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Home , Fei Xiaotong, Huang Zhen, Lin Qiaozhi, Wanquan River

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: CHING tlNG (MME" SUN SE!-VI- "!18J}'.PUBIISHED LYBY-THE I tN ets-oriiiNls'inrilin,Tne l-Ah Genunru, poRt AND c

Articfles o thE qmtf? voL xxxt $tQ. 1 JAN!,JARY 1982. ilrlew Trends in E&NTENTS Foreign Trode Volume ond volue Ihe 30th Anniversory of ehino Reconstlucts ore up; monufqctured Three Decades Mirroring the New China 2 qoods' ore overtoking Beginnings, Growing Pains and Prospec'ls 6 iow moteriqls os mojor ln lts Founder's SPirit 7 Headers' Letters Olo and New 8 From Noted Artists I Econon'ricsT5ociety 13 New Trends in Foreign Trade lhem. Poge China's Shipbuilding Boom 19 A Chinese Village's 45 Years 24 A Villoge's 45 Yeors Firsl Rarlway to the 'Roof of ihe World' 29 Basic Forms in the Sociaiist Economy 42 Eminent socio'cnthroPologist The Fashion Scene in Beijing 6t Fei Xiootong, visiting Koixiongong for the third time ouel 45 Yeors, Scienee uses it 65 s misrocosm through Fighting Back the Deserts 3B which to view the historY of uPs Studying Tibet's Weather 57 ond downs, p Protecting Hare Yangtze Alligators 74 ond tuture pro pects ol the rurq The Arts Flecent Trends in Chinese Writing 16 Symposium on Dai Literature Aa A Dance TriumPh 4B Foshiom Seene in Beiiing Medicine The new fosh,ion conscious' Trilrute to a Pioneer: Dr Samuel Rosen 34 ,ress" seems here to stoy, AE Lin Oiaozhi China's Beloved Baby Doctor ll os - nof Archeology hind China's Ancient Weapons 58 sby in- Across the Lond dustries to keep up with new lnternational Tournaments: Fencing, Swimming, Water demonds" Poge 67 Polo 47 Hainan, the Treasure lsland (ll) 53 'Flying Dragon' ls Good to Eat 62 Chinese Shipbuilding Reviues Dalian Seamen's Club 63 Beautiful Huangshan 64 , its Products now sold in the int I : leods the woY in Golumns ond Speciols shi Poge-Chino's 19 Children: Budding Scientist 23 Do You Know? China's Maior Holidays 37 Sketches by A Lao 76 Ancienl Weopons Legends and Tales from History: Story ot Yi Yin 77 Language Corner: Lesson 13 Bone, stoner bronze, iron Address. 7A ond steel recent excouo- tions hove- helped scholors Cover Plctures trsce the history of weoponry'metol- Front: Shipyard worker Wang Hongxun ond developments in Back: Bohai Offshore Drilling Platform No. 5, built by lurgy ond croltsmonship since the Dalian Shipyard. Wang Hangxun lhe Stone Age. Poge 58

Editoriol Officc: Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino Annudl suhscri'ption in U.S.A, UStB.0o Applicotion to mqil qt second Coble: "CHIRECON" EeijIng. closs postoge rqte is pending in Son Froncisco' ln North Americq, Genersl Dirkibutor: GUOJI SHUDIAN, F'O, Box 399, Eeijing, Chino' send oddress chonge to Chino Books ond Peri'odicols, lnc,, zyzg 21 street, Son Froncisco, CA 94100. Three llecades ttlirroring the ilew Ghina

ISRAEL EPSTEIN

T;r ROM 1952 to 1982 is a whole progress, remarkable as it is, has na's past, present and efforts for .f generation. During this time not been unbroken or sufficient. the future. - the new Chin4 the building of It has been interrupted, even at Of our beginnings, Dr: Chen which our magazine was estab- times put into reverse, by un- Hansheng has written in the ac- lished to reflect, has forged far foreseen twists, turns and errors, companying memoir. To add some ahead both domestically and in which should have been avoided details, the first issue was planned its position in the world, though or rnore quickly remedied. not in an office that did not Yet - a Bei- not without setbacks. Our maga- Of the three distances, the first exist - but on a bench'in zine, too, has moved forward revolutionary change from jing park by two persons, Dr. io zigzag fashion. the-the old China to the new China Chen and Li Boti. Working Per- To gauge the progress of the led by her Communist Party is sonnel, when we actuallY started People's Republic, three distances the most decisive historically -and publishing in 1952, totaled just six. need to be measured. First, the the indispensable basis for reduc- These six did the organizing, edit- distance between China bef ore ing the other distances. ing and staff writing of articles, liberation in 1949 and China to- translation from the Chinese, day; here the progress has plainly editorial correspondence, PromG' been phenomenal. Second, the Goals and Growth tion, photo-co)Jection, laYout and distance between. the things ac- copy-reading fact everYthing is de- -in complished and those still to be Today, the new ihi.ru but the mailing which was from addressing the long, done; clearly the achievements in terminedly Shanghai, where the Printing, too, of shortening the second all fields are but a fraction of hard task was done, and where two of us distance. And she is J.earning those required to turn a country traveled regularly to put each is- populous from the gains and faults of her sue to bed. so vast and into a years to extend what modern socialist land, developed first thirty Today, we have more language proved and discard then. as it should be both materially has valid editions than we had PeoPIe what has not. including those and culturally. , Third, the dis- A11 departments, is process, so important photography and design, crepancy between what was done It this of the Chinese people and to all have larger staffs than the whole in these 30 years and what might to involves a quarter magazine had in 1952. The total have been done,. thus seen, the others since it of all humanity, that our magazine personnel numbers some two has sought to illuminate not in hundred. And fine printing facili- ISRAEL EPSTEIN, etlitor-in-chief of terms of abstract argument,- but ties are at hand here in Beijing China Reconstructs, has been with the perhaps not as ef- magazine since it started. mainly through close-ups of Chi- - soruetimes

First English-language issue, 1952, First Spanish issue' 1960' French edition began 1963. Arabic edition. from 1964'

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS fectively used as the relatively ,s primitive ones available then. . !i. Many of us recall with fondness those early direct, family-like a: days when the whole the entire ll a:. new society which we- knew was behihd us-and the part-our small .initiating force felt so $ palpably linked, as did -we to our early readers. The new nation was young then, the magazine newborn. As the poet Words- worth wrote during the French Revolution long ago, "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven," and our opening announcement reflected that feeling: The purpose of China Re- constiucts is to present the work and achievements of the Chinese people to people abroad who believe that al1 nations should cooperate for peace and mutual benefit. As practically everybody now 196l: the late Premier Zhou Enlai, Vice-Premier Chen Yi anal DenB Yingchao, knows and even the illdisposed accompanied by Soong Ching Ling and Jin Zhonghua (then editor-in-chief) view the commemorative exhibition can no longer deny in the face on the magazine's tenth annivcrsary. of mounting facts, China has moved ahead tremendously. . . is strong music, cinema Weak and divided for many country She drama and enough repel attempts - decades, our country has be- to all to and on works that embody our come united turn back the clock. best national tradition"g and our Long racked by malignant in- Chi.na Reconstructs will new expenence. flation which brought ruin to chronicle the life of the Chinese Quickly, the magazine proceed- agriculture and urban occupa- people in authoritative articles, ed to do what it undertook. Its tions alike, China now has a vivid features, representative first cover, reproduced on p. 2, was stable price level and a nation- photographs, drawings and of peasants bringing farm imple- wide economy that serves all eharts. It will relate how dif- ments to their own plots acquired the people . ficulties are overcome and prob- in the land reform, the most basic Moreover, events have proved Iems solved, It will'report on change in Chinese society in 2,000 that China is now a strong our resurgent art, literature, years. The back cover featured a

Russian edition, 1966-1978; Portuguese eilition began ceased publication I979. German etlition, from 1978. 1980. First issue in Chinese,1980.

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JANUARY 1982 striking woodcut the rebuilding i i,.1i?'.Y of China's wartorn- industry. The r:i lead article, by Soong Ching Ling {' (Mme. Sun Yat-sen, the late Hon- l',. orary Chairman of the People's i Republic of China and head of the China Welfare Institute, our pub- lishers) was entitied "Welfare Work and World Peace." It was the first of the more than 30 notable pieces she was to write for Chi,na Reconstructs over almost three decades. After enumerating the brand- new medical, labor insurance, child-care and other services available to the mass of Chinese '' people for the first time in his- -@ tory, Soong Ching Ling wrote: u'Such ' ,!tt-/.*E policies, principles and pro- .s gress are possible only in nations that are truly independent-na- 1978: So_ong Ching Ling receives Isract Epstein and Li Boti, both on the maga- fine's.reditorial_board, at her home. On the right is Luo Shuzhangq, a member,bf tions which allow no infraction of the Standing Committee of the National peo[le,s Congress, their own right of self-determination while at the same time seeking cooperation with al1 who re- 'World renowned actor Mei Lan- Katayama, Burmese political tead- spect that right. In fact, the effort fang gave his views on Beijing er U Nu, South African black a government puts into people's Opera w,as - an art of which he leader Moses Kotane, Nobel prize- welfare is not only an accurate the acknowledged master. Noted winner Lord Boyd Orr of Britain; fileasure of its devotion to peace; sociologist Fei Xiaotong wrote on from writers Vercors of France it is aiso a reflection of its status China's nationalities and veteran and Naomi Mitchison of Scotland, among the nations of the world.,' archaeologist Xia Nai on new ex- from Hewlett Johnson, Dean of Another article, dealing with cavations. Arnong foreign authors Canterbury: from parliamenta- China's major flood control efforts were the Rev. James Endicott of rians, trade unionists, journalists was written by the then Minister Canada, Rewi Alley of New Zea- and other friends from many of Water Conservancy Fu Zuoyi, a land and Joan Hinton of the U.S.A. lands. former Kuomintang general Besides who textual and picture ma- We also published a 434-page had cast in his lot with the people. terials, we printed three new Chi- anthology, China in Transition, rn- Then Minister of Health Li De- nese songs with piano arrange- corporating our 74 best articles quan yersions. wlote on the new situation ment and English singing from those five years. The breadth in her field, Chen Hansheng on the Our weli-illustrated regular phila- of the coverage can be gleaned new rise of industry. An accom- telic column began. Broadness and from the 18 section headings under panying feature discussed the role variety were the lvatchword. u'hich they were grouped: Chang- of workers' initiative. The trans- ing Land; People's Government; formed status and role of women Some Landmarks Two Revolutions on the Farm; were reflected in pieces on free- Building Up Industry; One Land, dom of marriage and Beijing's In 1955, upon becoming a month- Many Peoples; Temple, Mosque first woman street-car driver; and ly, the magazine inaugurated a and Church; Science Serves the eoncern for children in an account "To Our Readers" column which People; Conquering Nature; Work- of the Children's Theater founded was to run for ten years. It dis- ers'Unions and Security; The by the China Welfare Institute in cussed informally a rvide range of Fruits of Labor: For tife and Shanghai. subjects from major home and Health; Toward Schooling for All; Later in the year, the magazine world issues to folk festiyals and Writing and the Theater; Music, printed articles on the initial steps entertainments. Ancient and Modern; Digging into of socialized farming, from mu- By 1957, its fifth anniversary, the Past; Old Tales and New tual-aid teams to agricultural co- China Reconstructs had established Laughter; The Enjoyment of operatives; the making of the first its distinct character and become Living. domestically-produced automobiles known internationally. Greetings In the same year, Premier Zhou and tractors; new developments in came not only from China's lead- expressed his hope that we report education and many other fielCs. ers but from Indonesian Pre-sident on the actual life of the Chinese Four more key articles were con- Sukarno, Indian Prime Minister peopie rvith socialist construction tributed by Soong Ching Ling. Nehru, Japanese ex-Premier Tetsu as the framervork. And the next

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS year Chairman Mao Zedong gave bkrwn claims, the unscientific er format has been adopted (neces- us this endorsemenL, "China Re- ultra-Left trend would recur. sitated among other things by constructs speaks through facts; Indeed, it surfaced in its worst rising mail costs, but also present* this is what we should do in pub- form in the "cultural revolution" ing problems we haven't over- licity for abroad." in 1966. Our magazine, Iike other come yet, such as poor printing of The tenth birthday of China Re- publications in China, gradually black-and-white pictures). constrncts, in 1962, was keynoted became filled with bombast as a substitute for reporting and by an exhibition and celebrations Today and Tomorrow presided over by Soong Ching analysis. Friendly readers began protest. have Ling and attended by such revered at once to "You Our operation is not an easy one. swung completely to your of one, stereotyped writing leaders of the Chinese people as For the posite," one of them, an African, was people iri Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and Chen Yi. that hammered into said in a discussion. "Sometimes peliod In general, up to that time and for the "ultra-Left" is a habit I have to read a sentence twice or not easily discarded persons three years afterwards, the maga- by thrice to get the drift. Comments drilled in it. For another, most of zine continued and expanded on and views should be given in our translators from the Chinese the sound basis previously laid. A factual context." A.nother, a Sri are working from their first lan- systernatic series Chinese his- on Lankan, added, "Be simple in guage into their second, opposite tory from ancient to modern, a Ianguage. I've plowed through to the normal direction of transla- children's page, a f oreign trade Three-Fatnily ViLLage (a political tion, and that is very hard (if the column and a special one devoted tract of t,he times) and just can't reader doubts this, let him try to questions and answers were tell what it's about." A New translating into his second lan- added. There was an increase in Zealander exploded, "It's time to guage). Usually required is re- articles by foreign writers about save you from yourselves. China editing, without alteration of the new China: they came from Reconstiucts used to be the most sense, into a manuscript that is Asia, Africa, the Americas, eastern popular Chinese magazine abroad. fluent, idiornatic and takes some and western Europe and Oceania. But with all this undiluteci account of reading habits in Eng- During the same period we dis- sloganry you'il soon have no lish, French, Spanish, German, tributed, with our regular issues, readers. You may think you're Portuguese and Arabic. For good 28 special supplements; among the advancing. In fact, you're missing work in this regard, warm thanks most popular were three catalo- the train " Numerous letters came are due to our non-Chinese col- gues of postage stamps of the new in the same vein. leagues, one or more of whom China, pamphlets on Chinese his- helps each edition "speak" in his tory, Beijing opera, simple Chinese Struggling Back or her native tongue. Over the conversation, modern Chinese decades scores of such friend.s have paintings, and a first-hand report It was only in 1971, after the helped; some have rdrnained 25 on how a village moved from in- fall of the power-grabbing Lin years or more. Now China has entered her new dividual cultivation to socialism. Biao, that the magallne began period f our moderniza- Much liked, too, were a folk-song once more to look like itself . of "the tions." Flexibly and realistically in collection and a one-act play Gradually, displaced older workers "Be- jobs. light of the country's actual cir- tween Husband and Wife"; read- came back to their Then cumstances, she i.s experimenting ers from several countries wrote the gang of four tried to assert throughout with ways to make her socialist that they hatl performed both the supremacy. and system yield its full potential. Thi.s songs and the play, China's press such distortions were propagated as the branding of the effort on the part of a billion peo- Tian An Men incident of early ple will be watched, closely every- Snags and Setbacks 1976 as "counter-revolutionary" where. We are confident that, hov"- which they pushed into oul' ever arduous, it will succeed. In From the late 1950s, however, columns- as well. In fact the the meantime, China's contacts China Reconstructs was invaded incident was an outburst of feeling with countries and peoples all and affected, to various extents, among the people, especially the over the earth are widening. Our by the ultra-Left line then spread- youth, in defence of the revolu- magazine, too, is growing and ing in the country. During the tion, democracy and socialism. changing, with encouragement Great Leap Forward we were over- Sinee the gang's downfall in 19?6, from readers - who we hope wili declamatory and gave currency to we have been trying to run China multiply in number in the years to a number of exaggerated claims Reconstructs in a way that will come. We intend to work vigor- and statistics that were poured out preserve and further develop the ously to contribute to wider under- at the time even printing a spirit in which it was launched by standing of the Chinese people's cover-picture -in this genre. A1- Soong Ching Ling, Zhou Enlai and progress and .problems. And thus though the eountry, and we our- others. Our readers find it more do our part for friendship among selves, soon recoiled from the over- varied and popular. A light, small- peoples and for world peace. tr

JANUARY T982 I served as the vice-chairman. The BeginningS, contents of every issue of the Growing magazine were discussed and decided by the Board. The new bi-monthly did in fact ains and Prospects clarify a number of misunder- standings about China current in CHEN HANSHENG many countries at that time. A reader in Southeast Asia wrote us, the publication of Chi,na OR this the thirtieth anniver- They "Since York. arrived at the end of Reconstructs, some neutral people sary of China Reconstructs I July to help with the preliminaries I know have radically changed have been asked to set down some and production. the actual By the their former wrong views of China of my recollections. I will begin time the first issue appeared in into new ones which are favorable by explaining how the magazine January 1952, several members of to China. This . . . is partly due . . . was born. Beforg the establish- Madame Sun's China WeJfare ment of the People's Republie of Institute Shanghai were work- to the descriptions and information in given." British China, there was civil war being on promotion and distribution. so factually A that he tween two forces one led by the Before we had our own photo and readef wrote from London one-sided, saying, Communist Party- headed by Mao art department, Gu Shuxing, a did not find us Zedong and one led by Chiang Kai- talented photographer, worked in- "It does you credit that you inform shek. When the revolutionary side defatigably to secure pictures and your readers that there has been a won and Chiang fled to the island advised on layout. critic, rather than to claim that 100 of Taiwan, two general notions I wish also to mention some percent of China's visitors were arose in the world. One was the members who served on our Edi- 100 percent satisfied with every- realization that China had asserted torial Board. It was headed by thing they saw." her nationhood, and the other was Jin Zhonghua, the then editor- In those years our magazine was pure and simple fear of com- in-chief of Xinwen Daily News in barred from circulation in the munlsm. Among prominent Ameri- Shanghai. Madame Li Dequan, the United States. The U.S. govern- cans, to take one example, General then Minister of Health who was ment listed Chinb Reconstructs Evans F. Carlson and Edgar Snow the widow of General Feng among publications non-admissible represented the first view, whereas Yuxiang, Wu Yi-fang, the then into the country, and postal offices official policy,-makers then gave President of Ginling Women's Col- and cwtoms authorities were expression to the second. A similar lege in Nanjing, and Qian Duan- instructed to destroy any copies duality of views occurred in other sheng, President of the College for that came into their hands. Fur- parts of the world. Legal and Administrative Studies thermore the Foreign Assets Con- .. It was to explain the realities of were active members of the Board. trol of the U.S. Treasurli Depart- \he new China to people abroad At the suggestion of Premier Zhou ment stipulated that subscribers that Soong Ching Ling, the widow of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and a major participant in China's united gov- The author with Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley, oqs of the magazine's original staff ernment, initiated the publication members, Zhang Shuicheng of this magazine, which began as a bi-monthly in English. Premier Zhou Enlai supported this en- deavor and at a dinner in March 1951 asked me to help organize a staff for this purpose. 'In April of that year I went to Tianjin to invite Li Boti, then a reporter for Xinhua News Agency, to come to Beijing to make the necessary prepara- tions. Soong Ching Ling invited Israel Epstein and Elsie Fairfax- Cholmeley, who had worked with her in the China Defence League in the years of the Anti-Japanese War (1937-45), to come trom New

CHEN IIANSIIENG is advisor to the Chinese Academy of Social Sclggees and Chalrman of the Chinese Soclcty for Central Asian Studies.

