opera is sure to make fresh advances. tr

53 Policy A Reoder's Questions What ls China's

T N your August and Towards Religion? I September 1980 issues one article stated that the number of Christians had LEI ZHENCHANG not decreased since libera- tion. From this it can be deduced that the Party's T WAS asked by China Re- and Catholicism and Protestantism policy is not efficient in com- I constructs to answer Mr. have had a wide influence among bating religion. Plata's questions. Based on my the Miaos, Yaos and Yis. Among Lenin wrote that religion own understanding, I will give the majority nationality, the Hans, is the antithesis of science an account of China's attitude and there are also a number of be- (ignorance), and that Marx- policy toward religion, which I lievers. based on dialectical ism, hope will help clarify the matter. The Party and government have materialism, combats ig- China is a country of many na- norance without injuring stood for a policy of freedom of tionalities and religions. The religious beliet. This funda- religious sentiments and major religions are Buddhism, propagates science, scientific mental, Iong-term policy acaords Taoism, Islam and Christianity, to Chinese citizens the right to theory as the correct ideology both Catholic and Protestant. of a society. Lenin also said believe or not believe in religion, Each has had a long history here. or any sect thereof. Non-believers that religious organizations And religion linked is especially are free to become believers, and should not be associated, with with the history and customs of power vice versa. A11 citizens, religious political and that the some olf our national minorities. prejudice is or not, are politically equal. All deepest cause of For ten of them, including the ignorance. faiths, large or small, are on an misery and Huis, Uygurs and Kazaks, the From the foregoing arise link is For the Tibet- equal footing. questions: with Islam. the following ans, Mongols, Dais and Yugurs it my opinion oniy the should a socialist country 1. In is with Buddhism (including TYfHY concept of re- W with Marxism-Leninism as its "eradicating Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism); ligion in a day" is ultra-Left. guiding philosophy maintain a So, why do you consider the policy of lfreedom of religious LEI ZHENCHANG works in the Re- policy pursued by the gang search Institute of World Religions ot belief ? We think religion is a of four ultra-Left? the Academy of Social Sciences. product of history and that objec- 2. How much influence has religion exerted within Chjna's Communist Party? The in Beijing, erected in 1230, has been restored to its original splendor. 3. What is the Party's Wu Chupino present position on religion? 4. It is wrong for a coun- try which considers itself Marxist-Leninist to "con- ciliate religion but not combat it". If you combat it as you are doing now, what is the aim to increase or decrease its- influence? It would be good if you would publish an article on the Chinese Communist Party's policy in regard to religion.

. U.A. PLATA Bucaramanga, Colombi,a

54 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS tive laws of development govern these actions, which were supposed its origins, development and even- to be "revolutionary", ran counter tual disappearance. So long as to new China's long-time Policy of there are conditions for the freedom of religious belief and existence of religion. there will be indeed brought harm to the tollowers. Today there are still a revolutionary cause. considerable number of believers in China. Policy must take ac- T ENIN, in his article, "The At- count of this reality. L tit,rd" of the Workers' Party Moreover, religious belief is to Religion", pointed out that the mainly a problem of ways of philosophy of the Party is thought, which cannot be solved atheistic. On the other hand, by administrative orders. There quoting Engels, he said, ". the are religious differences among workers' party should have the the people orf China's nationalities, ability to work patientlY at the but all love their country and task of organizing and educating share the common goal of making the proletariat, which will lead to it strong and prosperous. So there the dying out of religion, and not is no reason to exclude believers throw itself into the gamble of a from the common effort. political'war on religion." He also During the ten-year turmoil of said, "Engels called their (the proc- 1966-76, Lin Biao and the gang of Blanquists' - Ed.) vociferous four brought misery to religious lamation of war on religion a people as to others. They raised piece of stupidity and stated that the slogan of "abolishing re- sdch a declaration of war is the ligion", and said, "Religion be- best way to revive interest in re- longs in the museum." Under this ligion and prevent it from really ultra-Left line, monasteries, tem- dying out." This is true. As a result of the ples and churches were closed Bainqe,n Erdini, honorary cha,irman of down or demolished, and religious doings of Lin Biao and the gang the Chinese Burldhist Association, ar- activities obstructed. Many reli- of four, religion did not die out at rives at Pusading Temple, pro- face the adnce, for a religious ceremony. gious leaders and ordinary believers all. Instead, in the of Chen Weihua were cruelly persecuted. State disasters the gang brought to the organizations dealing with reli- people, religion could spread agaip gious affairs were slandered, as as a solace. So the number of be- After the gang's overthrow, the "protectors of religious monsters Iievers in some places increased policy of freedom of religious and demons" and disbanded. All during the "cultural revolution". belief was restored. A number of temples, and churches were repaired and. reopened. The Christmas Mass, 1980, in St. Joseph's Church in Berijing. Wu Chuping Bureau of Religious Affairs under the State Council resumed its functions. Also restored were the Chinese Buddhist Association, the Chinese Taoist Association, the Chinese Islamic Association, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Associa- tion and the Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee of the Prot- estant Churches of China. Re- search on religion has been reactivated and exchanges with religious circles abroad have been increased. Now, as before the "cultural revolution", religious notables have been elected to the PeoPle's congresses and the Chinese Peo- ple's Political Consultative Con- ference at various levels. Here they deal with state aflfairs like .other deputies and also help see

APRIL T98I 55 that the policy of freedom of re- the Workers' Party to Religion,,, Iigious belief is properly carried pointed out: "A Marxist must be out. This has won the support of a materialist i.e., one who believers, stimulated their initia- treats the struggle against religion tive in building the country and not in an abstract way, not on the built closer ties between them and basis of remote, purely theoretical, the people's government. It con- never varying preaching, but in a ln the tributes to stability and unity at concrete way, on the basis of the home and increases the scope of class struggle which is going on contacts with the people of other in practice and is educating the countries" This is a help to speed- masses more and better than Xiamen ing up China's modernization. anything else could"" As Mr. building international unity Plata says, Marxism views poverty against hegemonism, and main- and ignorance as the deepest (Amoy) taining peace. causes of religion and prejudice. It is China's struggle against these China's return to a cor- causes that is "educating the \YfHItEYV rect policy on religion has masses more and better than Special generally been well received anything else could"" abroad, it has also caused some In addition, the people's govern- misunderstandings" One is the ment makes great efforts to idea that the policy is ,,nevy',. popuiarize science and technology Economic Actually it is of long standing, in order to raise the cultural level though it has sometimes been of the entire nation. It propagates grossly violated as by Lin Biao dialectical and historical material- 1 and the gang -of four for ten ism so that a scientific outlook will Zone disastrous years. Thus, today,s gradually be cultivated among the "new" freedom of religion is only people. If this is done well and a restoration o'f a long-held policy, steadily, the influence of religion Another misunderstanding is ean only diminish. That is what that China "conciliates religion happened in the 50s and early 60s. but does not combat it.,, As Administrative orders cannot be materialists, Chinese Communists used against religious belief. rFHE Xiamen Special Econo- do not agree with religion. or in- History and experience have t mic Zone around the city deed .any other form of idealism. proved iforms that such of of Xiamen (Amoy) in the [.,enin's article, "The Attitude of "struggle" bring only harm. tr southern Fujian province is being built up under a 1979 Popularizing the scie,ntific view: At the site of ths tliseovery ot peking Man, visitors learn at first hand about the evolution of humankind. ruling which permits Fujian and Guangdong prottirrces greater flexibility in economic :tt & aH,\Ea{ttr dealings abroad. This has in- &e&& creased trade, facilitated the introduction of advancd tech- nology, and made it possible to set up enterprises that manu- facture or assemble with ma- terials from abroad, as well as joint-investment firms with overseas capital. A rrew port and other facilities are being constructed. Xiamen will also be built up as a._tourist area. tr

CIIINA RECONSIBUCTS Xiarnen vl'etred from lsland. {;

.*

-A Chinese worker in the Xiamen Tobacco Plant working with an The minibuses ofa car service cornpany in Shishi, Jinjiang county, American technician from a U.S. tobacoo corporation. are bought in the form of compensatory trade.

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! A tin can production line in the newry-buirt Xiarnen Canned Food Factorv.

Production cf bead-ernbroidered slippers, a traditional Xiamen Workers in the Xiamen Garment Factor5, export itern. is raw rnake cioihing with being expanded as a resu'lt of n.*lUl* *conomic materiais supplied by firms atrroad. rlo lrcres. -"i* '& 4 ,{!c+

Suniight flu:ck, a scenic spot on (iulangyu trsianei, which is heing devslol:ed &s 3 totrrist

As the Shishi Xinhu Craf't Factorv ex- ;1"i pilnds proeiucticn r:f pietures !1lade lvilir rush-flber. a rrailiricnal Jil.jianu +xport 'f. I rll ircm, a dcsigner tries h*r h::nd. at. a nerv d*sign. 'fhe iegentl "Fiigirt irert,:rtiils Crossir,g lhe THE KING OT LOCKS

llolding a leading position in the ilational Ouality Competition; Ihe winner of the llatione! Siluer iledal.

t. Gos corburizotion hordened shockle resists even steel sows.

2. Double.locking bolt enobles the shockle to hold o double weight.

3. Secure guord-plote, mushroom pin, ertended pin on{ cylinder step deprive burglors of hope.

f. Key inserts ond pulls out smoothly, lock opens eosily.

t. Four different types of groouer on leys guorontee the numbei oI non. interchongeoble key permutotions.

C.hino. Notionol l.ight lnduskio! Products lmport & Export Corp., Shondong Bronch Address: 8, Tionjin Rood, Qingdoo Cobles: INDUSTRY OINGDAO China's Mineral Resources

HSU CHIEH

trIINISTRY of Geology reports oil was discovered at Daqing and IYI .no* that China has dis- Fuyu in the northeastern province covered, on her own territory, all of Jilin and in a number of places the minerals so far used in the in Sichuan province in the middle world. For 132 of them, signifi- west. New finds followed in cant reserves have been found. Shandong, Hebei, and China is one of the few countries Hubei provinces in eastern and with such a large variety. Reserves central China. In the 60s pros- of important minerals, as already pecting for undersea oil began in ascertained, are sufficient for her' the Bohai Gulf, the Yellow, East economic development in the 80s. and South seas. In the 70s oil and Wolfram deposits are three gas were found in Jiangsu, Shaan- times all those in the rest of the xi, Gansu, Guangdong, Hunan, the world. Rare-earths make up 70 Hui Autonomous Region percent and antimony 44 percent Geologist Hsu Chieh (tacing camira). and under the Bohai Gulf. Oil and of the world's total. Deposits of Chilto Pictoriol gas were also discovered in the iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zirrc, Tarim Basin in , in other tin, coal, phosphorus, gypsum and total as now known. A wide parts of Sichuan province, and at salt rank among the largest in the distribution of carboniferous strata the mouth of the Pearl River and world. promises more discoveries. under the Beibu Gulf in the far China's modernization requires In oil China's reserves place her south. The output of crude oil in an adequate stock and variety of among the world's top ten 1978 passed the 10O-million-ton mineral resources. In the old, countries. Before liberation people mark, putting China in the fir-st backward days it was doubted thought China had little oil. After ten oil-producing countries. whether she possessed many the liberation, the veteran geolo- In the same year it was decided mineral resources. Only 300 geolo- gist , following his to "buitd ten Daqing oil fields by gists were graduated and 14 theory of geomechanics, proposed the end of the century". Lack of drilling machines for prospecting prospecting for oil in northeast, technical knowledge and funds, put into use in the half century north, central and south China. however, have made it necessary before 1949. Only 18 mineral For years, geologists had believed to revise this target. But ultimate- deposils had been located and their that oil could be found only in the ly it can be done, geologists say, sizes were not known. Geologists northwest. Li's proposal brought because China has hundreds of generally poor: believed China in a breakthrough. In the late 50s large and small continental deposit natural resour@s. The develop- ment of geology after the founding of new China changed this idea. Prospecting to extend the Qianan lron Mine in Hebei province, one of the high- yield areas. Museum ol Geology As now known the picture is as follows.