6 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS ln lts Founde,"'s Spi rit

REWI ALLEY

/1HINA RECONSTRUC?S for how well the presentation of ma- have seen them. So the contribu- L tnirty years has reported un- terial has improved. China is a tion of the journal has been a folding events in China as clearlY vast section of the world, but Per- highly significant one' Its issues possible to an in- haps sometimes there is still an have been bound each Year; theY and concisely as increasing readership in manY lands inclination to present material in go into libraries and become and in many languages. Its in- the way Chinese themselves like valuable reference material for the ception was due to the genius of best, rather than that which en- future. Soong Ching Ling, who sures interest from overseas China Reconstructs has alwaYs Chairman official saw in it a contribution that her recipients. done its best to Present China Welfare Institute could The emergence of the new policy in easilY understandable make. Its first editor, Dr. Chen China has been an enormouslY terms for the overseas reader. Its Hanseng, laid the foundations for significant event in world history, illustrations on the whole are bril- the success of the work that was presenting so many asPects that liant. One wishes the magazine to follow. Newspapers are imPor- challenge the imagination of the all success in the future, knowing tant, but they are rarelY kePt, great masses of the world. In the well that its production has entail- whereas a sprightly magazine goes course of such a revolution, 1ed bY ed much devoted, self-sacrificing from hand to hand and reaches an human beings, there are bound to work, carrying with it alwaYs ever-growing circulation. be mistakes that have at times the gieat spirit of its founder' Looking through bound volumes slowed progress. China Recon- AJ political, cultural, technical gf the magazine, I am struck bY structs has through the years tried and business contacts with other to to give a picture of changes as lands increase, it is essential the BEWI ALLEY, New Zealand educator' they have taken Place and as the carry on the good work of author and poet, has livetl and workeil rePorters magazine. tr in China lor dver 50- Years. magazine's on-the-sPot

great sad:tess, our and buyers of Chi,na Reconstructs upheavals in our country, especial- To our founder Soong Ching Ling Passed should submit to registration. It ly during the so-called cultural rev- we away on May 29, 1981, in her 90th was not until some Years after the olution. During this Period from year, frpm leukemia. We lost a Korean war that oun magazine was received some aPt criticisms A An American student leader and eminent contributor. admitted into that country. our readers. is that she was L972 comPlaining of partial consolation In 1955, the magazine changed wrote in some results of the theoretical and able to see from a bi-monthlY to a monthlY. language "too magazine's efforts to imProve the advised us to "sPeak in Subsequently Ch,ina Reconstructs corny" and reporting of the real situation in people's language." Another began to appear in other languages. the China and articles which subscriber, a Canadian wrote: Present A Spanish (1960) edition followed meet the requirements of readers. . Iife is not all haPPiness, and English (1952) and shortlY ". China is now undergoing an eco- the €veryone does not alwaYs smile. French (1963), Arabic nomic readjustment as well as im- afterwards, Yet China Reconstructs gives an (1964), Russian (1966), German provement of our education, and impression of forever smiling faces com- (1978), Portuguese (1980), and Chi- is making special efforts to and'satisfactory solutions to aII plete and enforce the legal system' nese (1980). It is regrettable that problems." He said we should not All these efforts are made in a the Russian edition had to be sus- be afraid to "discuss failures and revolutionary spirit. pended 1979 due to difficulties in disappointments which were also I do not doubt that China Re- in getting it to subscribers. The bound to exist." constrticts will continue to illu- Chinese edition appeared in re- We remain grateful to those who minate the process in articles of sponse to the request of Chinese pointed out such shortcomings. real value and. to report realisti- and persons of Chinese descent Our editors began to eliminate de- cally for its readers. So I, for one, living abroad. fects in 1972 but could do so effec- congratulate this internationally Internally the magazine met tively only after the overthrow of popular journal on its thirtieth an- .with some setbacks due to political the g'ang of four in 1976. nrversary. n

JANUARY 1982 (lur Readers Write-a 30-Iear Dialogue

"Yours is a magnificent magazine because it grows out of a people who had history and culture and who now have emancipation and the future. ." J.W., Toronto, Canada; Mar.- Apr. 1953 (among first letters published) "When I had done reading (China The Editors Reconstructs) I wrote a letter for - publication to one of this city's daily papers, in which I said I had received this grand publ.ication of yours and had read it, and was left with the feeling "I hope that the articles in CR will County Public SchooIs, grades seven that here is a nation which should have become shorter so that they will be through twelve." the recognition of the U.S.A., as it had more attractive and easier to read." Regina Crutchfield, Maryland Great Britain's. and whose delegates to Tulio Prada Garcia, Santander, U.S.A.. February 19Bl lire United Nations should be seated-" Colombia; January 1978 "Please accept our deep condolences A Reader, Nebraska. U.S"A.; "I read your magazine not long ago Sept.-Oct. 1953 on the passing away of Soong Ching and I have found several things which Ling. . . , We hope that you will carry "Please ask Pa Chin to give us I like very much. . . I am a Romanian out (her) behests and keep your maga- another . story like ,Ming Feng,s seaman, and I came for the first time zine improving and developing. We'll China (Dalian) harbor. I Choice.' It was so interesting that I to - Dairen encourage each other and advance translated it into Sinhalese and passed know that the friendship between our together with you." it on to the viliage girls who do not two peoples is very sincere and very peo- Fukui Hajime, Tokyo, Japan; understand English. . . . The hand-writ- big. I have seen how the Chinese November 1981 ten book is still circulating and I ple frorn Dairen made a good 'reception understand more than 50 people have for us. Maybe you can help me to "The passing of Soong Ching Ling enjoyed it" The editor of a local maga- learn more about your country." was a great ioss both to China and the zine has agreed to publish it.', ' T.T., Constanta, Rornania; Octo- entire world. My wife and I have en- Bandara Ekan, Hanguranketa, ber 1978 joyed reading China Reconstructs for Ceylon; February 1959 many years, your "I am a reader of China Reconstructs and special supple- ment on Soong Ching Ling was beauti- "The progress in education and the and China Pictorial. Both magazines fully done, and in excellent taste. liberation of the women of China makes are wonderful. I am a dentist and have me very happy indeed," placed your magazines in my waiting As a librarian, editor and indexer, I wish to contribute to better understand- T.E. Thiel, Rainham, England; room for my patients to enjoy. Not a July l9f9 few have told me that they are now ing of U.S.-China reiations and espe- subscribers." cially to create a memorial tribute to "I gave the stamps frorn your en- M.N.E., Lausanne. Switzerland; Soong Ching Liirg. Therefore I am velope to a stamp collectbr here who December 1978 preparing a cumulative author, subject writes for the 'London Free Press.' He and title index to China Reconstructs glad "In recent months, CR has changed was to get them but very sur- from its inception to the present. . . . to my eyes trom a politicai art " prised because he said that they were - - Since I am an information specialist from 'Red' China, and did I have any form to practical reports on a real and people with access to a large data processing friends there? I replied that I had believable China. Real with facility, I intend place reasonable disagreements and agree- to all of this over six hundred million friends in the information on the computer. At pre- one ments appear in your pages. A China and only China." sent the authors and titles from the G.M. Whirter, London, which is an attractive land to visit and Canada; first eight years China Reconstructs December lg59 enjoy is appearing. A China which is of freer to go about the business of life have been key-pFnched and pro- "Since taking out a subscription, I instead of talking about it . . . is ap- cessed, have read three issues of your excel- pearing." I would like to personally present the lent magazine. . These three were K.I.M., Oliver, Canada; July 1979 finished index to the editorial staff of enough to erase the false image of your China Reconsftucls when my wife and reader's great people which had been fostered "I agree with the English I visit China in April, 1982, as members published in my mind." comments in your February of the Society of A.merican Archivists issue. He suggested you should report Miski Abdelhamid, Benahmed, study tour. . . Morocco; March 1964 not only achievements but also short- Through my membership in the U.S.- comings and provide readers with "Your magazine is rather hard to get China People's Friendship Association, objective and reliable accounts." I have seen how direct contact between in our country, but so many people H.G.F., Bielefeld, West Ger- want to read and understand about the peoples of our two countries is many; August 1979 China. . . . It is necessary to manage beneficial to everyone. China Re- circulation properly so that it reaches "We received copies of the magazine constructs is an excellent vehicle to the common masses." CR, and find it to be interesting and foster international friendship and S.M.T., Gujranwala, Pakistan; intormative..,. The magazine has understanding." November 1972 been approved for use in Montgomery Herrnan Baron, Moylan, Pa., U.S.A.

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'Iending an Ox bt Li Kr:turt ew Trends in Foreign Trade

WEI'{ TIANSIIEN

fiURING the currenl economic exports have also increased with "Sea Gull" wristwatches to Eritain. -1-l reaci.iuslment. China's forei5ln the Ceveloprnent of belter rrans- The Dongfang Electrical Ma- trade has not orrly not declined, but portation capacity. chinery Plant, which rnade the has even expanded to some extent, For the first time Chinese watches large power-generating equipment Totai 1981 export-import value is are being sold (,n the British tor the Gezhouba Dam project has estimated to be 10 percent higher market. with the 1981 export of wol1 a bid to supply equipment for than that o{ 1980. 195,000 "Spring Thunder" and the Comanche Hydropower Station Chinese government leaders have repeatedly declared. that Simplified export procedures and greater atlention to customers, needs are attract- China will actively promote for- ing more and more buyers from abroad, sueh as this Lebanese businessman parti- ei.gn trade and develop the inter- cipating in the semiannual Export Cornmodities Fair for the first time. nal econorny through cooperation Xinhua and technical exchange on the basis of eqr.rality and muiual bene- tit. In 1981 China heid economic and trade exhibitions in a number of countries. Preferential treatment and tariff agreements were negotiated rvith Australia, New Zealand, the European Economic Comrnunity, Canada, Japan and the United States. Trade and economic cooperation between Chlna and thlrd world countries have also increased substantialiv-

Changes in Trade Structure A growing proportion of exports is nor,r' made up of manufactured goods rather: than raw materials. For instance, every year China exports over 200 varieties of tea, 80 percent of the pig bristles and 70 Hall of Machinery at the Fair, Machinery and elecirical equipnoent are becorning percent of the rabbit meat on the a significant part of China's exporis, Xinh.ua world market, plus large quantities *u*," of medicinal herbs. Though the quantity of these exports has remained quite large, their ratio in f;H the total value of exports has t decreased. At the same time the z ratio of textiles, chemicals, machinery, electrical and light industrial products has risen. Two years ago, for example, the total value ot machine tools sold to Mexico was only U.S. $320,000. In 1981 it reached $2.5 million, and may rise to $3"2 million by 1982 from the eontracts so far signed between the two countries. Hi.gh-value coal

WEN TI.A.NSHEN is a staff reporter for China Reconstrucis. $

JANUARY 1982 * .#"@ products that can be made in for 20 cargo and oil-dritrling ships China. ranging from 10,000 to 36,000 tons. One such vessel, the 27,000-ton New Ways of Doing Business ocean-going freighter Greut was launched at Dalian, ranks onlY Wall, As an exporter, China Liaoning provi.nce, in September world's nations, 30th among the 1980. Under the auspices of China's value extrrcrts is and the total. of Itlational Aviation Import and Ex- low. the same correspondingly At port Corporation, enterprises now great need to uP- time there is a produce ianding gear grade which can supply aircraft enterprises doors, engine parts and a new-type markets, both domestic and foreign heiicopter with blueprints and partly through_selective imports of more flexible materials supplied by foreign technology. Ne'*', customers. policies have been foreign trade Since 1980 a nurnber of Chinese accomplish both of adopted to electronics factories have signed In the all foreign these aims. Past, eontracts U.S., West cen- with Japanese, trade was handled directlY bY German and Hongkong firms to national import and export tralized process assemble dif ferent under'the Mrnistry of and corporations kinds of machinery, radios. tape Foreign Trade. China has now set up 20 new export-imPort com- recorders and TVs, and to make Iraditional arts and craft frroducts such sueh high-qua[ty products as part panies specializing in such areas as as jewelry are still an important of radar equipment and ground satel- China's exports. Xinhua aviation, shipping, rnachinery and electronie technology. Individuai iite stations. More and more orders enterprises, Iocalities and produc- for electrical machinery of various kinds are now b6ing received from in California, the first sale of hy- tion departme.nts have also been given increased autonomY in for- foreign countries. Pakistan, Thai- draulic electrogenerating equip- land and the PhiiipPines have ment to the United States. eign trade relations. Results have been imPressive. imp'orted complete sets of China- The structure of imports has also machinerY policY The China National MachinerY made cott

t4 CHIN.d RECONSTRUCTS estimated that total expc,rt value techniques. Both the speciaiized will produce 1,500.000 pounds of in this field wili increase at an import-export corporations and rabbit-hair wool and 1,200,000 average of 50 percent a year in the departments set up 'by various sweaters a year, and eventually it coming period. Iocalities have played a part in will make other clothes for ex- China's Nationai Metallurgy setting up these new enterprises. port too" Cot'poration has set up links be- Special polieies adopted in the The Tianjin Winery, a joint en- tween foreign irades and the in- coastal provinces of Guangdong terprise set up with R.Martin, uses dustries it serves. Factories are and Fujian have given greater French equipment and technology, invited to take part in sales promo* powers to local enterprise man- and has begun to export wines that tion meetings. and negotiations on agers and established conditions judge trade and performance some to be among the best contracts. that make these areas particularly in the world. Joint offshore oil Corporations specializing in trans- attractive to foreign investors. The exploration projects carried out in port, packaging and advertising Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau cooperation with Japanese and have been set up to advise and has jointly set up with some Hong- Freneh firms have located very assist various industries on foreign kong industrialists a woolen textile trade needs. plant which includes a yarn mill, rich oil and gas fields, and a new stage of joint exploitation is about Joint-Venture Projects two knitwear mills and a machinery repair shop. The plant now to get underway. The China- Schindler Since the 19?9 passage of the produces high-quality wool and Elevator Co., Ltd. - law permitting for the first time rabbit-hair sweaters which sell formed three years ago by China's joint ventures between Chinese ',ve11 on the world market. The National Building Machinery Cor- firms and foreign investors, a operation takes advantage of poration with Swiss and Hongkong number of such enterprj.ses have China's ample supply of rabbit tirms has completely restructur- been set up. From the Chinese hair and trained textile workers, ed its- management system and is point of view, the big advantage while introducing the most up-to- now turning out high-quality prod- has been higher quality products date international knitting and ucts for the market. Its sales have and better economic results finishing techniques. When it increased by 33 percent, while the through the acquisition of advanced reaches full production, the plani value of its exports has doubled. D

New Publicotion: Picture Album of Zhong Non Hai

The lavishly illustrated Zhong Nan Hai, Beijing Political Cmter of a Country oJ One Btltion has just- been published in English, French, Japanese and Spanish by People's Pi,ctori,al. Zhong Nan Hai compound in Beijing houses the ,-ti offices and some of the hornes of China,s top leaders and features an ancient and beautiful garden. The album's 93 color and black & white photos include scenes from the life and work of Mao Zedopg, Zhou Enlai, I-iu Shaoqi, Zhu De and others, Maois former residence, and the architectural and natural splendors of the compound. The album is 12 dro, copperplate printed. please order promptly. Wholesale to the trade.

Order number: 85 - 183 p General distributor: GUOJI SIIUDIAN (Publication Center) P.O. Box 399 Beijing (37), China

JANUARY T982 15 Reeent Trends in Chinese rf tireg

FENG MU and LIU XICHEI{G

rFHE smashing of the gang of tocraey. Cultural organizations Party Central Committee called on I four was a turning point not were re-established. Literary the Chinese people to emanciPate only Jor modern Chinese history, works u.hich had been banned their minds and seek truth from but also for Chinese culture. Lit- rvere revived. At a huge cultural facts. Chinese writers responded erature, freed from the chains of forum sponsored by PeoPle's Li.t- with an outburst of creativitY. A feudal-fascist control and modern erature magazine in December Mareh 1979 symposium on literary superstitions. began to flourish. 197?, over a hundred writers of all theories sponsored in Beijing by The origin of this new literary kinds repudiated the gang's allega- the staff af Wengi Boo accelerated tlctober 1979 periocl can be traced to the April tion that "a black line had dom- the process, as did the Fifttl Movement of 1976*. The inated the field of art and litera- meeting of the newly-revived Chi- songs poems that day were Association. This and of ture" before the revolu- nese Writers' a genuine expression of popular "cultural period also saw the emergence of tion" and dedicated themselves to feeling. The gang of four could writers from factories, the development of a true socialist new not stop these works frorn spread- from schools, -from the count:'Y- Iiterature. By the time of the MaY ing from hand to hand, awakening side --.who had never Published 19?B meeting of the Federation of peopie to new hopes and ideas. before. Organizations, of the Literary develrpments in the Li.terary all writers during the "cul- years since the fall of the gang silenced were cleared of New Works may be divided into two stages. tural revolution" The {irst was marked by fervent the political charges that had been The short story "The Homeroom criticism of the gang's cultural au- brought against them. For a time Teacher" published in late 1977 bY little was published. Many veteran a young Beijing teacher, Liu Xin- +In defiance of the gang of four" thc wriiers needed time to organize wu. was one of the first works cf rnasses in their tens of lhousands their thoughts. whiie most new the new period to attract attention gathered on that date in Tian An Men writers were young and inex- because fresh stYle and Square to honor the rrrerrror.y of of its Premier Zhou Enlai, who had bccome perienced. But so.on a flood of new subject matter the Plight of the a symbol ol resistance to the Bang. The stories and articles began to fili the "Iost" generation- of Youth whose songs. poetry anci speeches of that day void. thinking had been dis- spoke openly lor the first time of peo- lives and pie's hatred of the gang. The The second stage began after the torted by the "cultural revolution.'' demonstrations went od for davs Third Plenary Session of the 11th Less than a year later another pioneering story, "The Wound", bY the young writer Lu Xinhua, waS published" The story portrayed the rnentai sufferings oi a Young in- tellectual Wang Xiaohua and frgr mother brought on bY the "cuI- tural revolution." "The Wound" was imrrienseiy popular because it spoke feelingly of the kinds of invisible wounds which hundreds of Just a few of the works that FENG MU is vice-chairman of the have come Chinese Writers' Association and etlitor- pouring ou( in-chief of the magazine Liierature and of Chinese Art. presses srnce LIU XICIIENG is a literary and art ihe end of critic ant! cleputy ilirector of ilne the "cuitural edlitorial departmeni of Liieraiure and revolution". Art.