Energy Resources China abounds in coal, oil, natural gas and uranium resources. Estimates put the country's coal reserves at one-third those of the entire world. Most of its 2,000 counties have deposits in varying amounts, and there are over 4,000 mines. The coal is of good quality and variety, and easy to extract. Shanxi province and Inner Mon- golia have 60 percent of China's

HSU CHIEH, a geologist, is a standing committee rnember of the National Peo- ple's Congress, chairman of the Scienco and Technology Committee, and ad- viser of the Minlstry of Geology.

62 basins, only one-fifth of which China third in the world. Among province and Yulong in Tibet are have been surveyed and pros- the 16 high-yield areas, Anshan also among the world's largest. pected. About 90 percent of the and Benxi in Liaoning province China has many deposits, each of world's oil and gas deposits are have resources of over 10,000 which contains a variety of found in marine deposit strata, million tons. Sichuan, Hebei, minerals. For example, the Bayan and China has 1.5 million square Shanxi, Anhui, Hubei, Inner Mon- Obo iron ore in kilometers of such strata. Wide golia, Shandong and Yunnan yields 114 others and has one of continental shelf holds good pros- provinces rank next. Steel output, the earth's largest known deposits pects for oil (about one-quarter of which was only 158,000 tons in of rare earths and metals. The the world's oil now comes from 7949, is 30 million tons today. iron ore of Panzhihua in Sichuan under the sea). China's known iron deposits are province includes considerable sufficient for an annual output of amounts of titanium, vanadium, Metals 80 to 100 million tons. chromite, copper, cobalt, nickel,' China also has many nonferrous Among China's well-known con- gallium and scandium. In titanium metals more than 50 of them. centrations of other metals are it exceeds any country in the Located- deposits of wolfram, tin, the Nanling wolfram reserves, world. China has also discovered antimony, zirtc, vanadium, tita- amounting to 80 percent of the new reserves of gold and silver. nium and lepidolite rank first in country's total, and copper on the the world. Those of copper, middle and lower Yangtze (Chang- Non-Metallic Minerals lead, molybdenum, bauxite and jiang) River which are about one- Before liberation China mined mercury are also large. Recently third of the total. Wolfram deposits only a few non-metallic ores such the world's second largest nickel in Shizhuyuan in Hunan province, as pyrites and phosphorus. Few deposit was discovered in China, and' antimony at Xikuang Moun- deposits of others had been discov- changing the view that she is short tain in Hunan province rank first ered. Today 80 reserves of non- of this metal. in the world. Mixed deposits of metal minerals have been found in Iron has been found in over 1,000 copper, sulfide and nickel ores at 4,300 locations. $rites, gypsum, areas in two-thirds of the prov- Jinchuan in Gansu province are magnesite, phosphorous, arsenic, inces, with an estimated reserve the world's second largest. Copper alum and salt are abundant. Talc, of 44,000 million tons, placing deposits at Dexing in Jiangsu kaolin, graphite; barite, diatomite,

APRIL 1987 63 f ;":r l

Drilling platform in the northern part of the South China Searching for rock crystal deposits in the, Tanggula (Dangla) Sea, where oil has been founil. Museurn ol Geologg Mountains in the fibet Autonomous Region. ' Museurn of Geology mirabilite, bentonite, pearlite and Xinjiang and Jilin, and kyanite in To search out and exploit zeolite are present in important Shanxi are important. China also minerals needed for modernization, amounts. has much marble of high quality the Ministry.of Geology is read- Non-metallic minerals were used and beauty. justing its plan. More attention €arly and widely by human beings. is being given to research on the In modern life, they are exten- Foreign Cooperation basic theory of geology and to de- sively utilized in industry, agricul- Though China has large mineral veloping air prospecting, physico- ture and scientific research. resources, they do not total much and chemico-prospecting, and other Phosphorus and other non-metalIic per capita in a large popula- forms of prospecting engineering. minerals used making fertilizer in tion. Prospecting and exploitation More electronic computers are are found in almost every methods are backward. Oil pros- being used. Technical exchanges province, with three-fourths of the pecting lags far behind exploita- and cooperation'increasing. with foreign reserves concentrated Hubei, in tion. Some minerals are not being countries are China Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou and fully extracted, resulting in serious and France, for example, have Sichuan. Salt is abundant. Apart waste. The quantities of chromite, begun research on the geological from coastal fields, reserves in the platinurn, potassium and diamonds structure of the Himalayas, and Tsaidam Basin alone are enough now mined can not meet economic China and West Germany are con- for one billion people for 10,000 needs. Though a considerable ducting a joint survey and pros- years. High quality asbestos in number of reserves of important pecting for moiybdenum, columbite Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces, minerals are known, not so many and tin in Hunan province. A graphite in and are large. There are quite a lot of number of countries are cooperat- Shandong, kaolin in Jiangsu, mixed-mineral deposits with small ing in oil exploration. Such joint so'dium-base bentonite in Zhejiang, reserves. projects are increasing. tr