l6 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS thousands of Chinese farnilies had lady" whose mouth is full of "rev* suffered; it led to a trend. the olutionary" truths and who can aI- "literature of the wounded". ways be counted on to parade her The 19?9 movement to emanci- sense of superiority to everyone pate thinking stimulated some new dlse. Qin Po has undoubtedly en- trends. Writers such as Liu Zhen tered contemporary Chinese litera- ("Black Banner") and the woman ture's galiery of memorable writer Ru Zhijuan ("The Wrongly- charaeters. Edited Stor-v") broadened their An Uncharted Riuer begins with view from ttre ten years of tragedy a Hunan province university to include the whole 30-year period student drifting dorvn a river on a since iiberation. They tried to find wooden raft. The rivel journey out what lessons should be Iearned becomes a comment on contempor- from the road taken by our ary society. The peace and magni- counti'y in the building of social- ficence of the river and mountairls ism" writers, such as the are contrasted with sorrows Other the Veteran writer Ding Ling's novel. young woman writer Zhang Jie and joys among human beings. The "During a tsitter Cold Day", has just ("Love Can Never Be Forgotten") central character is an old rafts- been published. Xin.huo explored present-day problems of man, Pan Laowu, whose hard Life Iove and marriage, extolling true has made hinr tough and dauntless. and pure feelings over materialistic He has no kin left" and has never enduring qualities of the Chinese considerations. Anti-feudaL thenres peasant. appeared- criticizing such vestiges practices as of leudal and thinking F our 'Generations' of Writers heavv-handed bureaucracy. the "special privilege" mentality, 'fhe membership of the Chinese "back door" arrangements and Writers' Association has expanded selfish individualism " from a littie over 900 before the Altogether some 8,000 short "cultural revolution" to over 2.400 stories have been published in the today; local branches include even last ferv years alone, of which more members. Writers active about 200 may be considered of i.oday can be rourghly divided into la.sting value. Since the Chinese four distinct "generations", Writer:s' Association's magazine The first is made up of the tew P eopl,e's Literature launched short- veteran w-r'iters in their 80s who, story writing contests, 25 excellent after years of eclipse during the stories won awards in 1978 and "cultural revolution" are now writ- 1979, and another 30 in 1980. ing again. The late Mao Dun's A number of writers have also novel Tenrpered and tu"o r,'olurnes lurned to the novel, which provides sf Collected. Reuiews have been re- greater scope for the development pttblished. His Literary Reminis- of character, theme and back- cences are being serialized in the ground. Two excellent recent ex- journai Ru Zhijuan, pioneer of a new, more Histrtrical Materials 61n the amples lvhich we have heartily - personal anrl introspective style. New Literature. Ba Jin's Randam recommended to friends in literary Wang Zijin Thoughts and Recent Writings have circles abroad as representative of recently been printed, as r.vell as cument Chinese literature are his translation of Alexander L Approachi,ng Middl,e Age - by Chen married. Witnessing the many in- Hei:zen's Memoirs. He is currently Rong, and An Uncharted Ri,uer by justices of the revolu- working on a novel She Ilos o Ye former the "cultural, Weiling. The tells tion," he cannot express his feel- Pair of Beau,tiful EEes.- Wcman story of a hard working middle- ings openly, instead beconring rude writer Xie Bingxin's short story aged wornan doctor, Lu Wenting - and temperamental. But under "Empt-v- Nest" won a national her years of selfless devotion to her this erusty exterior, the author award in 1980. Finally, Yang Xian- patients, her patriotism and sonse gradually reveals, is a sensitive and ru has r:ublished Umbrell,a, a novel of responsibiUty despite her low even noble spirit: he helps two about the splits among intellectuals salary. Other eharacters in the lovers to a secret rendezvous; he after the defeat of ihe Great Rev- novel include an ovetteas Chinese heips a persecuted official get a olution (1924-21). couple who endure so much poiiti- transfer; he meets his childhood The second gener'ation includes cal discrimination that they finally s'*'eetheart. Finally, he risks his those veteran writers oid enough leave the country. But perhaps the own life in raging flood waters to to have participated in the anij- author's rnost telling creation is save his young companion. For the Japanese resistance, Many occupy Qin Fo, a "Marxist-Leninist old authsr, Pan Laowu reflects the leading posts in literary and art JANUARY 1982 1i Young and olcl helieve the5' gr. learn from one another. The late, much-revered writel' Mao Dun frequentlt Le{t to right: Zong Pu, Liu Xinwu. veteran poet Ai Qing, and visited bookstores to talk with readers of his Kong Jiesheng. Wang Zijin works. organizations, but stili continue to of the gang of four constitute the works have been critlcized by i'rite. Di.ng Ling has completed and fourth and last group. They turn- ordinar-y readers and by members pubiished her novel, Du.ring a ed to literature through their tur- of literary and art circles. Bitter Cold, Dag" Sha Tin6l's novel bulent life and sad experienee dur- The article "On the Erroneous Qi'nggangpo Viilage has also ap- ing the "c.ulturai revolution." Wi.th Tendency of Unrequited Loue," peared, along with a number of their willingness to think, deeply which appeared in the No. 19 is- short stories. Ai Wu's short novel about-society and their courage in sue of Wengi Bao raagazine. raised Aduentures on a Mountain has expressing bold new ideas, their some serious questions about the been serialized in a literary jour- works reflect the wounds of the script of the fihn Unrequited nal. Yao Xueyin is working on the young people and their awakening. Loue. It pointed out that in third volume rif his Li Zicheng; striking a syrnpathetic chord China's literary and art circles Ouyang Shan and Zhou Erlu are among young readers. Notable today there exists an erroneous writers in this group include Feng which turns away also completing multi-volume ' ideological trend wolks. Ai Qing has published Jicai, Jiang Zrloog, Liu Xinwu, Li from the Chinese Comrnunist several popular anthologies of his You, Su Shuyang, Jia Pingao, Party and the socialist road, and Yang M<; has completed Zhang Kairgkang, Ye Wenling, that this film script is an examPJe B)ems. Jiesheng, Cun, both a novel and a volume of non- Kong Chen Wang of the trend. Anyi, Wang Runci, He Shiguang, China's art circles fiction called Diory Wltich /s lVot Mernbers of Shu Ting and Luo Gengye. These dedicated to the of Reallg a Diary. The paet Zang are PolicY writers have sprung up "1ike bam- letting a hundred flowers blossom Kejia's reflections own on his boo shoots after spring rain." They and a hundred schools of thought works has been serialized in are the future Chinese litera- process unfold- journa)s. of contend, and in the several ture, and the future looks bright. ing normal and healthy criticism The group. middle- third the and discussi.on, because this is an aged writers who constitute the Literary Criticism important means of Promoting backbone of China's cument liter- literary progress and training suc- ary scene, are at the peak of their In the process of seeking truth cessors to the cause of socialist porvers and have wriiten some of from facts, Chinese llterary figures literature. the most popular works of the last have advanced the main trend of Leading organizations in the arts few years. A nurriber of Beijing revolutionary realism in literary and the editorial dePartments of rnembers of this generation have and art works, They see their task varions newspapers and magazines recently forrned a society to ex- as not only to look realistic con- are acting in the spirit of the change ideas on social problems tradictions in the face, but to give forum on the ideologicai front and literary craftsmanship. Among people strength; not only to sponsored by the Party Central thern are Wang Meng, Deng You- criticize reality, but to affirm it. Cornmittee, trying to overcome mei. Cong Weixi, Liu Shaotang, Since writers and artisi;s are urged weakness and slackness. unfold Lin Jinlan, Chen Rong, Ke Yan, to emancipate their minds, it is normal literary criticism, irrigate Zhang Jie. inevitable that some will produce flowers and wipe out weeds so as The young rnriters whose works works which violate the principle to bring about a new flourishing '*'ere first published after the fall of revolutionary realism. Such of literature in China. tr

to CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS rms's S&r &ur#deng 0&

QIU JIAN

d1 HfNA wDS ()ne of the worid's ment- It now has siipways L.l four five big holds anci four 25-ton first nations ro develop shrp- (one of them for constructing rleck cranes. has cruisirrg building It a and ocean navigation. As ships of the 100,000-ton class), two speed of 14.5 knots lnaximuln far back and a as the Northenn and docks. four 100-ton ganiry cranes navigation distance of 17,000 nau- Southern dynasties (420-5Bg), noted and eight other large cranes, and lical miles, Equipment is so scientist Zu Chongzhi invented a a cornpetent staff of technicians propelled automated that a crew of only 30 ship by a treadwheel. and workers It has become one can handle it. At the end of the 15th century of China's major builders of In line with the contract" the f amous Cldnese, seafarer Zheng large nceangoing vessels. Changlcheng rvas according He led large fleets built to such ciistant On September 14, 1g8l, tht' to the rules and regulations places as western Asiu and of east Changcheng (or Regent To.rn- Lloyd's Register of Shipping, the Africa. Ilis largest fleet included popo), the shipyard's first 2?,000- noted British ship inspection as ffrany as 260 vessels. His ton oceangoing freighter built for institution, and according to brggest ship was l2L meters from export was launched. It was made Japanese standards of quaiity for bor,v to stern and 54 meteri wide under a cr-rntract between the shipbuilding. Each ma,jor process and could carry up to 1,000 China Corporation peopie. of ShipbuilC- had to be inspected and passed by ing Industry and Regent Shipping. a Lloyd's inspector and represen- In later centuries, howevet, Ltd. of Hongkong. tatives of the shipowner. P,:oling Chinese shj.pbuilding declined, and The Changcheng is a single- their efforts, the shipyard workers only in recent years has ex- it deck after-engine bulk caruier with paid scrupuious atterrtjon to every perienced a rev'ival. A leader in this revival is the Dalian Shipyard in northeast Firral test on a ship's engine. China, vrhich was founded in 18gB during the Czarist Russian occupation of the port of Lushun- Dalian (Lushun-Dairen). Later the Japanese imperial army took over from the Russians. In its first fifty years, the shipyard was a crude aff air with dilapidated workshops and obsolete equipment" Its 4,000 workers were virtual slaves.

Eeaching World Standards The shipyard has undergone many renovations and expansions i,n the past thirty years. Originally capable only of repair work, it has now become a comprehensive shipbuilding enterprise with a full range of equipment, a strong technical force, and the capacity to construct ships of many kinds, marine diesel engines, propellers, anchor chains and other equip- qIU JIAN is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

JANUAR,Y T982 procedures as weld- i detail of such I ing, assembly, rust-removal and painting. and in the process .,":.: brought China's shipbuilding technology to a new stage of development. Japanese site supervisor Mr ha-s to say: Yasuzo Sakamoto this &"., "I have been responsible for building more than 150 ships" And I have seen many Chinese vessels As far as quality of construction is concerned, this is the best of them all. China is beginrring to enter the ranks of the world's foremost shipbuildets.'" As the Changcheng was being launched. its sister ship the !'ico-I'r'enrier Gu Mu (3rd right. front ro$,) and shipowner [Ir. Y. S. P4o (lst left Wangyuan was already taking [ron{ row) at the launching ceremony for the "Changcheng", shape in the No. 3 -slipwa"v. The Dalian shipyard has up to this writing signed contracts tl'ith nrove frcrm place 1o place. Bu1 the In the naval flotilla that assisteci foreign concerns for the building techniqut:s needed to build drill* in China's carrier rocket lest in the of another eight cargo ve.ssels. ing ships were complicated. and South Pacitic in 1980 were two each of 27.000 tons' dispiacenteni. techr-rical data on key components large oiI and water-suPPly shiPs were kept seclet. Onl;; a few with €quipment supplied b;z the' q,ele Teehnical lngenuity counLries in the world able Dalian Shipyard. tri design and build them on their A key problem in constructing This ship-vard began conslruc- own. Workers and technlcians at: a supply ship is the eqniPment tion of China's firsi I0,000-ton the l)alian shilryard did a large used to transfer oil and water from oceangoing vessel in 1958. It amount of resealch. and after

Automated equipment makes ihe handlins of heavy steel comporents a quick and easy process" lVeldins steel plates Photos bit Wong Hrtttgtun

-*%q..

-',- rr.l '*f4,t s'-t:. being examirred lor qualrfr

t he clesigners of rhe 2 7.000-ton fr eighter.

Processing a tlansmission shirl't 7 I

t Tt: t 3 7

'1.i

lhe tirst 27.000-ton freighter designcd and built b-v the Dalian Shipyard. l)ltotos ll llultg ll()ttq\ttt1 later'. after several revisigns, lished permanent pr'ofebSional con- Chinese ship Liu Ldn crossed China's the first transverse refueling tacts with more than a hundred Pacific and for the first time sailed sy-ctem for use at sea was ready to foreign firms as well as educational into the port Seattle the go production. of in into and government institutions in 40 United States. An American or more countries and regions. Coast Guard patrol boat came out New Shlp Exporter The No. 6 Ministry of Machine to meet her, and an American of- Building alone has signed contracts ficial said in his welcpming speech On A,pril 6, 1981, a yearl.y repolt with foreign firms for the export to the crew: published "The clear sky today by Lloyd's Register of of more than 80 ships of various symbolizes the progress of Sino- Shipping deciared that one of the types totaling more than 600 thou- American friendship. This day most interesting developments in sand tons" These, plus a number should have come 30 years earlier!" world ship construction in 1980 of oil drilling plaiforms and some When the Dongfeng made her Was the appearance of China as an machinery assembled with custom- rnaiden voyage to Vancouver, expor"ter, ers' materials, have broughi the Canada, a 70-year-old overseas Betrveen 1962 and the present. total business volume to more than Chinese woman, supported by her China has iaunched a hundred US $600 million" grandchildren, mounted to the bow 10,000 to 25.000-ton ships. Whereas of the ship and said emotionally; China's shipbuilding indusiry used 'Made in My Motherland!' "This ship was made in my mother- to serve mainly the country,s land ! At last I have seen one with domestic, needs, in the last couple With the advances in China's my own eyes.', Another elderly of years. in line with the policy of shipbuilding industry, more and overseas Chinese was heard to readiusting the national economy. more oceangoing ships are serving say: "It's dozens of years since I the industry has turned toward the as the emissaries of the Chinese left China. but standing on this international market. Beginning in people in their contacts with other ship makes me feel as though I 1980, China's shipping has estab- peoples Two years ago the were back in rny homeland.'' {_j

Children Budding Scientist

\,[Y dear iitrlc fliend Fan Xiao- a race," he shid, "and see if we IYI hu1 : l'vq 1,qL.qi1,cd your letter can both do it crorrectly." Writing and your picture. I'm glad to have quickly, the old scientist and the a little friend like you. As people boy eompleted their lists without say, you ale my little 'rival'. . . .'' a single mistake. And the young !Vhat was 85-year,-o1d Professor boy's nimble fingers helped him Mao Yisheng. distinguished head finish just ahead of the professor. ot China's .Academy oI Railway The "loser" was immensely pleas- Science thinking of to write such ed: "This shows how very bright Fan Xiaohui writes ihc calculated values of r from memory at Maols a letter 1o a nin"-""ar-old school- and full of promise China,s home. yao yungt boy ? younger generation has become!,' 11 all started iast July when Xiaohui's feat is a natural out- Xiaohui. his teacher: Chen Lianyu growth of his longstanding interest now is to becorne an astronomer and his 4th-grade classmates at in science. Both his parents are in order to probe the secrets of the Beijing's Yumln Primary School engineers at Beijing's Power Re- universe. Already he can name paid a visit trt Professor Mao. search Institute, and they began to more than a hundred stars with During their talk Xiaohui said that teach him about science at a very their correct positiorx and rattle he had read the professor's book. early age. As. his enthusiasm off the names of the planets of the Galden Key. arld, had been parti- developed, they bought him a num- solar system in order, the dis- cularly impressed by one thing. ber of children's science books and tances between earth and sun, and When the professor was 1g and a a subscription to the magazine earth and moon. He understands sophomore in college, he had me- Amateur Astronomer. In the last black holes and knows what the morized the calculated value of :r few years he has read a great surface of Mars looks like. up to 100 decimal places in order many books on scientific subjects. Despite his interest in science, to train his memory. After read- His particular interest in astro- he has not neglected other areas ing thg6,,bqok Xiaohui, who wants nomy and mathematics has been of life. For the past three years to bqg66q a scientist, had com- encouraged by his teachers, who he has been cited by his school for mittq{ltg1;nremory the same list. have arranged visits to the plane- excell€nce in his studies, his The,,pgo.fessor immediately called tarium and helped him to construct overall work record and his physi- for pens and paper. "We'll have a telescope. His ambition right cal condition u

JANUARY T982 23 ---l

Fei Xiaotor^g X{onored with E[uxl.q, &ledal im London HIA\tOUS Chinese socio- g' anth: cpol-rgi-qt Fei Xiao- tong received the Thornas tr{' Huxley i{enroriai Mecial frorri "tlie Royal AnthroPologlcal Instiiute in London on I{ovember 18, 1981. The lai in- \ highest atadernic honor in \ anihroPologY, the 1 ternational \,: awarel vras established in 1900 io cornmemoraie Thomas H. .' ,\ I{uxley, noied Eriiish na- 1:4 luraiist. Professor Fei is ihe r Blr first Ctrinese so honored' Fei Xiaotong s"uudied sociology at Yanjir.g and Qinghua .".,,.ni utriversit,ies and receir.'r:d a dortorate in anthroPologY in the London School After 45 years Prof. Fei revisited the villagie together rvith sis&er Fei Dasheng 1S38 from (center) of Econon:ics, rYhere he and wife Meng Yin" Zhou Yunou worked. under famous anthropoiogist Bronislaw Mal.irrowski. Iiis doctoral dissertation "Peasant LiIe in China" was bascd on a scientific su-rvey he had conducted before going abroad {,hf mese of the rural village of Kaixiangong near his horne- torvn in Jiangsu Province' The dissertation was im- $$cge's ffirs rnediateiy P';blished in Eng- land, becoming a classic in ihe fiejd" Professor Fei is president of the Chinese F'EI XIAOTOI{G Sociology Association ancl leader of thre elfort to re- establish sociologY as an aca- ' the dis- [Ripe lields of sape promise a Bood demic discipiine after harvest for Kaixiaugot'lg Zhttu Yungu ruptions a.f. the "culturai revoiuticn." TZAIXIAIIGONG. near mli ()wn In 195?, Fei Xiaotong re- A\ ur.rlrr,ace, is the viiiagc u'hert' visited Kaixiangong un{ier' I eonducted fi.eldwork ln 193t3. L{y then the auspices of the doctoral dissertation at the Londc'n of Econonriqs oI the Institute Economics, under the Chinese AcademY of Sciences, Schooi of and in September 1980 the U,t".1ie;r {lf Protessor Bronisia'"," ?3-year-cld scholar vjsi+,ed Malinorvski, was based on tiris the viile.ge fcr the thrrd tirne. survey and was Putlished in Ilis article Provides a win- Engtrish in 1938 under the tittre on the enormous changes dor.v Peasant T,ife tn Chin'a. In Gctober eountrYside over in Cirirra's chance to stud;r the past halt centur:1r. trt is 1980 t had a tirne condensed arrd adaPteil from I{aixiangong for the third his November l.981 sPeech a

Inside the brigade silk-reeling ntill Ziioir \. tt noii ;!'

JANUARY 1982 ,E basic improvernents in farmland unacquainted local conditions ; gest that the population will reach and irrigation systems, including and the teftist "vithemphasis on absolute 1.2 billion by the end of the cen- electric-powered pumpi,ng f acilities. egalitarianism. The average income tury, and the vast majoritY percent wiU live in the- As a result, grain production in of the villagers in 1976 thus some 80 - Kaixiangong increased at an an- lingered around 114 yuan. rural areas. This is a basrc fact nual rate of 8.25 percent during The major policy changes in- from which all plans and theories 'l and the five-year period from 1962 to troduced in 9?8 finallY removed about the Chinese economy 1966. The village industry of the various negative effects of the society must flow. sericulture and silk reeling, which leftist phase. Since then, economic had a long tradition in Kai- production in rural areas like Diversification xiangong, was noi only restored Kaixiangong has entered a new The per capita income of but further expanded. Commune and promising phase of develoP- Kaixiangong in 1980 approached members thus enjoyed an average ment. By 1980 the average YeariY 300 yuan, about three times the annual income of 119 yuan by 1966. total of tood grains available to national average. But as late as had Many villagers reterreC to 1962 the peasants of Kaixiangong 1978, Kaixiangong per capita in- as the turning point in their increasep to 500 kilograms' come remained at 114 yuan. How, national level, although long period stagnation, economic f ortunes. "From this On a after a of output since liberation in year on," they told rne. "rn'e could agricultural did the villagers succed has'increased by 169 Percent na- enriching themselves so quickly? tir:nwide, the growth rate f or' As early as 1936 I noted the individual shares of grains has only importance of village industries as increased by 52 Percent' As late a means to raise the standard of as 1980, the average YearlY living in rural areas, During my individual share of grains per per- 1957 visit to Kaixiangong, I be- son in China was 273.7 kilograms, came concerned about the tendency in contrast to Kaixiangong's 500. to neglect peasant sideline oc- Some agriculturally underdevelop' cupations and about the lack of ed regions in China thus, have official support. . Much of the yet to solve the Problem of hunger' increase in peasant incomes in And the Primary reason for the Kaixiangong since 1978 can be imbalance between China's dra- explained by a shift away from matic increases in food production a single-Iine concentration on and the availabilitY of food to the cultivating food crops to a new, peasants can be found in the pluralistic approach. The collective similarly dramatic'increases in the economy absorbed and expanded poplrlation' Food produc- the peasants' side occuPation of Chinese publicly- tion has onlY just kePt uP with cocoon cultivation into a owned in

reached J.,747 yuan, or an average to the cluster of 250 households in consumer goods including fur- of 582.3 yuan per member. While the southern part of the viltage niture, clothing and- other items this income is higher than average. adding, I confess, considerable- for the 800 million people of the- this is not a particularly wealthy confusion to the already chdotic rural areas. household by village standards. layout of the settlement. And many more villagers told me of their Housing intentions to spend their savings Collective Economy on new With the basic problems of food housing. But to focus on individual side- A wedding is also occasion and ciothing solved, and with the line production is to focus on oniy to add new pieces of furniture many peasants now able to save part of the story of the economic to the household beds, tables, substantial sums, new demands recovery a chairs, wardrobes- and so on. I of Kaixiangong. For have been created. Housing. in- major part of the peasants' income made a quick survey of newlyweds' cluding both buildings and fur- living quarters still comes frorn the village's col- nishings. has become the major to estimate the value of each household's invest- lective economJ/, and i,n recent new" concern. N[ost villagers are -bride's ment (the family actually years changes in this area have still living in the same houses I contributes the rnajor share of the also been great. saw' during my 1936 survey. The expense for furnishings, while the Within the collective economy, houses are not only rather more groom's family provides the living there are three major sources of dilapidated, but they also house quarters). According to my calcula- income: income deriving from considerably more people. Premises tions, the expenditure on furnish- partieipation in agricultural pro- which I clearly remember housing ings for each newlywed couple duction, income derived from three families sometim.es now production on house ten. exceeded 2,000 yuan. Such ex- sideline based agricultural production, in- Tradi.tionally, when young travagance in a village that has and only recently come couples marry, they take up resi- won the battle for derived frorn collective in- dence with the young man's family. subSistence might justifiably be dustries. In the past, with s6vings scarce criticized. But it may also be In Kaixiangong, agricultural and a housing shbrtage, villagers regarded as an important and production and sideline ol' in- were faced with the alternative of long-overdue process of renova- dustrial production had been the postponing their sons' weddings or tion in the broad cycle of village pr:imary mode of production since dividing their already srnall living 1ife, and most of the furniture 1950. The reintroduetion of the quarters _..to provide a separate represents major investments for colieetive raising of silkworms room for the newlyweds. To

JANUARY 1982 27 I

40 from versus sideline Production was restoration of sericulture in Kai- production and Percent bY collective industries. 8?.8:11.9. xiangong was made Possible Since 19?8, the agriculturai the newtry instaiied electric powered which lrans- Two Conclusions sector o[ the co]lective er:onomy in puinping facilities, flooded Kaixiangong has exPanded. The formerl a iarge traet of Two conclusions emerge. The into mulberrY groves. But the tendeucy tow-ards ul,tra-Left egali- area first is the necessity of preserving prospect of further increases in tarianism has ended. Now, rather and expanding collective Produc- mr-riberry acreage in Kaixiangong than equal paY regardless of work tion in rural China. While a sub- appears as bleak as further in- in agrlcultural production, peasants stantial increase in peasant income creases in the outPut of grain. are paid on the basis of actual can indeed be attributed to in- It is n ithin this eontext that work performed, and their en* dividual side[ne activities, a the new promise of collectivelY portion of that increase thusiasm for participatiorr in col- significant organized rural industrY must be has come from increases in coI- iective agricultural production has understood. CollectivelY owned lective activities. In Kaixiangong commensuratelY increased. rural industries in China maY be the individual's average share of Agricultural organization in the divided into two categories: in income frorn colleetive production now emPhasizes industries Kaixiangong tirst category are those reached 150 yuan in 1979 a 33.3 Ior agri- - individual responsibility Pro- involved in processing local percent rise from the 1978 level. remain aol- in- drrction. The fields cultural products.' The silk Second is the imPorta'nce of of good lec'Lively owned, but a numtrer dustry in Kaixiangong is a developing and fostering rural assume ma,jor responsi* second tYPe of rural trouseholds example. The industry in China. In a PoPulous biiity jointly for certain tracts of lndustry has evolved largely in vil- country such as China, once the land. Under these new Policies, lages located close to cities, where basic problem cif subsistence is collective agricultural production urban factori.es have coritracted solved, a major solution to the bY brigade' work- in Kaixiangong has increased with comrnune or problem of rural PovertY rnust be eS.2 percent betrveen 19?B and .shops to manufacture Parts for to spread a great varietY of radio 1979. Incorne trorn sideline col- bicycles, sewing machines, smaller scale industries throughout lective enterprises such as silkworm sets, and the like. This latter type the vast rural areas rather than to production has also inereased, and seems tc have a bright future. concentrate a small number of new coi- rrr,'ith it indirridual incorne. In l{aixiangong several Iarge industries in the big cities. lectiveJ.y owned industries were What is happening todaY in Kai- trmportance of Eural Industrie$ introduced in 19?9: two soYbean xiangong is also haPPening- in But beneath the successful miltrs, one siJ.k reeling filature, and 'many other Parts of China, as development of collectivelY or- one silk weaving workshoP. While formerly impoverished brigades ganized agriculture and sideiine all three sectors of the collective break out of cYcles of Poverty production are cruel and ines- ecorromy have registered increased through sideline enterPrises and eapable faets. Not oniY is the Price output, the pi:oportion of individual rural industries. of grain low, therebY restricting peasant incomes derived from the The introduction of rural in- the amount of income to be derir,"ed coilective agricultural sector has dustry has the effect of increasing frorn its produr:tion, br"rt in many declined while the ProPortion the ratio of industrial labor in th'e parts of China, including Kai- derived. from agricultural sideline national economy, but it also avoids xiangong, the limits of agricultural production and industrY have an excessive concentration of growth have been, oI'are about to incleased. To take'one of Kai- population in urban centers' In- be, reached. xiangong's Produetion brigades troduetion of rurai industrY thus foIoreover, some of the un- as an exarnple, in 1979 the col- leads to the elirnination of a'n favorable f actors which have lective income from agriculture, otherwise potentially widening gap restricted the growth of grain sitleline production, and rural between workers and Peasants-' production also cast a shadow on industries u,ere 50.3 pereent, 22.6 Whai I found in Kaixiangong is those sideline occupations whicl'I pel'cent and 26.6 Percent resPec- particularly exciting to me. now depend on agriculiural Products tivel-"*. By the end of 1980, with N{y dream of many Years is we are wit- such as raising Pigs and PoultrY, the introduction of new collective ernerging as realitY; which depend on sr.lrpius grains. industries, 41 percent of collective nessing the beginning of'the in- and raising siLkworms, which income was from agricuiture, 19 d,ustrialization of the Chinese D depend on mu}berrY leaves. The pereent from agricultural sideline countryside. CEIINA RECONSTRUCTS 28 .J *&D,"

"@..t'-1;i\a- ;:'-

d-bNLY 3(I l,sars dflil. Trbet's betw'een Xining and Herkai. The eon$itrllction \f, Iorbirtdi;rg had to be conserved r:[inrate and terrain proi€ct was discontinued during carefully and brough.t in from made il one of ihe rnost world's the "culiural revoluiion," l>ut cther al'eas. Over {r;ur-yea:: inacct-.ssible pia.es. Tho-qe a same crinstructior-r resumed in 1g?5" perioC truc!, teams tr.anspol'teri conclitions have mar,le the 'r:ruilding c.r,er' 21.i urillion tons oI waiel. and of a raiiroeri extr-en-reiy diflicult. Conquering Natrrrc iogged :iorne 1"550,0S4 The co-mpletion krn. in of the first siage tnileage, Tire region is o{ten of t}:e proiected Aithough the ner.v iine rec;uired }:ii Qinghai-Tibel L,y sancistornts. and there ar"e gale- ttailway th.us represents nct only iess earth*moving than a nu;li-tler force winds as much iis; daysi a real boon to ihe locai people, of oiher projecis. the treachei'ous ?0 br.rt per year. I{eu, t.oadi:eels -.i/ere also ir cons.jderable. enqiteering ciimi.rte anci ccnrplex tet,rain mad-e sometiroes leat. Tiris lhis {}ne destrr:y-etl or 'our.!e,;i first stage covers the of the most difficult uncier sanci overniqhj. ii34 5 kilometers beLween Xining, raiiway construction pr'o.iects ever capltal ol Qinghai province. a.nd undertaken by Chincse englrreers, Golir:uC. gatervay Lo Tibet; the The project's depuiy chiel engineer' Iine u,il1 laier be extended to Chen Yanwu. a ve'rerar: of Inside the Mt. Guarriia{, iunnel. Lhasa, Titret's cepitel. difficult mountainous terrains in !,tti. Xtr,tat In the early years a{ter iiber.a- Sichuan and other places, sur,r- tion Tibet's iir:t modern r<;ad, the marizes the dis.?dvantages in four Qinghai*Tibet Highway. ended ihe words: higtr, cold, arid and windy. region's almosl total jsoiaticn But In light of these conditions, mili- even higtrwa;r iravei is siow; a bus iary units were assigned tc takes abou.t 15 d.ays to travel the corrstruct,ion work. roacl's 1,600-km. lengrh And the it'Iost of the l,rorksite was 3,000 lo\Ar oxygen coiltenl. of the air or more n:eters above sea level, rneans that irriernal cornbu.stion and construction u,orleers suffe!'ed €ngines operate si 30 percent from the high altitude and lack of belou, capacity, thus con-qurning- oxygen. trVoi'k continued despite excessive amoun'rs of gascriine. chronic attacks t;f Cizziness. Ilaii transport is thus a rnuch latigue, nausea, loss of appetiie faster and m.Jre gconomi.cal wav and other Ciscomlorts. The six- t:f rnr:ving people and g.ood.s intl rnonih season of intensive coki and out of tl:e region. The firct shortened the period when crrn- railway surve_y by Chinese gen- struction cauid be done at all. Low logists and engineers was com- ternperatures affected tools and pletecl by thc ear.l3'lg60s. and mater:i*ls and necessitated consian.i: some l$tl km. of track was laid checking of the quality of the wo!:k.

CI-{EN fiINONG ia- a staff reperter E6r The aridit5' of sgrne sectiqrrs Chlna Reconstructs. meant that r.yo-ter. for drinking anel

JANUARV 1982 The builders constantly devised Because of the lack of oxygen and salt, which averagd 18 meters new methods to deal with local the dampness, one could not even thick. Each square meter of salt conditions. Eour piers had to be strike a match. After hours of can support a 42.5-ton Pressure! built across the Junhe River in working in these conditions, work- twice the tensile strength of or- the dead of winter:. Short of con- ers often felt dizzy or even dinary soil, but the salt had to be ventional fuels, construction crews f ainted." stabilized. The builders compacted hauled several tons of yak dung In 1975 a cave-in trapped 127 the salt surface with rollers, from nearby grasslands. The im- workers in a tunnel. A huge rnass blasted salt "rocks" on elther side provised fuel was used to thaw the bf earth and stone had to be re- of the railway, and piled them uP frozen ground so that foundations moved, but underground water was as roadbed on which salt water was could be dug. Heated sand and rising constantly" Yuan himself poured to harden it. FinallY, a gravel were used to melt ice from was a mernber of the rescue team layer of gravel was laid on toP' prevent steel plates and to the who dug frantically for .14 hours On both lakeshores, sections of water from mixture of cement and to reach the trapped workers, and fine sand saturated with water at sections the freezing, Small of it was he who first crawled freezing temperatures presented piers- were prefabricated indoors through the passage to contact another problem. The ice seemed and then put together in the oPen. them. A1l 127 were brought safely hard, but even a little vibration back to the surface. affected its stability, and of course The tunnel took a year to dig. A Mountain Tunnel the ice would melt eventually. The It was lined with reinforced con- builders used a vibrating Pile crete before track was laid. But Mt. Guanjiao, 3,700 meters above driver to cornpress gravel into was not over. sea level, stands between the great even then the work pipes and then drive the PiPes into Tianjun grassland and the Tsai- A later trial run showed signs of the ground. This increased the tunnel dam Basin. A 4,000-meter tunnel distortion in the track and density of the soil and raised the through the mountain was one of due to expansion of the rock per-unit bearing capacitY" Ten the builders' most serious chal- strata, and repairs and Preventive months of hard *'ork were re- Ienges. measures had to be taken before quired to drive 56,000 pipes into Young construction worker the tunnel was safe for trains. the ground and fill them with Yuan W'uxie explained the Prob- 48,000 cubic meters of gravel. lems: "The tunnel passes through the northern lakeshore was Salt Lake On 11 separate faults; moreover, the a karst section in which under- rock there is mostly limestone and ground water had created a num- minerals which The most unusual geological schists containing ber of holes, many of which were regularly when water feature the railwaymen encoun- expand invisible from the surface. The seeps down from above. DesPite tered was Charhan Salt Lake, com- had to search meter bY our best efforts, we exPerienced posed not of water but of crystal- builders some minor cave-ins. So lized salt formed by centuries of meter, eventually finding 130 major and them with much underground water ac- evaporation. Some 30 km. of 1,100 holes and filling to make cumulated in the tunnel that in a track had to be laid across the corrosion-proof Pebbles, for 24-hour perioci some 10,000 cubie lake, and construction methods the karst a solid foundation meters had to be PumPed out. had to be adapted to the laYers of the roadbed.

Sketch rnap 0f the new railway

Deli

Xininf

Sketch Mup h.,- Licrrt Zertgbttit

CHINA EECONSTRUCTS 30 J,

A ceremony marks thc arrival of the fil'st train at Golmud station Li ,/.ltIttgltLtt

Track maintenance. ll tn,! .\ ituttirt l'ibetans present mill( tea to the railwa,vmen. lI ttng .\ituttitr -t train llir:;scs nrar the north shore of {l irruh a i [,:t kc. ll tttt't \itttttitt

Ritiing in comtbrt ll urt! \ irtinitt The last stage of construction house" because of its rich but Golmurcl. the terminus the was the building of of communica- largely untapped deposits of oil. first stage of the railway, was tions and support equipment along natural gas, non-ferrous metals. formerly a grazing ground. the railway iine, including and is hos- chemical raw materials and salt. now the second largest city in pitals and living quarters for Before the new r-ailway. transpot-- Qinghai province. Population has raihvay workers and staff . On lation costs made the expioitation jumped from 1,000 to 120,000. July 28, 1979, the section was c.rm- these Along its iree-lined streets are pleted. and local people wer.e in- of resources uneconomical, department stores, office buildings, vited to mark the opening. Tibetan Now things have changed. A large schools, movie theaters and apart- and lVlongolian herdsmen dressed zinc and lead mine has been ment buildings. Golmud has be- in their holiiiay best rode to the opened, r,vith a special spur linking come transport com- ceremony on horseback. They it to the main railway line. The the and munications presented lailway workers with government Ls setting up an in- hub iinking western local delicacies and small gifts tegrated enterprise for non-ferrous Qinghai with Tibet, Gansu and Xinjiang, and transfer station .symbolizing good luck Many took metals which will eventually a for all cargo moving into and out their first train lides. include rnining, ore dressing and of products" medi- smelting operatioris. Tibet. Animal cinal herbs and other Tibetan Opening the'Treasure-flouse' Tsaidam Basin means "salt goods pass through the city on The marsh" in Mongolian. and the excitement of the Iocal peo- their way to other parts of China. pie area has over 30 lakes, 24 of them is not hard to understand, for Sorne 80 percent of the govern- the new railway salt lakes which have consi"derable will have enor- ment material aid sent to Tibet is mous economic pcltential. impact on the economy of the Special spurs first shipped to Golmud by raii region. Delingha means "vastness" have linked the biggest lakes with and then sent Mongolian, on to Lhasa by in and this boundless the new railway. On one of these tr:uck- grassland once housed only the lakes is the Charhan Potassium A Tibetan official says, scattered tents of herdsmen. With Fertilizer city Plant, which has an an- ''The railway is playing an im- the development of the economy nual output of 300.000 tons. In portant role in our economic and the construction of the high- past, the truck transport used to development. in improving peo- way to the region, Delingha be- . cost the plant 200 yuan per ton; ple's livetihood, in strengthening came the township capital of the by rail, 50 yuan per ton is enough ties between Tibet and the central Haixi Autonomous Prefecture and to transport fertilizer to Xining. government, and in national the center of its thriving pastoral The government is planning to area. defense. We Tibetans are really build a large chemical plant eager to see the early completion But with the high cost and in- nearby. of the railway to Lhasa." convenience of truck transport, tr few of its animal products could be shipped out to other parts of Despite high-altituale operating difficultics, mechanized equipment China. In one county, some 70 construction. speeiled percent of the able-bodied workers Wong Xinian were needed just to do transport work. Dri.ven overland to Xining, many yaks and sheep either died or lost signifieant amounts of weight. With the railway at hand, a new cold storage faciiity has been built. Now every year some 50,000 head of yak and sheep can be slaughtered, put in cold storage, and then shipped by train. This has increased the region's output by some 150 tons of mutton and beef per year. It is also much easier now to bring things in from outside. Minnows from Xining have been used to stock a large freshwater lake in west Delingha which now raises enough fish to sUpply the whole area. Some -people refer to the Tsaidam Basin as a "treasure-

JANUARY T982 33 sequently, Dr. Rosen had opposed the Korean war and the hostiiity of the U.S. government of the time to the new China, and been sub- Trihute to a Piomeen jected to McCarthyite persecution. Prof. Bai Xiuming, president of the Chinese Medical Association, A good friend of China died in Washington, added that this cause told how, after the improvement November 1981. concerns not only the interests of f!- neijing on 5, of US-China relations, the Rosens, Rosen, world-famous great peopies and great Dr. Samuel two two finally able to come to China, American ear surgeon, suffered a countries, but also world peace. often led medical groups f or sudden ruptured aneurism of the Since the normalization of d.iplo- exchanges with Chinese rnedical aorta while on his ninth visit to matic progress had been ties, personnel, donated medical equiP- China. He was 84. made. But much work still had to ment Chinese institutions and At the solemn memorial service be done in Dr. Rosen's spirit. to helped Chinese doctors undertake in Beijing on November 11, Uni.ted States Ambassador the States. China's Vice-Premier and Minrsrel: Arthur William llummel, Jr., said further study in United Huang Hua Dr. George Hatem (Ma Haide) of Foreign Affairs that Dr. Rosen's contributions to q7lif- said in part: science and public health had said in the course of a eulog5r "Dr. Rosen worked and studied benefited the U.S., China and the ten by Rewi Alley on behalf of tirelessly to alleviate the pain of world. For some 50 years, he had himself and Dr. Hans Muller (all his patients and to benefit the also contributed to friendship and three old friends of the deceased) people. . Since the 1930s, he fol- understanding between the two "Sam was never a romantic lowed with warm interest the countries, surmounting rnany dif- but a straight-thinking, down-to' development of the Chinese peo- ficulties. Due to various circurn- earth American scientist, knowing ple's liberation cause, confident that reality must be built on that aII the sufferings and hui.r-ri- reality, and that many enormous liation to which the Chinese problems had to be faced. IIe was people had been subjected would always thrilled when he encoun- eventually be ended. tered solid successes in his China "Dr. Rosen rejoiced al the travels, each one a vindication of progress in the People's Republic his belief in China today." of China. IIe was invited to China in 1964, but did not make it be- T-\R. ROSEN worked to make the cause of man-made obstacles IJ *o116 a better place for peo- knorn'n to all at the time. In 19?1, ple, said noted author Han SuYin. when I was Chinese ambassador to There was no smallness in his Canada I was instructed to write make-up. To be with hirn was joy, laughter and source of hoPe' inviting him and his wife Helen Dr, Samuel Rosen and Mrs. flelen Rosen to visit China. On the very Rosen in Beijing, tr981. Helen Rosen spoke last; "Sam next day after he received my was a simple man. He haPPened letter he flew to Ottawa for their to be a proud American who be- stances, rnany persons in the U.S. visas. lieved in the concept of freedom government had been able to joirt added, and justice for all. He believed "In Beijing," he "Pre- during the in such efforts only men and women the world over mier Zhou Enlai had thanked past ten years. Now hundreds of were good people, and Worked for them for their sympathy and sup- millions of people, on both sides of same t,hings. In the Chinese port." the ocean, were doing so. the Recalling the close personal peopile, he found the struggle for friendship he had formed with Dr. LfOW Dr. Rosen had helPed human decency on a verY high Rosen, Huang Hua went on: "We II O.- Norman Bethune raise level." should learn from his devotion to money for medical supPlies f or The couple's son Dl'. John Rosen the enhancement of the friendship China's liberated areas during her and daughter Judy H,uben were between the Chinese and American war of resistance to JaPan after present at the meeting, as were peoples. Let us continue to make 1937 was recalled by Hou Tong, some 200 Chinese and foreign joint efforts and surmount the ob- vice-president of the Chinese Peo- friends, cotrIea$ues and adrnirers of stacles along the road so as to fur- ple's Association for FriendshiP Dr. Rosen. ther advance this friendship." with Foreign Countries. It was At the wish of He1en Eosen, Huang Zhen, chairman of then that Dr. Rosen began his long'' part of Dr. Rosen's ashes will be China's Commissiori for Cultural friendship with Soong Ching Ling, returned to the United States Relations with Foreign Countries the late Honorary Chairman of the while the other Part will be srat' and former Chinese ambassador to People's Republic of China. Sub- tered over the Iand of China. tr