Luzong lron Mine in Anhui province, one of China's major high-yield areas. Generol Bureau of Geologg ol the State

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64 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS T NCREASING interest is being States period (475-221 B.C.) as peted Dai villages the sound of r shown throughout the world in shown by a complete and undam- rtuatug gongs and elephant-foot Chinese traditional musical in- aged set of instruments uncover- drums draws the people to places struments. When the world-famous ed in Suixian county, Hubei prov- where performances are held. violinist Yehudi Menuhin visited ince in 1978 in the tomb of In Dali in Yunnan province Beijing in November 1979, he ex- Marquis Yi of the small state of during the March Fair it is the pressed great interest in them and Zeng. A remarkable set of 65 custom for lovers to serenade each in ancient Chinese music. Zhao bronze chime belJs produces not other in the evening in the forcst Feng, director of the Central Con- only a seven-tone scale but a com- with an instrument like the west- servatory of Music, presented him plete octave with chromatic semi- ern Jew's harp. When I was there with an erhu (two+tringed fiddle). tones.* collecting folk songs in the 1960s One of the earliest known musi- the woods were full of couples cal instruments in China was an Too Many To Count wooing with its music instead of oval-shaped wind instrument of words. pottery called the rrn, roughly in There are no precise figures on While visiting Ili. a district on the shape of a gourd. One dating the total number of types of na- the western edge of the Xinjiang back to the fourth millenium B.C. tional musical instruments in use Uygur Autonomous Region in has among its tones two very close today. In 1959 I made a count of China's far northwest during the to F and A in the third octave those used at the first national 1964 Spring Festival I saw the peo- above middle C. music conference held in Suzhou ple gather to the sound of the By the time of the Shang dynasty and found over 200. They range laglad drums and suona horns. On (16th to 11th century B.C.) a from lusheng reed pipes six to one such evening I saw the whole variety of instruments had devel- seven meters long used by the crowd moved to song and dance bY oped. In the ruins of the Shang minority peoples of Guizhou and music played on the laroaP (man- capital Yin were found rlnl of Guangxi in the south to whistles dolin), dutar (long-necked man- 'pottery, bone, and stone, as well no bigger than the thumbnail used dolin) and tambur. as a beautifully carved stone qing among the Hans, China's majority people. various chimes, drums and big bronze They include Musical Messages zhong bells without clappers and kinds of ancient-style chimes, the smaller bells with them. On the tree leaves which are blown to The elephant-foot drum of the oracle bones of that time are in- produce a beautiful tone, and the Dai in the soutlhwest and the dom- scribed the names of these and electrified models of such ancient bra of the KaZaks are also a means other instruments, some of which types as plpa (a fretted guitar-like of communication. In Yunnan theY we know from later copies, such as instrument with four strings), sorz- say that the drums "sPeak" and the flute, gong and he, a harmonic rlan (three+tringed unfretted tell the story about an excellent wind instrument of many pipes guitar) and yangqi,n (a stringed in- drummer named Mao Xiang. Once, resembling the present-day sheng. strument similar to the dulcimer when sharing a hospital room with In the Zhou dynasty (11th cen- and played with two small bamboo a middle-school student he was tury-771 B.C.) instruments were hammers). Qin is a general name forbidden to talk to him. Through classified into "eight categories" for several stringed instruments. gestures Mao taught the Young according to the material from Although many of the nationalities' man the language of the drum and which they were made: metal, instruments seem quite alike, those they communicated that waY. stone, pottery, Ieather, silk, wood, of each nationality have their There are a number of "conver- gourd and bamboo. special characteristics. sation" melodies for the dombra. The seven-note scale was in use I spent Spring Festival 1963 in It is not unusual to hear PlaYers at least as early as the Warring Dehong, an autonomous area of discussing without a word via the Dai and Jingpo nationalities in MAO JIZENG is a tlirector of the Bei- the southwestern province of Yun- +For a story on Marquis Yi's tomb,.see jing Musical Instruments Assoclation. nan. In the tr.ee-shaded grass-car- China Reconstructs May 1979.

APRIL I98T 65 ilombra what music they should quality. One of its holes is cover- distinctive. The music of the Mon- play at a party in the evening. ed with a thin reed membrane so golian horse-heatl fiddle is known Musical instruments in various that when played it produces a for its emotional effect. There is parts of China are distinctive both clear, bright tone of considerable a tale that a female camel once in appearance and timbre. We power. It was the subject of a refused to suckle her young. but have the horse-head fiddle of the famous poem "Night Flute" by the was moved to tears by trnusic Mongolian people with a horse Tang dynasty (618-907) poet Shi played on the horse-head fiddle head carved on the scroll; and Jianwu. and went to feed it. another fiddle made from the bone By using the lip-compressing of a horse, the niutui,qizu made in The moon shi,nes bri.ghtlg ooer method, a player of the suono horn the shape of a cow's leg, the geqi.n the uestern chamber produces a continuor:s sound for (a stringed instrument made from Anil the sound of the flute can several minutes or even longer a coconut shell), a qin wi,th a be heard in the easter, L without having to stop to change single plucked string, the two- roorn. breath. When his breath is nearly stringed erhu fiddle, the three- So motsed bA the musi,c is the exhausted he presses his lips tight- stringed unfretted sanrian guitar, mai.den maki,ng clothes ly to the mouthpiece and forces the the four-stringed sihu fiddle, a six- under the lamp residual air from his cheeks to pro- stringed one used among the Tibet- That she makes a slip and long the sound and at the same ans and the seven-sftinged guqin cuts the pattern uronglg. time breathes in sLowly through and many others. Our folk artists have, through hi.s nose until he has enough air long years of experirnentation, to blow with his lungs again. Re- Some from Other Lands created their own performing peating this several times he is able to extend the sotrnd as long A number of our instruments techniques which enable them to bring out the best of the instru- as he desires. Wang Qishu, a came from other countries in an- young Con- ment. People are amazed that a teacher at the Sichuan cient times, such as the kong hou, servatory Music, has adapted small instrument the pipo is of which is similar to the harp, and like this technique to the flute with able express excitement and the pipa, both from Central Asia. to the marvellous effect. The horse-head fiddle and a grandeur of an ancient battle as in piece Ambush from All twelve-stringed plucked instru- the National Music Orchestras ment of the Korean people, have Sides. The Gaoshan nationality, been improved in China over the mainly living in Taiwan, has a Both strictly-traditional f olk centuries. uni.que flute blown through the music orchestras and a more mod- The flute is found in many nose which gives a particularly ified type w'hich may involve a countries, but the Chinese flute mellow sound. Though performing few other instruments and more differs from a1l others in its tone on it is difficult, the result is most modern harmonic scoring, are very

Bell chimes and replicas of the bamboo fluies unearthed in the tomb of Marquis Giant-size bronze gonE made on orcler Yi in Hunan provincc" Xinhua for conductor von Karajan. Hua Ai,

*' f.l.|, :1.

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66 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS popular in China. Two of the com- small handicraft workshops. Now panies that went abroad last year, every province, muniiipality and the National Music Orchestra and autonomous region has its own in- the China Broadcasting Art strument factory. Except for the Troupe, were of the latter t;pe. finest instruments which are still Both kinds are to be found in handmade by veteran craftsmen, many places in Southeast Asia machines are widely employd and where people of Chinese descent have raised productivity greatly. live. Two of the biggest, best- trained and most influentiai cul- The Beijing Musical Instruments tural groups in that area are the Factory, with 500 workers and national music ensembles of Hong- four shops, produces 300,000 a year. kong and Singapore, and I have The xun, one of the oldest instrumetrts, heard of plans for a Chinese na- Each factory has its speciality. takes its shape from the gourd. tional music orchestra in the One in Zhoucun, Shandong prov- United States. ince, is famous for its gongs and Performing groups amqng cymbals; the Tianjin factory for China's minority nationalities are its sheng; the Beijing one for its based chiefly on the nationality's jinghu; the Shanghai one for its own instruments. There are, for pipa; Suzhou for its erlru and di instance, t}:e dombra orchestra of (horizontally played flute) and the IIi Kazak Autonomous Zhou Yuping National Musical Instru- in Xinjiang, the lusheng orchestra ments Factory in Guizhou province of the Miaos in Guizhou and the for its riao (vertically played recently-formed Yi orchestra of the flute). Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Zhou in Since the 1950s work has been Yunnan. lusheng orchestra A of going on reforming the instru- the Zhuang people of the Guangxi give Zhuang Autonomous Region per- ments to them wider,range, tormed at the 1980 National better timbre and more accurate Minority,A,rt Festival. pitch. Nearly every instrument now in use in our major national been improv- Their Manufacture music orchestras has ed in one way or another. Many In the old days musical instru- of them are now being mass ments in China were all made in produced" tr

Zhuzog nationality ensemble with lushengs of various sizes.

Lefi to right: Elephant-foot drum' horse-heatl fitldle, konghou, known to have come from abroad, dutar.pr.lo:rg- necked mandolin. Photos bA Wu ChiPing

APNIL T98! 67 First $kull of Ramapithecus Found

wu RUKANG (WOO JU-KANG)

?he site in Lufeng county, Yunnan, $,here the first skull of Ramapithecus was found.