RECONSTRUCTS 34 CHINA LisE Eaoehfi

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rytHE news that Dr. Lin Qiaozhi Dr. Lin once more studied ihe i had been hospitalized came as Iab slides, and although the divi- a shock to many people. sion of the cells' nuclei was The 8l-year-old Lin is China's abnormal, all" signs were not typ- best-known obstetricianigynecolo- ical of eancer. I.{er years of clin- gist; the first chilCren she brought ical experience told her that rnany into the world are now in their pregnant women exhibited abnor- fifties. She has trained more than malities which later disappeared; a generation of physicians, includ- it might be caneer, it might not. Dr. [.in ing specialists of wide reflown Prompted by a rigorous sense of Qiaozhi who are a major force in Chinese duty, she rnade up her mind to medicine. She hersel.f never mar- allow the pregnancy to continue and tossed on the brick bed. The ried or gave birth, but in another so long as the mother was not amniotic fluid had already burst, sense she has given life to endangered" The decision would but the child would not corrie" The thousands. rnean considerable work on her woman's eyes were glazed; her Dr. Lin is now recuperating at part and the risk of serious critic- face had turned blue. The family Capital Hospitai, the successor in- ism if something went wroi:fg. was desperate. They obviously stitution to the famed Peking As the woman came for weekly could not afford the services of a Union Medical Coilege (P.U.M.C.) examinations, there was no sign doctor, but with the woman's life where she began her medical of further growth of the 'tumor. at stake they were ready to pay career 60 years ago and spent 50 The child was l:orn and the symp- any price. years of her professional life. toms disappeared. Fuil of grati- The woman was in poor physical During her present illness former tude, the new mother and her shape, having had little food or studeqts, former patlents, relatives husband narned the child Nianlin proper care during pregnancy. and close friends visiting her (in remernbrance of Lin) one of Now she was as weak as a candle bedside have recalled scene after the earliest of Dr. Lin's- many flame in the wind, Dr. Lin set to scene of her past life. namesakes. work. The baby was born in tlre After the outbreak of the Pacific middle of the night, and the Life Is What Matters war, the P.U.M.C. closed. For a woman fell into a deep sleep. Some time before China's time Dr. Lin headed the depart- When the famiiy timidly asked the exhausted liberation in 1949, a. woman three ment of gy*necology at Zhong He, Dr. Lin what the charge mohths pregnant came to the a private hospitai where the 'uvould be, she quietly laid some P"U.M.C. with a sudden he- wards wene divided into lst, 2nd banknotes on the table. The morrhage of the uterus. Examina- and 3rd classes. Dr" Lin ignored woman would need nutritious food tion revealeC a cervical tumor, and such distinctions,. giving equal after such a delivery. time anC attention to patients re- a biopsy showed signs of ma- Always on Call lignancy. The usual practice in gardless ot their ability to pay. such cases was to perform an im- Once she saved the lives of a Dr. Lin once joked that she has mediate uterectomy. But when wornan and her baby from a 3rd been "on dufir" alj. her life. In her Dr. Lin learned that the woman class ward. The child's father younger days she would stay with had no children and that her thanked her, then haltingly added a patient from the moment the husband was an only son, she was that he could never afford the fees lAtter was placed on the delivery fiiled with sympathy. In semr- dute a high-c1ass doctor. Dr. Lin table to the baby's birth. She still feudal old China, the wite of an immediately sent a note to ttle follows throDgh on all eases only son who failed to carry c,n the hospital cashier saying there passing through her hands. She ancestral li.ne would likely suffer would be no charge for this case. has a telephone at her bedside, unbearable discr,imination and One night, also during the and insists that doctors on duty called. a Ea,ltreatment. Pacific war, she was to report ali developments to her, tiny courtyard in Beijing. In a even at night. Sometimes when a SA YUI{ is a reporter for the newsp&- smatrl damp room, lit dimly by a doctor unwiliing to disturb her per Ifealth. kerosene larnp, a woman moaned rest fails to ring her up, she

JANUARY 1982 35 t'

Lin Qiaozhi was born in 1900 to a comparatively well-off family in the city of Gulangyu in southeast China's Fujian province. The first half of her life was sPent in the semi-feudal, semi-colonial old China. Ttre ynung Lin made uP her mind to learn a Professional skill that would benefit her country and people. Despite the prejudices against career women in those Years she managed to pass the entrance exams at the P.U.M"C. medical school and after eight Years ol hard work graduated at the toP of her class. The only Positions then held by women at the P.U.M.C. Younger doctors have learned much from Dr. Lin's rigorously ihorough examina: were nursing iobs. And a nurse empathetic relations with pati€nts. Zhang Naijia -tions and from her was discharged if she got married. Lin Qiaozhi faced a ditf icult She paradoxically doesn't sleep well all the woman in labor maY often choice: family or career. chose medicine. She became the night. ) have a decisive effect. For years, Dr. Lin hasn't had a Although Dr. Lin has long since first woman intern at P.U.M.C.' single Sunday to hersell. Even on achieved fame, she still conducts and some years later chief of the such hoiidays as National DaY and detailed personal examinations, department of gYnecologY and in all the Spring Festival she comes to Iistening carefully to patients' ob.stetrics - the first woman the hospital to see Patients. When descriptions of symptoms and of China to hold such a Post. people try to persuade her to slow writing complete case histories. On the eve of iiberation, some down in recognition of her age, She maintains that this scientific people, not knowing what to she says, "I'm not u.sed to staYing approach to diagnosi$ and treat- expect from the Communist PartY' hr:me. Even one daY at home ment cannot be scanted. She has began to leave the mainland' One makes me feel like a babY de- amassed a wealth of clinical know- of Lin Qiaozhi's students tried to prived of its miLk." Friends and iedge, and her diagnoses are persuade Lin to leave, but she relatives have often PrePared greatly respected. She receives declined: "Where would I go? I'm sumptuous meals to celebrate her many letters from former students Chinese. Life would be difficult no birthday or other occasions only to asking her advice, and scrupulous- matter where I went. If things have her.leave them in resPonse ly answers all of them. turn out well for China, I'll share to a hospital caII. She saYs that good not, I'lI sutfer A Doctor's Life in the life. If babies born on her birthdaY are her. MY whole could together with the best presents anyone Recently it was suggested that in with mY work. give existence is tied her. she write a book, but Dr. Lin believe the Com- offended bY the And I can't Dr. Lin is would not take the time from her munists don't want medical expressed idea that occasionally clinical practice. She has written science." In the end Lln convinced there's rnuch to obstetrics not no scholarly volumes, but her in- her student, and both staYed. since women have alwaYs been diseases the depth studies of of Nevertheless, the corruption of the having children anyway. She will reproductive organs have inspired old China had left a great imPres- telt you that this branch of me- students to carrY out more former sion on Lin, and she felt an in- dicine involves the lives and long- research, and she is extensive aversion for term health of both mother and happy over their successes. stinctive Politics" child, toward whom the obstet- Dr. Lin has a rigorous scholarlY When invited to attend the cere- rician bears a special responsi- bent, but she is also a warm and mony of the founding of the new bility. Each wornan behaves dif- cultured person. She loves music, China, she did not go. ferently during childbirth, which enjoys walking tours of the eitY Later, however, the many re- can be full of unpredictable sLlburbs, and is addicted to forms in the poiitical fietd under changes. The welf are of both Shakespeare. She is a kind, doting the new social order and the mother anci infant often hangs on mother to patients and students. advances of the national economy an instant's decision. An obstet- When any young doctor has Prob- had a strong effect on her think- rieian must keep close watch over lems in work, life or marriage, ing. Party cadres sent to work{at the process of birth, and a word of she is always ready with advice or the P.U.M.C. gave her every encouragement or sYmPathY to practical help. attention and assistance and

36 CFIINA RECONSTRUCTS waited patiently for herir,to cortte particularly impressed by the Iate 1954, and to all succeeding con- around. Lin herseif gradually Premier Zhou Enlai and his wife gresses, eventually becoming a came to realize that the Party of- Deng Yingchao and their spirit of member of its Standing Com- fered new hope for her country. self-sacrifice and dedication to the woman ,,The mittee. She is the first She began to tell people. revolution. council member of the Chinese Communist Party has convinced Ultimately Lin Qiaozhi's Academy of Sciences and vice- me." thoughts and syrnpathies became president of the Chinese Academy In the following years, she came completely merged with the of Medical Sciences. Two years into contact with many leading people's revolutionary cause. She ago she was also elected vice- Communists and became fast was elected deputy to the F irst president of the National Women's friends with some. She was National People's Congress held in Federation. tr

reed leaves, and put their houses in order. In some places dragon Ohinaes Maior lfoHdays boat races take place on rivers. Mid-Autumn Fesfival is the harvest celebration. The weather \Y/HAT are China's annual holi- pleasant and flowers are in bloom, is pleasant. the fifteenth day YV On days? New Year's Day, Inter- so it is a good time for people to of the eighth lunar month, the national Women's Day, Interna- go on outings. moon is bright and round. People tioral Labor Day, and Interna- admire moon Dragon Boat Festival is on the the full moon and eat tional Children's Day are celebrat- cakes (a kind of round cake filled fifth day of the ed in many parts of the world. fifth ltnar month. with sugar, peanuts and walnuts). The anniversaries of the founding People eat zongzi, a pyramid- Many minority nationalities also of the Chinese Communist Party, shaped dumpling made of glutin- celebrate a number of other tradi- of the People's Liberation Army ous rice wrapped in bamboo or tional festivals. and of the People's Republic of China are national holidays reflecting China's recent history. In cHINA',S MAJOR HOLIDAYS (1982) addition, there are a number of old traditional f estivals whose dates in lunar work calendar holitlay are determi.ned by the lunar holiilay calendar; New Year's Day 1 day Spring Festival is the most important of the traditional festivals, lst, lst montb Spring Festival 3 days celebrated with a variety of feasts, entertainments and sports events. 15th, 1st month Lantern Festival It is also a time for family reunions. Whole families often eat International Wornen's 1 day festive dinners and sit up late or Day for women even all night to greet the lunar New Year. From the first to the 12th, Srd mon Pure Brightness Festival third days of the festival, people visit family and friends to ex- International Labor Day change New Year's greetings. Lantern Festival means that in Youth Day many places gatherings', "lantern International are held, with various kinds of col- Children's 1 day Day for children ored paper lanterns on display. Yuaneiao (sweet dumplings rnade 5th, 5th month Dragon Boat F'estival of glutinous rice flour and symbolizing "reunion") are eaten that Anniversary of the found- night. ing of the Chinese Qingming (Pure Brightness) is Communist Party the traditional time for honoring the dead. In rural areas it marks Army Day the start of spring plowing. Nowa- day$,1 revolutionary martyrs are 15th, Bth month Mid-Autumn Festival often commemorated on that day. National Day In most of China the weather is

JANUARY 1982 37 6 ffiffiwre ffiffi ffi ffi sffiw&m

Su tlao lnmer Flongolian desert, shif iing s&$r* d&des are beiEg fixeal im ple.ce by $lan$ing frees and gra.ss- Xlnhu* -. -'-.ir"* Sorne 38,40$,0S0 squcre ki{ottt€t€rs-.cf sudqce todoy is threoteneci by desertiiicotion * the tre*5.{Erm#tlsflt1 productive lond into orid, desert-like oracs tl',rough n,erc I'*J'l oifect 1i1a snvipqnment' Desert oreos ore exoonding ot o of 50 iiuore kitorneters o yeqr' Sonne 32,5 per++nt of the offected srrqqsr',Ere-ini &i s 197? united Noiions conference on desettdeselt contiolcontioi inrn t\oirobr'F,loirobi, '' iook note thot Chino hod cchieved some remorkobie succeises i Lorqe stretches of Chino's ncrth, northeost ond northwest ore covered with deserts." The ond ether deserts r:ccupy 1,490,000 squore kilometers, consti- cobi percent percent of notion's totol iond ores. !n north Chino,3.4Chino, 3.4 P-ercent group left Beljing or1 tuting 15,5 the of thie+h"- iond,'orlnnd n. .328,3Cr0??8.1alo squore

50 CHINA RECONSTRLTCI'S shifting sand into fixed dunes,bv planting trees on them. Crass seed sown around the dunes will also help slabilize the sand.,, The visiting experts, farni.liar with desert control methods through their : ?.'-:.:. own experlence, expressed great interest.

Protecting Farmland When the group visited Huang- hua Tala commune (,,Ir_rvely' pasture lands" in Mongolian), r' j !.'i:"r.i commune head Harbars told them, "Years ago this area was all pastureland. But excessive graz- 't;f _ .l{:t*;. ,. ing destroyed vegetation and ,,'1 gradually the land was covered Along lhe Baotou-Lanzhou railway, grirss with shifting sands We learned give is planted in checkerboard grids to nerv seedlings protection froni the wind. Xinhua that we cannot live on this land unless we plant trees to proteet it. " The cornmune began to plant forestry system combines shrubs important tc locai residents is planted patches shelterbelts only ten years ago in and the shel- that the sand is now outside the There are now 15 fields measuring telbelt trees. Pianting is done ac- city rather than blowing through 50 X 50 meters surrounded cording to scientific plan in order the city streets. In the past every by stabilize narrow poplar shelterbelts 20-80 to shifting sand dunes. tirne the wind blew and that Over 10.000 hectares 50 percent was on average - meters wide and 7-10 meters high. of - 42 days out of the In the fields corn, scrghum, miilet the total land are now year, for five day-s at a time covered - - and wheat had been planted with trees or shrubs; the Chifeng was enveloped in clouds and remainder pasture were doing is natural and of d.ust and sand. Houses were we1l. Trees and shrubs farmland. had been planted in pasturelands buried. Cars inched along in broad daylight protected by the shelterbelt with their headlights on. The sandstorms system, The shrub leaves were Protecting Cities played havoc with industry, economy being used for winter fodder. and the and Chifeng (Ulanhad). is a rising in- domestic life. Winds drove the Caragana korshi,nkii f twigs or dustrial city of Inner Mongolia dunes making baskets. The shelterbelt around the city southeast- surrounded on three sides by sand network has thus not only provid- ward two to ten meters every dunes 20 meters high. What's year. Vegetation ed protection for pastures, but covered less also improved the local supply of food, fodder and rnaterials for the handicraft industry. At ihe l98r international seminar held in China, foreign tification with seientists cliscuss deser- The herdsmen have also set up their Chinese counterparts. Wang Zhimin kuLum, or manmade pastures protected by trees, earthen walls and fences. The grasses planted in the kulums are used for winter cattle feed. Starting in 19?4. the commune has buitt 18 of these pastures with an average yield of 1,875 kg. of grass per hectare. & According to Harbars, a key factor in the protection and development of -local pasturelands has been a readjustrnent of the ratio of farming, animal husbandry and forestry. The areas devoted to.forestry and pastureland have bobiLi :.increased to 7A percent, while the area used. for crcps has been reduced to 20 percent. The

JANUARY ISB2 39 than 10 pei rijril ui' the arLia. and a bcut tlevelopments since the yarr-nuf League. Inner Mongolia. the few meageri lrees aild shrubs farm was esi,ablished 1n 1954, In Both counties began to plant shel- that could take rr-.oL struggled tn the first ferv years farm workers terbelts al:out 30 years ago to surr,rive. had concentrated on planting corrtrol the sands o{ the Ulanbuho Today Chifeng has becorne one grasses which had helped stabi- Desert. "The shelterbelts here.' oI the cleanest cil.ies in China lize the sani, and then moved en explained 53-year-old Ma Sl-rou- Touring the city- the study group tcr trees. Beginning in the 1960s a shou. head of the Bayannur Lea- mernbers admired the coiorlul balancecl planting of coniferous gue sand-pi'otection station, "are shrubs. flourer bed-< planied at crossr-oads and broad-leaved irees. oniy pai-t o{ a grea'r neilvork of i-orested a1'eas and pastureland and ihe p,oplar and wiliow 1,rees shelterbeits planted in 320 coun- had laken place" Some 4.600 lining the streets. The heaps oI banners sti'etching over hectares cf sand dunes have been ties and Iitter and d.ust which onie clog.qed with trees, and vegetation 11 provinces +nd autonoruous le- rnain streets and piled up in cuvened -rmall roverage in the area has reached gions in China's north. northeast lanes nou,here seen. were to be 74.4? percent. A.fforestation has and northwest. When cor.'rp1eted. On the outsklrts of the cit1t. stabilized the shifting sand. ti-ris system will be a great green iocal cifficials proudl;, showed the kilometers iong and broken the force 'irnprovedof the wind. wall 5,?00 group the sou,:ce of all these purified the air, the covering an area of 690,000 hec- changes. On either ride ol the high- clirnate and beautified the envi- tares. This gleen 'Gt'eat, Wall' wiil way stretched sand dunes thickly ronment. "The only way to de- provide protection lrom invaders planted with trees. and thus sta- feat u'ind and sand,'' says Zhao. from the north in the form of bilized. Climbing to the tcg: of ir. "is to piant tre-.es. tlees and more sandstorms." gror.rp see: high dune" ther could trees," During the group's visit, com- the large crescent-niot.rn-sLraped mune mernbers brought out cart- shelterbelt sti'etching troru east tr: Great Green Wal[ Ioads melons, pears and grapes west which is the city's rna,jol of grown oasis areas that had once protection against sar:dstorms. Soine 1,500 km. wesiward of in been rnarkeC by nothing but Zhao Jingyang, head of the Chifeng are the Linhe and ,Deng- Chifeng Forest Farm. talked kou (tsayan Go) couniies of Ba- drifting sands. This visible sign c.rf hurnanity's victory over' the desert set the interni:tional ex* Chinese scientists exaifiine plants specialty selected and bred lor their ability to survive in dry areiis. Xirthua perts to dreaming holl' wonderful it would be if- one daY all the wor'trd's deserts could be turned into blooming oases.

Desert llesearch Station

The Shapotou Desert Research Station is a branctr of the Lan- zhou Desert Research Institute under the Chinese AcademY of .sciences. It is located in Zhong- wei county, Ningxia llui Autono- mous Region, on the southeast .,l,,1_," edge of the Tengger Desert, where the climate is ferociotls. The surface sand reaches temperatures of 74" C in summcr'; winter temperatures reach -30' C- The rate of water evaPoration is 15 times greater than local rain- fall. High winds scour the area 200 days out of every year" What vegetation can possibly grornr ln :i such a climate? The research ..,:.: station is there precisely to find this out. year.s experiment, a r:". After of number species sand"-fixing i; of cf CIIINA RECONSTEUCTS trees and plants which teguire leaving Shapotou Station, the Iittle water have been successfully study group traveled to Lanzhou, cultivated, including Sal,ir flaui- capital of Gansu province, for dis- da, Salir mongolia, Hedgsantm cussions with Professor Zhu and mongolicum and Caragana kor- his colleagues at the institute, shinl*ii.. Today about 2,000 hec- Since 1959 Professor Zhu has tares of vegetated plots are iaid out personally investigated all of in neat patterns around the China's desert areas, bringing station" back data that have greatlY One extremely important devel- advanced understanding of desert opment is visible in the vegetated conditions. His first studY was of areas at the station. Trees and the Taklimakan Desert in Xin- plants do not just act as wind- jiang, which makes uP one-third breaks. They capture dust carried of China's desert area and is the by the wind. The dust falls to the world's second largest after the ground. where it mixes with de- Rub al Khali Desert of the Arab- caying ieaves to form humus ian Peninsula. Since the 1880s Shelterbelts line roads and lields in The humus is so far no- foreign experts had claimed that An*i county. Gansu province. topsoil. Xinhua more than a crust one to five mm. Taklimakan could support no life. thick. But the excited f oreign The four study teams led bY Pro- visitors rubbed pieces of the crust fessor Zhu successfullY refuted this view, and his book Sttzdg on and other natural resources; in their hands and spoke about accom- th.e Geomorphology of the Takli- reclamation could be the implications: a fundamental the con- makan Desert became a classic. plished only by reversing change from sand to soil was tak- caused the place. In the following years Professor ditions that had ing A complete transforma- damage. Specifically. Professor tion might take many years, but Zhu and his colleagues extended investigations to the other Zhu's suggestions are: it was the hope of the future. their land-use desert areas of China, eventualiY 1. Readjustment of An experimental plot established policies, includinE increaseS in on the slope of an oasis near the producing the monumental' Out- great Line oJ Chinese Deserts, 'the first forestry and stockraising over Huanghe River roused in- agriculture in line with local con- terest among the foreign experts. comprehensive description of the distribution, ' development and ditions, and the adoption of aP- The 1O0-meter slope is divideC propriate measures such as affor- lowest regionai characteristics of the de- into three temaces. The estation to promote sand control' nursery, has be- serts. It also suggested measures section, a tree 2. Solving the probJ.em of fuel come fertile land after 15 years of lo bring the deserts under control, sources and protecting vegetation irrigation cultivation. Forty and these ideas were further de- and cover where it sti1l exists. varieties trees from other parts veloped in Desertification Control of 3. Promotion of familY Plan- of China and abroad flourish here. in China and Desertification in North China: A Regional PLan ning so as to control PoPulation The r:niddle section has somewhat for growth reduce the human growing Control. and Iess hospitable conditions pressure on the cultivated land of for young trees transplanted from north China. the bottom terrace. Only the Causes and Solutions These suggestions have received hardiest specimens are moved to wholehearteci support from the growing the top terrace. where Both works argued that the Chinese scientific community and conditions are like those on major cause of the sPread of from the various government de- natural sand dunes. These experi- deserts in north China was irra- partrnents concerned with these ments help scientists determine tional economic activities which matters. The study group, which which trees are most suited to the' hurt the environment. Some 85 had already seen many of these desert and semi-desert areas of percent of the damage was due to ideas successfully put into effect, north China. indiscriminate reclamation of eagerly discussed them with Pro- Iand, herding and the cutting fessor Zhu and his colleagues. Professor Zhu Zhenda down of trees; over 9 Percent was The Chinese experts and work- caused by misuse of water re- erc at the Institute and elsewhere Many scientists have contribut- sources and industrial and mining were delighted to learn from their ed to China's progress in desert activities which damaged vegeta- foreign guests about desert con- control. One of the most respected tion cover; only a little over 5 trol developments in other coun- authorities in the field is Profes- percent was attributable to the tries, but perhaps they were most sor Zhu Zhenda, head of the Chi- natural shifting of sand dunes happy that they themselves had nese Desert Society and vice- onto productive 1and. been able to make significant con- director of the Lanzhou Desert The primary way to Prevent tributions to humanity's fight Reseatch Institute under the Chi- further desertification, then, was against the encroaching desert nese Academy of Sciences. After a planned, rational use of land sands. tr

JANUAE,Y 1982 47 asic Form i; imte @cia[istEcomtlnny

TIE JI.qNZHANG mHE "Resolution on Certain In the early years after the and staff were fixed slightly lower -t Questions in the History of founding of the new China, five than those of state-owned enter- Our Party Since the Founding of different forms of economy exist- prises. Thus, there was really not the People's Republic of China" ed: state, collective, ioint state- much difference between the states: "There is no rigid pattern private, capitalist and individual. "large collective" enterprises and for the development of the socia- The transformation of private locally-administered state enter- List relations of production" At ownership of the means of produc- pnses. every stage our task is to create tion to state or colle.ctive ownership Such policies, designed to restrict forms the rela- those specific of began in 1953 with the soeialist and weaken the collective economy, production tions of that correspond transformation the obvious of dampen- needs growing of agriculture, had the effect to the of the capitalist productive forces and facilitate handicraft industry and ing the enthusiasm of the workers industry commerce. their continued advance." and in thls sector and adversely af- What, then, is the pattern foi fecting production. China's socialist economy at the Advances and Setbacks Figures compiled from Beijing present stage? The Resolution The originaL plan was to 'com- show: gives an explicit reply: "The state plete these transformations within Annual growth rate of economy and the collective econo- 15 years, or by L967, but in actual full-complement labor basic f orms of the my are the fact they were basically terminated productivity in Beijing's Chinese economy. The working by 1956. Of the five forms of people's individual economy within collectively-owned economy, only the state and col- enterprises certain prescribed limits is a neces- plus lective economies were left 1953-57 16.3% sary complement to public a tiny proportion of individual- econorny. It is necessary to estab- 1958-75 7.8% economy. After 1958, the col- li-*h specific systems of manage- 1976-78 3.2% lectively-owned cooperative stores ment and distribution suited to the Labor productivity grew most various sectors the economy. It formed by the merger of small of rapidly during the first Five-Year is necessary to have a planned retailers were incorporated irito period (1953-1957), when the ecorromy and at the sarne time the state commercial network. Plan give play to the supplementary, Handicraft cooperative factories socialist transformation of handi- regqlatory role of the market on with a relatively high degree of craft industries had just been the'basis of public ownership." mechanization were elevated to the completed and the degree of col- Thus the basic characteristics of status of locally-administered lectivization was fairl.y low. At China's socialist economy at pre- state enterprises. Other coopera- that time systems of sole resPon- sent are: tives were merged and reorganized, sibility for profits and losses and (1) Coexistence of many dif- with "small collectives" converted the sharing out of bonuses accord- ferent forms of economy, including into "large collectives" in ing to work done were still in the working people's individual other words, frorn assuming-or sole force. The growth rate declined economy, so long as socialist public responsibi).ity for their profits and substantially after the gradual ownership (the state economy and losses, enterprises were switched transition to "large collectives" the collective economy) retains its over to the system of common beginning in 1958, when the dominant position; responsibility for profits and losses enterprises' profits were all handed (2) Use of the market mecha- and placed under the leadership of and the latter nism to give play to regulatory over to the state lhe government handicraft in- role of the market while maintain- local made up the losses. Another result profits ing a planned economy. dustry administrations. The of such iIl-considered concentratipn and losses of the "large collectives" of production and managemerlt. were adjusted by the leading was to weaken competition,,w,hiB![ HE JIANZHANG is deputy ehief of the Econornic Research Bureau of the administrative organs, and wages in turn led to less varietli aud' State Planning Commission. and welfare benefits of wor'kers lower-quality products.

42 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS and a.t the sarne time allowing such businesses, u,ith the approval of ttre appropriate industrial and commercial adrrinistrations, to emplcy one or i-ro irelpers. Those requiring speeial skills or techniques could take on not more than Ilve apprentices" By the end of lVlarch 1981 the nurnber of persons in such individuai br-lsinesses in cities and iowns had increased to m.ore than 550,000. ldoreover, in i979 the "Lalrr on Chinese-Eoreign Joint Capital Ven* Faclories altr over Chiea noo.v ha",'e, within tlre ovcrsl! struct*rc st':he $iate pian, tures" went intc effeci. By the end more autcacrny in roaruaE:ing protiuotion :rriri grea[er respotlsi"nility f*r thei.s tru'n profits amd losses. ol 1980 China had approveri the

I$e"a F-trexituility In agricul*ure, sollective ownershiXr remairas fundarnental. Froduetion has been increased by sys{enes cf organizing s,crk which promote initiative and rewarrl indIvidual €ffort. The Thrrd Plenary Session of the 1l-th Centrai Cornn-rittee o{ tl:e CCP adopted poiicies prornoiing the vigorous Cevelopment of ihe collective economy, The "iarge coi- lecti-ze" ente::prises were as far as possilrle .dispersed to becorne enterpr'ises .,riith sole responsibilit;i for their ovrn prc,t'ils and lr-.,sses. and the regulation whereby wages and lvelfare i:enefits in colleciive enterprises \,vetre not Lo exceed those in state enterprises was done awa;r w'irh. As a. resuit the coilective econorn:; ha.s deyeioped substantially in the past ,i,rzo years. The rumber of ',vorkers has incleased from 20 rnillion in 19?8 %:sry*M to 24 miilion in 1980" The policy tou,arC the in'dividuai ecollomy used t.o ]oe one of restrict- Small-scaie imdividual eaaiel'pr!ses su.ch as thi-" street-ccrner tailor in Cheng:du, ing an"J e-zen eliminating it. in Siohuan pi:eivince, provida conveuiences soreX.y missed during the period of ultra- 1953 there v,"ere 9 miliion inc.irri- Leftist ideology and have a deiinite role fo plai.at itris stage of sccialis$ develop- dual laborers in China's cities and ment. Pl"tor"os b11 Xinhua

tcv"rns, ].; accoi.rnting for ahnost half i of the .nr-imber of woi:kers in the country at the time" By 1966, only 2 miilion v;ere left. Dnring the "cuitural revolution"'the individual economy, described as a "remrrarrt of capilalism," was !:anned. By the end of 1978 only 150,000 individual workers remained. trn L9?8, follora,ing the refor:ns in ecotrorcic policies, rhe individuai econon'ry began to recover. In "-Iuly 1981 the State Co',rncil prom.ulgated "Sorne Potricy Eegula- tions with Regard tc the Non- Agriculturai Economy in Cities And Tolvns" permitting vrorking people to run inciividual businesses

.F,E]}IUARY 19E2 setting up of 20 such joint ventures hundreds of thousands of enter- unified state planning to avoid plus more than 300 cooperative prises and the everyday 4eeds of anarchy in production. At the projects. In 1980, China also con- hundreds of millions of cohsumers same, time, it is also imperative to cluded with foreign concerns some (needs which are not onlyi highly give enterprises certain powers of 350 compensatory trade agree- diverse but are also constantly self-determination in management ments. These joint venture and changing). Even less can ,it issue and administrdtion so that they cooperative projects bY nature in good time production and may be able to adjust to ever- belong within the scoPe of state distribution plans which accurately changing economic needs, the bet- capitalism. conform to these needs,r' ter to fulfill the overall state plan. Thus, in towns and cities we Under such a systern, enterprips have broken out of the Previ.ous have no right to revise plans or A Balanced Plan pattern of an almost homogeneous improve their management in line state economy and adoPted a with the needs of the market. This can be achieved in the fol- multieconomy pattern which con- Thus, a centralized, directive-type lowing way: To begin with, state forms to the present state of the planning system is inevitably ac- planning should proceed from the companied actual situation in China, be productive forces in our countrY - by dislocations between and one in which state, collective and supply and demand, lack of variety based on our possibilities. By no individual economies as weltr as dif- of products, technical stagnation, means should we pursue unrealisti- ferent forms of state caPitalist and a low rate of efficiency. cally high targets and high rates economy exist side bY side. The This raises the question of how, of advance. The basic proportions of the experience of the past two while guaranteeing the planned national economy should be Years properly handled shows that this pattern has done development of the national and an overall balance achieved. much to invigorate the economY, economy, one should allow enterprises production Second, the state should have expand employment, develoP Pro- to adjust and a certain amount of finances and duction, increase the suPPlY of upgrade rnanagement on their materials at its disposal, and goods on the market and better own initiative and in good time in should reserve the right of deci- satisfy the needs of the peoPle. line with the changing needs of society (often reflected in the sion over and investment in major market). In other words,' how construction projects Planning and the Market should one strengthen planned Third, the state should reserve control on the plane of the macro- the right of necessary administra- A.nother feature of the Present economy while developing a tive interf erence in economic pattern for China's socialist econo- flexible, responsive micro-economy. activities. When necessary, it my is that, while adhering to a Many countries which used to should be able to order an enter- pianned economy, the state is mak* practice a system of directive-type prise to manufacture a certain ing use of the market mechanism planning have one by one insti- amount of a given product, forbid and giving play to the regulatorY tuted reforms since the end of the the manufacture of certain prod- role of the market. Marxist classics 50s. A point in common among ucts, to order certain enterprises to repeatedly state that a socialisl them is that they have to varying close down, suspend production, society must have a Planned extents all used the market merge with other enterprises, or economy. The question is how mechanism and the regulatory switch to other lines of production. this should be done. role of the market to break away Eourth, as regards the majority In the 1950s. many countries: trom the old pattern which of the enterprises and their prod- China included, copied the Soviet equated a planned economy with ucts, the state would, instead of Union's planning system in the the system of directive-type rigid quotas, issue targets of a belief that this was a fixed patiern planning. guiding nature. The enterprises applicable to all socialist states. China must do the same thing would then draw up their own The basic characteristics of this if it is to free itself from all the plans to meet these targets in ac- pattern are the exclusion of market maladies of ceniralized directive- cordance with the actual r.narket mechanisms and the implementa- type planning. But that does not situation. Meanwhile, the state tion of a highly centralized direc- rnean abolishing unified state would orient the enterprises to- tive-type plan. Under such a planning or doing away with all ward the requirements of state system, all the activities of an directive-type pianned quotas. The planning and the needs of society enterprise are subject to norms, Chinese believe that any large- by means of economic levers in- quotas and directives passed down scale socialized production must cluding price policies, tax policies, from higher administrative organs. distribute the means of production loan pnlicies, customs policies and In essence, they become ap- and the labor force among the so forth. This would enable China's pendages of these organs. various departments of the national national economy to free itself In actual fact no higher author- econorny in certain propxrrtions in from ossification and ity, even with the most sophisti- order to guarantee the coordinated vigorously and steadily cated computers, can calculate development of the entire economy. path of planned, prop accurately the production needs of To this end, it is necessary to have development. tr

44 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Syrmposlum ort Dai tEterature

FANG DONG r[rHE oral anci written literature l- o1 the Dai people - a non- Han nationality in south China reflects their affectionate, lively- character and their love of .freedom and a haPPY life. Filled with imagination and beautY, it t{l speaks of love, opposes feudal mar- ':.at riage. praises moral character and values, and reflects vividlY the features of Dai society from primitive tirnes to the Present. on Late last year a sYmPosium | ;l,i Dai literature the first national study of a minoritY- literature of A gathering of Dai writ,ers, poets and singcrs' such a broad scoPe was held be- picturesque Lake- Dianchi near' side lationship with Han literature, mHE f)ais have a long historY Kunming, Yunnan Province' It -l- and a splendici cultural tradi- by a number of r,vith religion and with the litera- was sponsored Asian countries. tion. especially in PoetrY. The minority literature and folk literature of Southeasi Dai numbering over symposium discussed Dai PoetrY ture institutes, and attended bY The PeoPIe, 750,000, live mainlY in rhe sub- according to its stages of develop- famous Dai writers. Poets, singers ment: literary tropical regions of Yunnan Prov- and translators as well as of 1. The primitive stage' A re- the ince, concentrated in a number scholars from manY Parts of and the cently discovered book On Dai were read on the autonomous Prefectures country. PaPers Gengma Poetry, writte,n 360 Years ago and and de- Menglian, Jinggu ahd sources, characteristics' and scattered kept by a tamolts famiiy of singers of Dai literature, its re- autonomous counties velopment in several dozen other' Iocalities. for generations, saYS that the The Dai areas border on Burma, oldest form of Dai literature was FANG DONG is a corresPondent for the ballad of Primitive society' China Reconstructs. Laos, and Vietnam.