E\ OSSILS oI an early primate J-' discovered last December in w, Yunnan province are expected to be of great value in helping scien- 'Je tists fix the time and place of the Tle aulhor (2nd from left) with members of the expedition at the dis, origin of man. The find, by members of our In- stitute of Vertebrate Paleontology quickly returned to Yunlan. After is no more than six million years and Paleoanthropology and of the the initial cleaning, we determined ago. Some paleoanthropologists Yunnan Provincial Museum, in- from its shape that the skull was say that f our-million-year-old cludes the first skull of Ramapithe- indeed that of Ramapithecus. specimens of Australopithecus cus ever unearthed. This creature, Remains of Ramapithecus were afarensis found i4 Ethiopia in previously known only through first found in India in 1934. Since recent years jawbones have also cast and teeth, dates back to then, specimens have been found in doubt on the "humanity" of the Miocene and Pliocene periods Kenya, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, Ramapithecus. and is variously estimated to have China, and Pakistan. The previous These questions were debated lived eight to fourteen million Chinese find in 1957 included five Iast years July at a special symposium ago. Some scientists argue teeth, dug up at Xiaolongtan on the origin of man preceding the that Ramapithecus (Little was the first Dragon Pool) in Kaiyuan Eighth Congress of the Interna- pre-human. county, Yunnan. Our skull was tional Primatological Society held Although I was leader found in the of at the Shihuiba colliery in Florence, Italy. I was invited the expedition, I was away on Lufeng 'county, about 100 kilo- but because of other work could other business on Hainan Island meters west of the provincial not attend the symposium and the when this very important dis- capital, Kunming. proceedings have not yet been covery was made. On the evening Recent discoveries in molecular published. appears that there of December 1, my deputy, Han biology and paleoanthropology It was considerable disagreement Defen, wrote me with great ex- have raised new questions about among the some 30 scholars present citement about the excavation of the place of. Ramapithecus in the owing partly paucity of an ancient primate skull, and I system of evolution. Molecular to the biologists, who made great evidence concerning Ramapithecus - WU RUKANG (WOO JU-KANG) is a scientific strides in the 1970s, say paleoanthropologist, research professor that the "molecular clcick" in- AUn discovery. we hope, will and deputy directoi of the Instituie of L,l frelp clear up this question. Vpriebrate Paleontology anrl paleo- dicates that the earliest possible to anthropology, the Chinese Academy of date for the differentiation of the Though broken into many pieces, Scier.ces. human line from that of the apes the skull we found is fairly well

6B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS preservd. The base of the skull was caved inward but the endocranial cast was still intact, offering good possibilities for I reconsiruction. At the same site, we found more than ten specimens of upper and lower jawbones with teeth as well as skull fragments and hundreds of isolated teeth of Ramapithecus and of another creature, Sitsapi,thecus. A Finnish doctor', SePpo Kan- the emergency treatment station, These specimens, found in lumps of fl. nola. has written us asking which cares for patients in critical coal or in sand, havb been shipped about communicable disease con- condition or those injured in to Beijing (Peking) for cleaning and trol in China, first-aid, organ accidents, and then sends them on further study. In addition, fossils transplants, medical education, to hospitals. For the mornent onIY doctors and other aspects cities in China have such of more than 30 other mammals barefoot a few big of medical work. One of our staff emergency treatment stations. were unearthed. reporters interviewed officials of The principal facility ,is the We also collected many samples the Ministry of Public Health and hospital emergency ward, usuallY of earth, pollen spore, and lts subsidiary organizations for staffed around the clock by ex- paleomagnetic blocks in order to the answers, which are summariz- perienced doctors and nurses and study the living environment of ed below. equipped with all kinds of medi- the ancient primates and the cines and technology for medical divisions of geologic time. Public Health emergencies. Each hospital has In studying the Ramapithecus More than 3,000 Public health Gne or more ambulances. Many factories, mines, enter- skull. we will determine its true stations have been established at and prises, colleges and government shape, measure its cranial capacity, the provincial, Prefectural, tasks of organizations have their own and locate the position of the county levels. The main these stations are: inspections and hospitals or clinics. Patients can magnum, large foramen the testrng for infectious diseases; get prompt treatment in their opening at the base of the skull supervision of hygiene 'in work- workplaces and then be transfer- through which the brain connects places, schools, restaurants, and red to big hospitals. The death to the spinal cord. In man, the other public places and enforce- rate due to delaYed treatment has foramen magnum is located closer ment of hygienic standards in the thus been greatly reduced. to the front of the skull whiie in design of factories; Preventive Otgan TransPlants apes it is closer to the back- of the inoculations; scientific research skull. and propaganda work on Publie Kidneys, livers and hearts have health; and training of Public These studies will be of para- been transplanted in Chinese hos- health workers. pita'Is. transPlants are mount importance in determining Kidney A constant task is inoculation the most common, followed bY the size of the brain of Ramapi- diseases con- against infectious to transplants. The first kidney eliminate liver thecus and the creature's proper trol and eventuallY in China was done are mainlY transplant place in the line of evolution them. The inoculations in 1960. Since 1969 the techni- - children. The state PrePares whether it is a f orerunner of for que has been widelY aPPIied special vaccines for them, such as modern man, or of the apes, tr in Beijing, Shanghai, Guang- one that prevents diPhtheria, zl,:,o'l, Wuhan and other ci[ies, whooping cough and tetanus, a imProved. A vaccine, BCG vaccine and has been '1978 cowpox count made at the end of against tuberculosis and others showed that in the nine Years against polio and measles. They are Correction (1969-78) 128 kidneY tranPlants all made in China and are given were done, with 66 of the Patients In our March issue, 1981, free of charge. Medical workers at page 20, paragraph 2. surviving. The Zhongshan Hospital column 2, different levels, including barefoot the last sentence should reaid: attached to the Shanghai No. 1 doctors in the rural areas, helP the The new law states, "In cases Medical College transplanted a public health stations do the work' of complete alienation oI kidney from a dead body to a mutual affection, and when patient who has since lived for Emergency Aid in Cities mediation has failed. divorce more than three years, longer than should bel gr:anted." There are two kinds of emer- anyone else who has had that'kind gency facilities in the cities. One is of transplant. . ..