Dai folk literature manuscripts antl Pattra Sutra preserved Yunnan Nationaliiy R,esearch In- in the archives of the and poems published since liberation' sl,itute" Some Dai literature

45 JANUARY 1982 fe{tdai"rule, popular uprisings, and 'rhe injustices of feudal marriage. 4" The New Feriocl. After liberation, the government helped Iocal people explore and coilect the literary legaey of the Dais. Dai literary works were published and adapted into dramas or dance- dramas. These have added splen- dor to China's literary heritage and at the same time greaiiy advanced Dai iiterature and art, During the years after liberation, Dai writers extolled ihe emancipation of their people, their rich and beautiful homeland and the construction of socialism. Veteran singers sang new songs on new themes. These inctrudeC The Song of the Liusha Riuer bY Kang I-angying, Col,cred Rainbaus by Po Dai writers Yan No, Yan Si and Ai Wenbian (le(t $o right) exarnime Dai mantl- Yuvzen, The Song of tl'te Dois bY scripts and Buddhist Fattra Sutra. Photos ba Guan Ping Kang Langsuai and llapPg Seeds by Zhuang Xiang. It[ew writers such as Yan Eeng, Yan Peng, Zhu out the discovery nar"rative poems This is borne by Many long Guangcan, Zhu Kuarrsang, Zheng Ballads Dai,s, a preserved" Records of Ancient of the were so Peng and Yan Wenbian coliected, indicate the existence of 550 such book sealed rvith beeswax and con- studied and translated folk litera- taining over 60 ancient baliaCs poems. So far, a'oout 200, have ture and wrote new works of discovered and 130 have been recorded by later generations. In been poetry and prose. cornpiled. A number have been nearly 6,000 lines, Dai work, life, 'into nature, trove, marriage, and sacri- translated Chinese and some tTIHE symposium exPlored factors fices to ancestors a-re described. In published. One of them, Zhc"o -E- that encouraged the develop- later sections of the book, tairY Shutun (anoiher narne: Frincess ment of the f)ais' rich li,terary tales, stories and Shuochang (a Peacock) is known rvidely not legacy, genre of popular entertainment only in Yunnan and Tibet but First, the environrnent and consisting mainly of talking and also in Burma, Laos, Vietnam, climate of the Dai areas are singing) are recorded. Cambodia, Thailand., Sri Lanka, superb. The Dais entered feudai India, Indonesia, Korea and 2" The Golden Age - Dai society reiatively earlY, PaddY literature advanced raPidly as Japan. field agriculture vras well devel- Buddhism spread into the area These iong narrative Poems oped, handicrafts came earlY, and and was integrated with the Dai describe hunting life, chiefs, the Dai area was a natural trade feudal system. There is still con- heroes, and-. tribai wars, all inter- crossroads of South China and troversy over just when Buddhism woven with praise of true iove, Southeast Asian countries. A arrived and what effects it had. Later poems clenounce tyrannical period of relative Peace and A few place this between the 11ih rulers. Buddhisrn and mythology stability laid the economic basis and 13th centuries, but most Put are strong infiuences. All the for an expanding culture. the time between the 6th and ?th poetry of this per:iod has a strong Second, professional singers, centuries. In either case the Dais earthy flavor and romanti.c color, called zanho by the Dais, PlaYed had already entered class society. deeply and realistically reflecting an active roie in the deveioPment Buddhist scriptures spurred the the iife of tlie Dai people of the of the Dai iiterature. Part of the Dais to create thei.r own writing time. feudal ruling system and social on the basis of the Bali language, 3" The Tragic Period. Feudai life, threse singers engaged mainly though there are also several other society among the Dai began to in ancestral sacrifice performances writing systerns among them. decline around ihe 16th century, and literacy and art a.ctivities. They Writing, of course, greatly ac- as did its Euddhist support. were also the creators of the long celerated the development of Dai Poetry about s'rruggies against 'narrative poems. The Dai PeoPle literature. Buddhist scriptures tyranny began to appear. Six say, "Not having i}:re zanha is like adapted. in the area preserved outstanding pieces have been eating with,out salt." rnany old tales which had been published, including Ebian snd Third, Dai literature was t&iiL carried through the generations by Sangluo and Squosh Letter, which riched by a substantiatr inter{lovriof folk singers. describe the cnieiiies 0f war and culture, including literature and

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS art, between the Dais,.the,Jnans Sports Brfefs with a time of 2'9"69. Feng Dawei, and other nationalities in the Huang Guangliang, IVIa Lie and record inland provinces. Wan Qiang broke the "Asian in the 400- Fourth, Buddhism brought the Imternatismal Feneimg held by the rlaPanese rela.y with 3'32"18, influence of the literature of the meter free-style Tournament in llanjing In water polo, the United States countries, esPe- Southeast Asian team, strong in skill and tactlcs- legends then cially the folk AST October 5 to 9, the first in- took the top honor, rank- India, NePal f "{ustralia widespread in ancient I--,1 lslnalienal invit^ational fencing ed second and China third. D and Ceylon and recorded in Bud- meet was heid in Nanjing. Fifteen dhist scriptures. As Dai writing teams from Australia, France, fotlowing the arrival of Zhu Qingyuan (left! defeats an developed Great Britain, Hongkong, Romania Australian fenber to become iudividual Buddhism, intellectuals and and China took part. champion. Lu Yinglian{t singers were trained in the In 498 hard-fought individual temples. Absorbing Buddhist events, Chinese woman fencer Iiterature and adding the rich Zhu Qingyuan emerged a eham- folklore and tales of the Dai pion and Luan Jujie runner-uP. people, they sPread and enriched France's Didier Flament ranked as Dai literature. men's champion and Patrick Groc China's Buddhism had both a Positive runner-up. In team events, negative influence on Dai A team placed first in the women's and and China's Advercely, it reinforced division, France second liierature. men's events, extent B team third. In the the feudal system. To some France placed first, China's A develoPment of Dai it Iimited the team seeond and Romania third. literature and changed the original The women's team finals wit- meet outlook ol Dai writings to nessed a hot battle between China's religious needs. This became more A tearo and France for first Piace and more Prominent in later The French team, one of ' the feudal society. In the Past, some world's strongest, had been cham- scholars considered Dai traditional pions in the 1980 OlYmPics and Feng Dawei, winner of the rnen's 200- had bested the 36th World metlr individual free-stvle literature Buddhist literature. By China at ;,iri"tW an overwhelming majoritY this FoiI Championships. Though new "*rn, opinion was turned down bY the to the sport. China's team has im- symposlum. proved greatly over the last few The symposium included veteran years. The contest this time was singers who had been silenced a severe test. Trailing 2-5 at first. revolution" the team evened it out at five all. during the "cultural crucial battle, Li and who spoke of the sYmPosium Then in the Huahua, new on the China team. as a new starting Point in the defeated Veronique Brouquier. New development of Dai literature. China broke the French 9-6. minority writers said that to develop minority literature, minor- !'*e{ a:; ity culture and education must be lnternational $wimming developed. More teaching must be and Water Polo Tournarnent in the Dai language, The same importance must be given to Dai at Ghengdu r:, literary publications. Dai writers, translators, literary critics and Last October 11 to 17. swimmers GermanY, Ilard-fought match between Australia researchers must be fostered. from Australia, West anrl New Zealand at the Water Folo Romania, literature Japan, New Zealand, Tournament. Sun Wenzhi Some minority foik Singapore, the lJnited States and researchers at the symposium China rnet in Chengdu at the emphasized that Dai literature had Sichuan Swirnming Stadium, the also been held back by the inter- biggest in China. ference of the ultra-leftist ideologi- Of 29 events, Australia won 19, cal trend and that, therefore, the West Germany 5, JaPan 4. China Party's poliey on minorities and took one gold, seven silver and the principle of "Iet a hundred nine bronze medals. drlswers biossom and a hundned China's gold medal was won bY Schools of thought contend" must Feng Dawei, 16, in the men's 200- continue to be defended. tr meter individuatr free-style event

JANUABY 1982 'The,other dances she performed amply demonstrated her creativ* ity. her attention to detail and her feeling for a wide range of dance styles. The True Love dance tells the story of a Korean gir"I waiting the return of her soldier-lover. In this short dance Cui succeeded in conveying the com- plex and changing feeiings of the young girl in a beautiful and touching way. In another mood entirely was her Giri on the NiIe. a traditional Egyptian dance of earthy vitality featu].ing vigorous hip and back movements. Rehearsals fol the Cherry Blos- som dance from Japan Presented a very odd sight: Cui walking quickly but in very small steps, a A Damree Trftumph piece ol paper held betw'een her knees. This was the dancer's way of mastering the mov€ments of a LU ZHENGJIA kimono-clad Japanese girl. On stage it did not look odd at all. but graceful and thoroughlY Japanese. The dance Oriental Smile w-as A maior cultural event in Bei- Born in 1934 in Heilongjiang very special; it brings to life some A iing ovcr rhe summe' ot 1gB1 province of a poor family of toik of the movenrents and postures oI \,?as a solo dance performance by singers and dancers of Korean dancers shorvn in murals of the Cui Meishan. a Chinese dancer of descent. Cui took to dancing early 1,000-year-old Dunhuang Caves Korean nationality" sponsored by in life. In 1951 she was accepted Yet there is nothing stif I or the Oriental Song and Dance En- as a dance student by Beijlng's archaic about it. It 'uvas an au- sembie. The enthralled audience Central Opera Academy. There dience favouriie. seemed to see on the stage not a she mastered ballet, the classic middle-aged woman but a lithe dances of India and southeast [)ART of the credit for the solo. young rvhose and girl energy Asia, modern dance, the dances I perlormance belongs to Li grace swept onlookers through a of her ou,'n nationality, and the en- Renshun, a choreographer of Ko- spectrum of moods and impres- tire Beijing opera repertoire of rean nationality who designed five sions. One young worker laier' dance and acrobatics. of the dances Cui and Li have wrote her': "You create beauty worked together many times, and with your dances. The images is a fruitful partnership; each dancel has always been a it you give of THE other, reflect me a kind -f, lover of music. painl.ing and brings out the best in the strength to progress in my own poetry a range of interests that In the years since the restora- younger." life; they make me feel harre promoted- and enriched her tion of culturai activities disrupi- Talking albout the solo dance ed by the "cultural revolution." performance, own art. She is also a staunch Cui Meishan says, advocate of continual practice. Cui, Li and colleagues of the ten chaotlc years cf the Ensem- "The 'cul- and never misses her daily prac- Oriental Song and Dance tural revolution' r,t'asted the most ble have worked furiously to make tice sessions. For the solo perform- productive period of my profes- up for lost A number of ance she rehearsed and rehearsed, time. sional life I am aimost 50 now. meticulously studying new dances have been prepared but I still have a burning desire to and cor- and new and old favorites per- recting movement. explore dance, to practice as much her every formed, to the delight of Chinese people as I can. and to make a contribu- Some might think she had audiences. Just two of the rnany iion to my people " lVhen the no need to practice the Korean new dances are Spring Comes Early solo perf ormance was suggested, I-ong Drum l)ance or the Dai to the Changbai Mountains and she agreed inimediately, though nationaiity White Peacock Dance Harvest Song, both of which won most dancers her age might have - old favorites lvhich won her awards at a 1979 performing festi- hesitated. particularly since such awards and public acclaim in the, val sponsored by the Ministry of perf ormances are something of 1950s and 1960s. and which she Culture and at the national' solo an innovation in today's Chinese included in the solo performance and pas de deur dance contEst eultural scene. - but Cui is a perfectionist held in 1980. tr 48 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Long-drum dance. Peacock dance. Liu ( ltLtt

Sinuous grace reproduces look ofdancers on ancient murals. Ltuo Jiutl ittc

Harvest dance. L,iu ( ltt'tt

A girl waits for her soldier lover. Huo Jittttt itrg YH r,frffiut

CAN BE SUPPLIED WITH BUYERS' BRAND.NAMES

A Brief lntroduction to Chino Teo Chino is the foremost teo-producing country in the world. Chino teo hos not only o long historicol stonding, but is olso known for its fine quolities ond numerous vorieties. Since the founding of the People's Republic of Chino, vigorous developments hove been mode in Chinese teo production, ond os o result, greoter quontities, better quolities, richer vorieties, ond on ever widening voiume of sqles obrood hqs been ochieved. The following kinds of products ore being hondled for export by US, the Guongdong Teo bronch ond its Shontou ond Hoinon offices; ,(/ Block teo, green teo, scented teo, a,, oolong teo, pu-erh teo, beeng'teo, tou teo, lemon teo, kooloo teo, eonned drinks, coffee, ond o voriety of teos in smoll pockoges. Eoch item hos its own speciol chorocteristics ond is welcomed by consumers both ot home ond obrood.

+ tr i. +.EFit H tr a a r fr A# Et fi a a CHINA NATIONAL NATIVE PRODUCE & ANIMAL BY"PRODUCTS IMPORT & D(PORT CORPORATION GUANGDONG TEA BRANGH 17-19 Sha-Ji-Dong Yue, fiu Erh San Hoad; Ouangzhou, Clfina Cable: "NATIONTEA" GUANGZIIOU Telex: 44120 GDTEA CN Our lively and varied ad program is Fnompt Tramsmlsslons-large &udiemoe well received by our audience, and clients have been pleased with the restrrcnse. * The Central Fenple's Eroadcasting Station Es The station has a daily audience of ttre Perfect llIedium for Chinese and Foreign A.dvertisets hundreds of million-s; China has a vast market. Both domestic and foreign elients are invited to use our service. Please con- The Central People's Broadcasting Sta- par1, tact us by rnail or telegram. tion, of the state broadcasting Sehedule for ad program transmissions: network of the People's Republic of China, Channel t devotes a total of 60 minutes daily on its 7 :L5-7 :20 (Monday through Saturday) two channels to advertlsements from 10:50-11 :00 (Monday through Saturday) domestie and foreign industrial and coln- 1I:50-12:00 merciai enterprises. 18:35-18:40 (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday; Radios are in common u.se today in 19:10-19:45 (Monday thro{.rgh Saturday) China's cities and countryside. The Cen- Channel 2 tral People's Broadcasting Station trans- mits 7:30-7 :40 to all corners of the country. Radio 12:50-12:55 (Beginning 12:45 on lVlonday. broadcasting is now the qui.ckest way to Wednesday and Friday) reach the largest audience. 19:20-19:25 Since the station started running ads 21:20-21:30 in January 1980, we have established Address: China Radio Service. Broad- business contacts with over 850 domestic Outside enterprises, casting Building. as well as advertisers in the Fuxingmen, Beijing. China U.S.A., Japan, Switzerland and other eoun- Tel: 867786 868581-2522 tries, plus Hongkong and Macao. Cahle: 6731

A Selection of Cantemparary Chinese Pointings Chinese painting prides itself on a long history and excellent traditions. Over the last 30-odd years Mr. Song Wenzhi, a famous artist and connoisseur, has collected a good many outstanding works of the rnodern era, all in novel and distinctil,e styles. To lovers of Chinese fine arts, they are objects for study as weII as enjoyment. With the permission and support of the o!t'ner, we have selected 68 paintings from his collection and reproduced them in this album" In making our selections, we have had in vierv the demand among students and art Iovers for reference nraterial to help them enjoy and learn the skills of Chinese painting. Though our selection is limited to small scrolls, plates and fan paintings, it covers a wide range of subjects, including figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, four-footed animals, insects and fish. In addition, we have included examples of all the best-known methods of doing Chirrese painting such as gongbi (fine brushwork with attention to detail), rieyi (freehand brushwork aimed at reproducing the essence and spi.rlt of things), ink-and-wash, etc. Mr. Huang Miaazi, the well-known fine arts theorist, has contributed a valuable article dealing with the characteristics of Chinese painting, and has also written a brief :introduction for each painting and artist.

166 pp 36.5 X 26 cm Chinese-English edition Cloth with jacket Order-No.: 84CE-552 Frice; Sr9.00 [JS$39"00 FF166.00 DM(SF) 72.00 FMKI4Z.00 A$36.00 Can $rt6.00 CFAF87.00 IIK$197.00 H24.00 Domestie: RMB Y35.00 NOTE: Readers in China can order or buy this album at the WAIWEN SHUDIAN (Foreign-ianguage Bookstore) in large or medium cities. or the Foreign Language Dept. of XINTIUA SHUDIAN (Nerv China Bookstore) in places where there is no WAIWEN SHUDIAN. Readers abroad can order or buy at local bookstores or send their orders to GUOJI SHUDIAN, China Publications Center. N P.O. Box 399, Beljing, China. vln Publisher: Zhaohua Publishing House Distributor: GUOJI SIIUDIAN (China Publications Center)

52 cHrNA RECONSTBLTCTS E #$e! ffimfimsa uft& ,','# iJi:rr.; l WU TONG and ZHE r :.;

LI-AIKOU is a bustiing port city II set amid tropical greenery. It is the capital of the Hainan administrative district of Guangdong province and the economic, cultural and cornmunications center of the island. The built-up area of the city has expanded three- fold since pre-J.iberation days and its population has grown from less than 100,000 to almost 250,000. Before liberation there was hardly any industry in the city" To- day there ar'e 136 enterprises of various sizes rubber, machinery, canned foods,- electronics, ship- llai kou. Chen Jino buiiding, automotive repair, chemical and building rnaterials. The city's gross indr:strial output vai.ue island's ceniuries"old handicralt kruilding. the Wen Temple (also has reached 21.1 million yuan, 20 products carved from coconuts. known as the Sacred Palace), tirnes the figure for the eariy post- Hainan's five carving factories had which was built in the 11th cen- liberation years. The new Hainan a 1980 output vaiue of 400,000 tury, during the Song dynasty. University, now in the planning yuan, and their products were After renovation with funds allo- stage here, wiil open its doors to shipped to Southeast Asia, western cated by the government, the siudents in 1983. It will specialize Europe anri North America. temple has now become the in practical courses related to the Despite its obvious importance county's cultural center, with a exploitation of Hairran's tropical to the livelihood of the local peo- library and other facilities, thea- crops and other resources. ple, coconut culti'",ation came trical groups and the cultural Much oI the bustle in Haikou under attack during the "cultural bureau located there. revolution" as an exarnple of Long noted as one of the "towns today reflects the gener"al upsurge o'stressing in Hainan's economy" Overseas sideline occupations too of culture'' of Guangdong Chinese and businessmen from much and ignoring agriculture," province, Wenchang has a long Hongkong, Macao, Japan, the U.S., and "putting too mueh stress on history of interest in and Britain, Canada anC Australia are income ar:d too little on grain." respect for scholarship. Wh'en in and'out of torvn all the time, As a result, the South China Trop- a child enters middle school, the discussing plans and business ical Crops Research Institute's tradition is for a parent to accom- arrangements covering a wide experimental station in Wenchang pany him or her to school the first range of activities. was disbanded, and some two- day, setting off a whole string of thirds of the area's 30 million flrecrackers along the way thus Coconuts coconut trees were felled. OnIy impressing on the child's- mind in the last few years has the situa- education is a joyfui and im- Coconuts have been cultivated that tion been turned around. New portant undertaking. When a tor son:e 2,000 years on Hainan. planted trees are rapidly being child enrolls in college, the whole Wenchang county on ihe east and eoconut production is on the coast of the island lt,as the first viilage kitrls a pig and celebrates rise again. villages area to introduee the plant, and r,vith a feast. Often whoie pool money to send to college a today it accounts for half the Bedpect for Edueation island's coconut-growing area and promising young percon whose coconut output. Coconuts are oI Wenchang township, the county family has financial difficulties. enormou's economic value and one seat, is situated on a mountain Wenchang is one of the two of Hainan's readiest sources of s1ope. .Among the innumerable counties on llainan that have income. Their major irnportance old houses are a fair number of wiped out illiteracy. Over 90 per- is as a food prod,:ct, but they are new ones. Small bridges over rip- cent of the county's population are pling water trees primary graduates. also the raw materiai f or the in which coconut school Before are rellected give the town a tone liberation there were only 10 WU TONG and ZHI EXIANG are staff of eiegance and simplicity. The middle schools in the county. Now reEorters for China Reconstructs. town houses the county's oldest there are 31, including one in each

JANUAR.Y 1982 53 :

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Zhcu Quangen Iovingll' tends pepper Girls' r,olleyball team at Wenchang [Iiddle School. l-in Ling plant*, Liu Gllalia,nlt cl r;he 26 communes. \ryith a total tive to this place are no"t, living Chinese from Malaysia and chair- enrollment of 28.000" Sir.rce 197? in foreign coLintries or in Hong- man of the cc,mmune's Ol,erseas Wenchang has sernt more qualified kong or Macac. Chinese Association. which was re- -ctlidents to colLege than any other The commune's agricultural out- established in Decernber i9?9. county on l{ainan. The cr:unty put has increased greatl-v* since According to hi;rr the Association, middie school. w-ith a iristory of 72 liberation, and especiall), 1r'r ,n" besides managing all aspects of ]iears and a cLli'ren1- enrollment of Last 10 years: it is nr-lw knorvn as urork concerninq overseas Chinese, 2,000, has a w,el}-earned reputation the "gran;rry" of Wenchang coun- has set up various collective en- {or exE:ejlence, and many cf its ty. A bOO-heetare -sti'etch of low- terprises. Fuinds are accumulated gra

54 CIITNA EECONSTEUCTS was devastated by a typhoon" Soine the county's first rubber planta- He very much appfoves rif the 28,000 sq. meter:s of ho'"rsing were tion" the Wanhe Bubber Planta- new poiicies of diyersif3ziylg gu'- destroyed, and only six buildings tion (now renamed Lixin Farm), nan's economy and specializing in of rein{orced concrete sulvived. on 200 hectares 0f wasteland. local tropical products. "If only In, the six cornmr.rnes along the Dunng the turbui.ent years of the lhe right policies ai'e implement- coast outside of iown. some 80 "cultural revolutic,n," Huang r.vas ed," he says, "and pec.ple are en- percent of tl:e housiRg \,ves ieveled. denouneeC as a capitalist and his eouraged to use thei:: initiatil'e. tree.s were uprooted anci fields hoidings seized. But with the res- not only wilL we attraci financiai were covered w"lth ilebris. toration of lawful authority and support florn overseas Chinese. The people of Qinghai county corect policies after the fall ot but aiso we l{ainanese wili put a immediateiy orga.nLzed a 5,000- the gang of four, Huang was corn- whole new face on our island in person ernergency work br-igade to pensated by the gcvernment not less than ten years." start recovery efforts" Other coun- only for the value of the r"ubber ties sent an aid team of 3,000 Peo- plantation, but also for the inter- Overseas Chinese Farnr ple" Today Jiaji township is a to- est on that sum accumulated over Xinglong Farm Taiyang tally nerv place. B;' the end of the years. on the H,iver Wanning is one 1980 sorne 236,00[] sq. meters of In addition to, his courity office, in county of five overseas Chinese state farm*s. housing, comrnercial and other Huang is now a member of the A11- It founded 1952 taelli- buitdings had been built. The China Overseas Chinese Associa- '*-as in to tate the settling-in process l"e* town's bustling streets are a seene tion; deputy to the provincial Peo- of turned overseas Chinese, and of peace and prosperiiY. p1e's Congress; vice-chairman of today some 18,000 returnees (?S The reconstruction w-or'k rvent the Hainan Oyerseas Chinese Asso- percent of the tota.l si;aff) fron:r 20 far beyond simply rebuilding wlrat ciation; and vice-chairman of the eouniries and regions live on the desiroyecl iu ttre typhoon" Poiitical Consultaiive Conference haci been farrn. Over 30 years it has plant- A giant hydropower projeet on the of Qionghai county. In the 30 ed more than 10,000 hectar-es of Wanquan River begun in 1974 now years siRee his return to Hainan, land in tropieal. crops and submit- controls the fioods tl-iat r:rnce oc- besides his contributions to ihe ted a profit to the stnte of 47 mil- curred neariy every year and pro- economy through his rr-lbber 'buiid iion yuan. water f or irrigation end plantation, he has helped vides Xinglong rvas farnr electric power. The project's six an overseas Chinese irospital and the first established with such a large pl'c,- turbine generati.ng units have an seven schoois, and has contrlbuted portion ol overseas Chinese a.s its of 750 kilouratts. sums toward the building of installed capacity staff and rvith cash crops as its An even larger hydropou'er sti+tion roads, bridges and pornrer staticns. is now under ccnstruction on the His total donations amount to upper reaehes of the river some 300,000 yuan.