APRTL 198I 69 The clinical practice of Iiver medical research units and other transplants started in 1977. Up to organizations provide facilities and June, 1979, approximately 19 teaching staff for the continuing transplants had been done; three education of medical. workers, of the patients survived more than advanced study for doctors and six months. One at the Wuhan nurses, and training of medical Medical College survived more than School teachers. Some provinces eight months. Shanghai In trans- and cities have schools for senior- planting jolnts full or partial knee or middle-level medical workers has been done on several patients. to further their vocational skiils Transplant pancreas and of the and to give administrative person- small intestine is the stage of at nel in medical facilities some pro- animal experiments. fessional knowledge. The courses in these schools usually last from Medical Education System six months to a year. Doctors and The ,medical education system nurses at work posts have at least includes medical colleges, secon- half a day for vocational study dary medical schools, medical every week in the form of self- schools for advanced study, and organized study groups. Some training classes for barefoot medical colleges and big hospitals doctors, midwives and medics. teach by correspondence. Some big Since liberation the system has cities run TV or broadcast classes developed rapidly. By 19?9 China for medical workers to study in ::: I i lil:..1tr;trl::' . :.::l-i q i'r; " r. had altogether 390,000 medical their spare time. college and 800,000 secondary County and commune hospitals medical schootr graduates. She shoulder the responsibility of now has more than 100 medical training barefoot doctors, mid- colleges with seven specialities wives and first-aid 'arorkers in medicine, public health, dentistry,- rural areas. China has 1.5 million pediatrics, traditional Chinese barefoot doctors. They become medicine, Chinese herbal medicine medical workers after receiv- and pharmacology. Schooling is ing basic training for several usually five years, in some colleges months to a year. When they six years. The longest is eight have gained some experience years. The enrollees are senior in treating patients, they are middle school graduates. sent to training classes or There are also 400 secondary schools for up to a year of ad- medical schools in China with ten vanced study" province, for specialties (medicine, gynecology instance, has over 100,000 barefoot pediatrics, and traditional Chines€ doctors. Each of its 110 counties medicine, public health, radiology, has a school to train them. dentistry, nursing, midwifery, To inherit and carry forrvard the Iaboratory technology and pharma- precious legacy of traditional cology). The length of schooling is Chinese medicine and pharma- three years. The students are cology, China has set up 24 insti- fnainly junior middle school tutes of traditional Chinese medi- graduates, but some were graduat- cine. They train highJevel medical ed from senior middle schools. workers in both theory and clinical Medical colleges, including technique. The students in these secondary medical schools, and schools are senior middle school graduates. Some colleges oI west- This chikl, born with Wilms'tumor, hatl ern medicine in China have de- a kidney transplanted from a tleceaseil adult donor by the surgeons of the No. partments of traditional Chinese 2 Hospital of the Wuhan Merlical Col- medicine. Their students are also lege! (Top) senior middle school graduates. In Children receiving specially-lrepared additjon, China's many provinces inoculations. (Center) and cities have run secondary The People's Hospital in Qinghai prov- schools or training classes in ince trains Tibetan barefoot doctors, (Bottom) traditional Chinese medicine. Photos by Xinhua u

7G CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS HUANG WENYAN Lesson 4 Two Bables

"fr|fu*-. t*. iLh, + ,frJ + l4l * tfiv ft ling xilng hui chulngcht H6 Dirn xilngqilai. TI rdnw6i, M{o start to ring. He believe bell ring will run into The Spear and the Shield 4n *, *- Hh +^ "R, xn fE, ,4tit, fr +^- * t ,- huir hi, shi yinwei Erduo n6ng flngiiln." Ytishi C6ngqiAn, y6u yl ge r6n miri mAo ['vdu trouble, is because ears can hear. So From before, there is a person selling spear also 4t 4*- *. le- A e- frIJ ++ l*&*, * 8"4 + * fr,4e- iii. tA biirn xi6n bd ziji de Erduo wiqilai, miri dirn. Ydu r6n^- lAi mli dirn, tii iiir he first own earc covet uP, shield. Have penon come (to) buy shield, he (then) selling fX E + ffi 4.+, T,t 4e- ln fl* 44. - + 4*. fi f6 inz "r\ rttt fa tr Elr( T , rAnhdu qir t6u ling, kdshi te rdngrdn bli r6n kuii ti de din shud: "W6 de dam jidngijfle, afterward go steal bell. But he still by person praise his shield, saying: "My shield solid extremely, 1 E-fr, " rit t+atfrr Jt7F-w to" d fiju6 le. b(ltn sh6nme m6o ddu zhE bt tdu td." Y6u discovered. no matter what spear all pierce not through it." Have /\ t* t,4v, Y-+4i-alJt Translation r6n l6i mtri mdo, tA ytru kuii ti de m{o person com" (tri) buy spear, he again praise his spear The Spear and the Shield "*\. frl F-ib t+ A Long ago there was a man who sold spears and also shields' iLz t *i'lttl , praise shu6: "W6 tle m6o fEnglijfle, btlirn sh6nme When someone came to buy a shield he would his shields saying: "My spear sharp extremely, no matter what and say, "My shields are extremely strong. No spear can " pierce through them." 66 E fri hv )Lft.o .- If someone came to buy a spear he also lauded his spears' d6ngxi tE ddu n6ng zhdtdu." saying, "My spears are extremely sharp. They can pierce through thing it all can pierce through." anYthing." tE 4&,, 'ffl frl Another person asked him, "If we use one of your spears freY + ,\ tfr pierce one of your shields, what then?" The man could Lingwiri yi- ge r6n wdn tii: "Yirng ni ile to not answer. Another one person ask him: "IJse your

7 JttBalh,fll\ r- bA++ Bell mAo zhii ni ite dirn, nir ydu zEnmeying Covering One's Ears to Steal a spear (to) pierce your shield, that again how about?" There was a man who *unt.d to steal someone's doorbell' ofo?" He knew that as soon as he touched the bell it would ring. He 4e,,tL@ET *+ t" get trouble if the bell rang, because it ne?" Te iit huftlA bn ch[lAi le.' believed he would into He then answer not out come. could be heard by the ear. So he covered his ears and went to steal the bell. But he still was discovered.

J6+ -Elt- 4+ Notes Yin Er Diro Ling Cover Ears (to) SteaI (a) Bell l. Mdodtn ?,8 (contradiction). The words mfio t (spear) and dtn /6 (shield) d .,\, t$ 'ff,) /\4 rt1J I14+'. used together form the word m6odirn 7y ft (cor Y6u yl ge r6n, xitrng tdu rdniia de m6nllng. tradiction). Ifave one ^ person, think steal somebody's doorbell. 2. Two ways of saying 4i- frfi.I\ /*, $$ "aoy" *"8, * iL Brilirn sh6nme m6o d6u zhd bf tdu tii. TE zhidao, shdu yi p0ngdiro llng, ling iii' hui a. kind of He know, hand once touch bell, bell will^ AtiltlL^6.t " (No matter what ^ibt+ APRIL T98T 1L spear (you have) it cannot pierce through it). 2. What idiom do we use to describe the way b. Rinh6 yi zhdng mdo ddu, zhd bri tdu t[. a person who wants to cheat others cheats him- *fi -4f * XF*166? (Any kind of spear cannot self. pierce through it). B. Write the characters for the words in the 3. The form in zhd tdu anrl zhfl JLi6 bf tbu lLa^:q. Chinese phonetic alphabet: This form is used with many verbs. Other co[lmon phrases using this form are: l. 4u qiEh[o I Al"K. kirn jiin (see) 6 4, 2. .1I" ,{. tingjiirn .f,h ,,1 a\ jiin A " kin bri fr6, {, (can't see) ji ting jiin ,,1 [, (hear) 3. pDngdio -+nAE_" jian .i,fi ting bf "F fr .[, (can't hear) 4. n k #r fi fil zhn tbu 61r f6,q? This form may be used with a noun after it. 5. N61J*rLlB. piiolidng. |vf,Ao zhd tiru dirn .t )L6.Ia (Spear pierces shield), Knn brfi jiin r6n fr#XX (Can't see the person). 6. 4t tt161r A;f,lR h[o" C. Compare the two words in each pair, read and Words and Phrases copy the following sentences: l. t la mdodin (contradiction) * m[i (buy) ,l*,t6" ydu 6 t fa mdodirn (there is a contradiction) * mii (sell) 6 fi E-*,tr?,glr i\4 t fa m6iydu m{odirn (there is no con- tradiction) ,- yiru (again) f{,*Z a*6" trfl&X mdodin h6n di (the contradiction X- chd (cross or fork)*I.Hf,f"nAoL&" is very big) _t. shing (up) L+1yTE7" 2" JL zhi (pierce) T xii (down) 4eT tL6. zhdtdu (pierce through) $l " JLr€ zhE bri tdu (doesn't lierce thrciugh) *. dn (big) 4i-h4rtr4,16X. 3. q 6 hriidd (answer or reply) li tii (too) +(^Ji T ffi1ue+t a,ffi" ts E tE &, hfid6 winti (answer questions) + shdu (hand) 4t El{li.lL+ g*thfrlit hriidi ni de huir (reply to your " words) L m6o (hair) 4r.n+Lf J,*&. ts${+t hfiidf de diri (answered correcfly) D. Read the following conversations: 4" ,6r xiing (sound, here specifically ring) 1. A.rFtx*ftZz fi+,h1 ling xiing le (the bell is ringing) B. 4e, "F1,,\,6€* T l6bd xidngqildi le (the loud- *tfi"h " speaker begins to sound) A. tt iL4&-fr4r V E Z++? /r++l+B_!, B. ti.iLfu-61 z^1E+ A 16 5. l4l chulng (cause, literally charge into) t 4 ffi lr- l4lrfi chu[ng hto (get into trouble) 6, A. .fe, hl h%? lfii&.fe* chulng jin w[ l6i (charge into the room) B. 4t iLti.fi f6,EHtLt ,7;.ibl+ AV$TfrUL -tr . 6.t. trI 6. /\X r6njid (other people) B tdu r6njid de (steal A. H tL64r + tL4t fi rd At+,ro? ltrxflal++ ling some- t* body's bell) B . l&-iLa+r ie 4 f fa ,4+.s^& 8T *, *ii4. tE i[" ffi l\aii,N-IT r6njid sh[o td hIo (others he say 2. A. li.-*ttkt+ 2? E is good) B. +u*'tfr,\4a4t n+" =I A. 4&,6*"€1b*,h"4t L Exercises ," ' B. {&*"t!i, ',ti$4+4r+. B h+*frU,X fl,,4"X- A. Answer these questions in Chinese: tv,+*,Bi€+-,,FT n + *,iE * F,,ilfi*t4 ,1. 1" Why do we say there is a contradiction in n" = ffi what the salesman said ? A. r++-#4+ xfrVlks,h A a, sss ,-@ ^tEliqBf'JA" 72 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS "Ej

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g&wm a*-ffi # eg* YANSHAN PETROCH EAAICAL COiilPANY Produces IIig h-quality " Yans hsn" Ifig h-pr e s sure po ly e thy le ne Mz 0.3 Mlt 1.5-4 Mr 7.0-2 z 2.0 z 20 Address: Yanshan District, Beijing Telephonez 933-2481 Cables: 2019 p.O. Box 10042