A County Vice-E{ead 1973: Aftermaih of a 15'phoon af .Iiaji township. Li.n Suntino The .story of Huang Kaiji is interesting for the light it sheds ltr of Today: Jiaji towuship has been reborn. the experiences and attitudes Chen Jing an overseers Chinese. I{uang is now 7? and vice-head cf Qionghai county. He lives ai Lehui commune. His father went to work on a rubber piantation in fuIalaysia, and he himself wo.s fir.st a tailor and then a rubber q'orker there. In 1950, just after iiberation. he was inspired u'ith ihe idea of re- turning to, his native t,i:wn and helping to "save the country through indusir-v." He went through numerou"s difficulties before he could seil all his properties abroad and return to Hainan. The island was then engaged in a large-*eale effort to reclaim land .{or rubber plantations. Huang. managed to import 15,000 rubber seedlings from abroad and together with a friend f ounded

JANUARY 1982 55 main products. Well-known be- farm's production and domestic reasons, bathe in natural hot cause of its outsta,nding achieve- use. spring water at 50-60'C. ments, it nevertheless suf fered Rubber technician Hu Hanbin serious disruptions dr.lring the was a rubber worker in Thaiiand Earth's Remotest eorner period of ultra-tr eftist influence. since he was a boy. He returned Tian Ya Hai Jiaa ("the remotest Looking at the farm today its to Hainan in L957 and settled corner beautiful flourishing groves of rubber,- co- down at Xinglong Farm. He is on earth") is a conut and fruit trees. its neat now 44, with a famiiy of four. beach resort in the southernmost part fieids of green peppers and coffee His wife, a returned overseas Chi- of Hainan. A visitor standing bushes it is difficult to believe nese from Malaysia, works at the near one of the oddly-shaped that such- damage ever occurred. larm's rubber collecting station, rocks on the beach, the slopes of Rubber is the main cash crop, and the family monthly income is Five-Finger Mountains at his covering sorne 3,000 hectares; over 200 yuan a middling in- back and the broad sea sttetching total 1980 output was almost 2,000 come by Xinglong- standards. in front of him might well im- tons, despite 20 days of excessive The average annual income of agine he had reached the ends of rain that delayed the tapping pro- the farm's workers and staff mern- the earth. A four-meter tall rock cess. This was an increase of 3.25 bers in 1980 was 599.57 yuan, an on the beach is inscribed with the percent over 1979 and 18 percent increase of 57.04 yuan over 1979; characters Tian Ya ("the edge of over 1978. Another 240 hectares taking into account the yearly the sky"); nearby, a horizontal have been planted with new rub- bonus of 30-40 yuan, the actual rock bears the inscription Hat ber trees. The 1980 pepper and gross increase arnounted to just Jiao ("brim of the sea"). For cotfee output showeC an increase over 90 yuan. ,4" popular type of centuries poets and other lovers of of 47 percent over 1978. Increased savings account in China is one in natural beauty have been visiting attention is now also being given which small sums are deposited ihis spot. Song dynasty poet Su to rice, peanut and rapeseed every month and earn interest. Dongpo wrote: production. but the iotal cannot be wittrdrawn Na mountain is comparable:i, The farm has also set up a dsz- uniil a certain sum has been Lying by the roadsid.e en small factories and workshops reached or a certain period qf time Are rocks left from mending for agricultural machinery, euto- has passed. Some 8,000 of the the sky" grain pro- motive repair, and oil 13,000 farm workers who earn During a 1971 visit, noted con- cessing, agricultural bypro'ducts regular monthly salaries at Xing- temporary poet Guo Moruo processing and rubber products" long have such accounts, and their wrote: tsrick a kilns and small hydropow- total savings amount to 520,000 Blue lraues and broad sea er station have been built, and a yuan. Itorizon, larger hydropower station now projects is One of the farm's latest White sand piled up; a garden under construction on the upper open is a hot-springs resort, of rocks. reaches of the Taiyang River to throughout the year, where visi- Near this resort is Sanya town-' supply electricity needed for ttre tors can, for pleasure or health ship, the county seat of Yanxian county. Sanya has a number of A famous special tourists, in- scenic spot - Tian Ya ftrai Jiao ('the rernotest eorner on eafih"t Xinhua facilities for cluding a coral market where good coral is available at reasonable prices. Hainan Island's 1,?00-kilometer coastline has more than 60 big and -small gulfs and beautiful sandy beaches, such as Xiao Dong- hai, where the famous Luhuitou ("deer turning it-s head") hostel caterB to tourists, or the beaches around the neighboring Da Dong- i hai GuIf, whose calm waters make \ it a natural swimming center. Hainan's year-round warm climate . and beautiful scenery make ideal tourist attractions, and part of the island's overall economic development in the years to come.will un- { 'the r doubtedly involve pla-nning 4 f: and construction of appropriate h new tourist facilities. ! r

56 CHINA, RECONSTRUCTS Studyfng Tibet's Weother

CHUN YU

T)EFORE liberation Tibet had stations are more than 4,000 Tibet's own meteorologists have -[D only one sma]I weather obser- meters above sea level, seventeen won both regional and national vation post in Lhasa. Today the are above 3,500 meters. In many recognition. They have published autonomous region has six obser- places in the north the avel-age scientific papers. Meteorology of vatories, 33 meteorological stations annual temperature is -2'C and Tibetan Plateau and Seleeted. Pa- and a staff of nearly 1,000 people. seven-degree winds blow about half pers on Meteoralogy of th,e Ti:betan The first stations were set up the year. Station conditions, how- Plateau, for example, sumrnarize at Qamdo and Nagqu in the early ever. are irnproving. Most have the characteristics of Tibet's 50s by Feople's Liberation Army brick and tile buildings. Jeeps weather and the forecasting meas- scientists 'who entered Tibet from and trucks have solved fuel and ure,s used- D neighboring Sichuan province, car- transport problems. The Central rying the necessar)r equipment on Meteorological Bureau is develop- their shoulders and on yaks in a ing wind and solar-powered gen- Tibetam weatherwoman IVlins illa. trek that took nearly half a year. erator systems and designing light- Later, as air links were established weight materials that conserve with Lhasa, the transport of equip- heat. ment became easier and a dozen ,' more stations were set up, such as rfl HE geographical position of the that at Damxung. During the late I Tibet Plateau and iis vitai role 70s, still more were built. in global atmospheric circutration Tibet's installations serve local make its weather important for agriculture and stock raising but both Chinese and foreign meteoro- also fit into China's national me- logists. Some 20 countries have a" teorological work. The additign of started theoretical and practical modern equipment has continually research on Trbet's climatic condi- expanded area coverage. The main tions. For the region itself, the observatory noW receives large- accuracy of weather for"ecasting is e?. scale cloud photos and all stations constantly improving. A great r,9 number of effective measures have :'.li:,.'.i'e", in the Lhasa and Nagqu areas use :;I. -. ; rain-detecting radar. During the been worked out for long, medium w wet seasons other weather obser- and short-term forecasts. Special vations are also done by radar. attention is paid to Tibet's ten- disastrous About one-fourth of the region's dency to sudden and llatlar survey station in Lhasa. meteorological rvorkers are Tibet- weather changes, such as summer drought, a toeearly rainy season, ans, as are the leaders of ob- all heavy snow and strong winds in servatories and stations. More are winter and spring. , n;d{i+z. being trained by the Central Mete- .i-e6,*a|.Fr\ Observation and forecasting by -.r 4_ oroiogical Bureau at the Lanzhou 12 of the region's observatories and . . i.rJ. Meteorology School. Tibetans are stations that took part in a re- . :n also studying weather forecasting, cent global inforrnation exchange :. " ilt seientific research and meteorolo- proved satisfactory to the world :jr. . 'j $.r gicai engineering in institutes at meteorological organization. Neigh- Nanjing and Chengdu. boring and inland provinces also Meteorologists in Tibet face the benefit from Tibet's meteorological speciai .problems of rarefied air at work, since their own weather is high,g\pvations. Thirteen of the so closely affected by the plateau's" A number of national and provin- CIIUN"IU is a leaile,r in the Central cial meteoroiogical research organ- Meteorological Bureau. izations study piateau conditions"

JANUARY 1982 57 sitg in Henan province. They date back at least 3,500 years, to the Shang dynasty or even earlier. Some people believe this site to be the remains of the legendary Xia Culture. The array of weaponry found includes arrowheads and the ge (dagger-axe) and qi (battle-axe) used in hand-to-hand fighting. The ge rvas the chief close-combat weapon throughout Ghlmaus rnoiemt capoll$ the Bronze Age, and a great YANG IIONG number were recovered lrorn tlae site of a later Shang dynaqty T N 19?4 one of the great archaeo- heads probably appeared toward capital near Anyang, Henan I logical finds of all times was the end of the Old Stone Age. The province. The naoo (pike) rry'1&s made near Xian, Shaanxi prov- earliest so far discovered, made of often used in conjunction with t$e ince a w'hole arrny of Life-size chipped stone and 28 mm long, ge, and these two, along with bo,w pottery- warriors of the Qin was found at a site in Shanxi and arrow, short sword and dagger dynasty (22L-206 B.C.). These province; carbon 14 dating places formed a set of warrior's weapons. realistic replicas of the troops of the age of the site at over 28,000 Mobile troops mounted in Qin Shihuang, first emperor of yeals, chariots were a major force in the dynasty, were fitted out with The earliest proof of the bow Shang dynasty armies, and many real weatrxlns of the period- and arrow being used as a weapon such vehicles were found at bronze speans and swords, cross- was found in a New Stone Age Anyang, some with quivers of bows and longbows which tomb uncovered at Dadunzi in arrows still in piace as well as ge have added greatly to our- know- Peixian county, Jiangsu province. and mao. The latter had l

Qin dynasty kneeling archer unearthed near the tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuang.

Western Han dynasty spearhead with hanging figures from Jinning. Yunnan province. L.arge battleaxe of the Shangd_v- nasty'(e l6tit-t tth ceiltut) B C,)

(618- Bronze helmet, Spring and Auturnn Period (770-475 B C )' lleavenl-r king in giided arrti paintcd potter)'. f ang d)'nast!' unearthed at Ningcheng, Liaoning province' 907). uneattherl ar Xi an.

Western Han dynast-v arrow unearthed at sitc ot a beacon [ower ai Ju].rn ceremonial occasions rather than of metallurgical knowledge in statues. This would indicate that working weapons. Another such many parts of China, such at least the greater part of the pair of axes was recovered from a weapons rapidly becarne more weapoRs were made of this metal. large Shang dynasty tomb at common. And, as we have seen, the great Sufutun in Yidu county, Shandong A considerable number of iron rnajority of the actual weapons province. They resemble the and steel weapons dating from the found buried with the Qin pottery larger of the Anyang axes in form Warring States period (475-221 soldiers were of bronze. and size and are decorated with an B.C.) have been recovered from By the end of the Western openwork design of human faces. the sites of the ancient states of Han period (206 B.C.-A.D. 24) iron The sword came into its own Chu and Yan. An .outstanding weapons predominated. At Chang'- during the Western Zhou period example is the No. 44 mass grave an, capital of the dynasty, a large (11th century-771 B.C.), and by found at the capitai of Yan in arsenal started in the 8th year the Eastern Zhou period (770- today's Yixian county, Hebei prov- of the reign of Ernperor Gaozu 256 B.C.) a finely-wrought bronze ince. Several dozen officers and (206-195 B.C.) and used until the sword represented the highest soldiers killed in battle were buried end of the dynasty was excavated achievement of the armorer's craft. with their weapons, including 51 beginning in 1975. The weapons The most valuable and highly made of iron: swords, spears, ji recovered include iron halberds. prized were those made in the (halberds), daggers, and a helmet spears, swords, daggers and frag- states of Wu, Yue and Chu during of iron armor plates. Of bronze ments of iron suits of armor. the Spring and Autumn period weapons, only one ge, one sword Bronze arrow tips accounted for F7A-476 B.C.). A truly fine and some arrowheads were found. only about a tenth of the total example bf the craftsrnanship of Most of the bronze arrowheads had nurnber, and most had iron sockets. the time is the sword of Goujian, iron sockets, and bronze crossbow The tomb of Liu Sheng, king of king of Yue, found at a Chu tomb mechanisms had some iron parts. the state of Zhongshan who died at Mt" Jialingu,ang in Hubei prov- Moreover, some of the objects had in 113 8.C., was discoVered at ince. Inscribed in gold with the been made by hammering the iron Mancheng, Hebei province, in 1968. name of the king, it is chased with while it was hot, cooling it sud- Of the 371 arrowheads found in an elegant rhombus design and denly, and impregnating it ,with the tomb, only 70 were made of when found was as bright and ca.rbon-all relatively advanced bronze. The steel swords and sharp as iI newiy rnade. techniques. halberds recovered are of excellent However, iron weapons did not workmanship, among the best Iron and Steel evolve simultaneously throughout specimens extant of Western Han Even as the craft of bronze- China. After the state of Qin con- dynasty manuf acture. Some of working reached its peak, harder quered its six neighboring states, the iron daggers and broadswords and more durable iron and steel the Qin ernperor is said to have and steel swords are embellished weapons were beginning to ap- collected a1l the weapons of his with patterns of inlaid jade and 'art pear. A Uue uncovered at a Shang new subiects and melted them are objects of as well as of the site in Gaocheng county, Hebei down to make twelve huge bronze metal-worker's craft. province in 1972 provides important evidence on the history of metallurgy in China. Though the The earliest bronze weapons so far tlis- Bronze mao (spearhead) in the shape weapon is made bronze, has cor.ered: gP from Jhe Erlitou site, of a frog, diseovered at Mt, Shizhai, of it llenan pr rvinbp. Yunnan province. an iron cutting edge which analysis showed had been forged out of natural meteoric iron. A similar Aue was found in a Shang tomb at Liujiahe in Pinggu county. Beijing municipality. These dis- coveries indicate that even at this early date the special properties of iron were recognized and some iron-working techniques had been developed. T'he earliest all-steel sword so far diseovered was found in Tomb No. 65 at Yangjiashan near Changsha, Hunan province. It is only 38.4 cm long and uras manufactured toward the end of the Spring and Auturnn period, when iron and steel weapons were just coming into use. With the spread

JANU.dRY T9B2 61 By the time of the Eastern Han oFlyimg dynasty (25-220), sophisticated Dragon' methods of forging steel had been worked out. A technique which produces extremeiy sharp, durable ls Good ts Hat swords involves heating, hammer* tIE ZIIONGYUN ing and tempering a piece of steel, then folding it in half and starting rilHE (''FlYing Dragon") winter afternoons are good hunt- procedure Feilong a1l over again. The is I is a kind of grouse once con- ing times. repeated many iimes. The process sidered such a delicacY that it In ancient times it is said to itself is exacting, and calls highly could only be served to the em- have been much larger, with knowledge a for the skills and of peror. NowadaYs it is enjoYed bY wings as big as sails. Millions of master craftsman. A "30 refin- diners both in years cf evoltltion hal'e pr:oduced dating discriminating ings" steel broadsword back China and abroad. The bird looks the present-day smali sPeeies. A 112 discovered at Cang- have to A.D" something like a Pheasant, with feudal ernperor is said to shan, Shandong province. was plumaged crest and flat back, but given the bird its name many powerful examined under a iveighs only half a jirz (1/4 kilo). hundreds of Years ago, when he microscope and showed evidence The fleshY Part of its chest makes sampled some sent to him in trib- of being tempered 31 separate up one-third of its weight, thus ute by local officials. He liked times. .A, "50 refinings" su'ord making it one of the more tender the taste so much that he named daiing from A.D. 77 was found at succulent of game fowl. i1 fei ("fly", for bird) and long prov- and Tongshan ccunty, Jiangsu Simmered in a Pot, the bird ("dragon", the emperor's sYrnbol), ince, and apparently swords of produces a broth tJrat is clear and indicating that the birri could only up to "100 refinings','were not a litUe sweet, so it is an ideai in- be eaten by the emPeror. unknown in this period. ,{Ithough gredient for chafing dishes' Deep- Fetlong reproduce quicklY. styles in arrns and armlrr changed fried in oiI, it goes PerfectlY with They mate regularlY and lay over the centui:ies, the basic certain wines. For centuries the many eggs at a time rn'hich in- technology of iron and steel Chlnese have considered it not just cubate rapidiy. Nevertheless, weapons developed in this period deiicious but nourishing. Ming measures have been taken in was characteristic of Chinese dynasty pharmacist Li Shizhen recent years regulating the hunt- armaments to the end of the (1518-1593) took parlicular note of ing of the bird. TheY and oiher feudal era. it in his Bencao Gangmu (Com- birds cannot now be hunted dur- pendium of Materia Medica). ing the egg-laying and incubation seasons, and female and immature Weapons from Border Eegions Feilong live in the thicklY forested Greater Hinggan Range birds cannot be hunted at all. Many ancient peoples living in in northeast China. In summer The result has been a significant China's border regions evolved they dwell in the toPs of trees; in increase in the bird PoPutation of their own styles of weaponry. winter their sPacious nests are to the Greater Hinggan Range. The Notable examples from the 5th be found under snow-covered quota for hunters in Huma. Aitrui century B.C. to A.D. 2nd century branches. The birds mate both in and Nenjiang counties is noiv !.nclude various types ol short spring and fall, and the female can 20,000 feilong a Year, whereas it bronze swords in use in northern lay up to a dozen eggs. Incubation used to be onlY 2-3,000; the quotas and northeastern regions, the takes about 25 days. The Young insure a good supplY for exPort and bronze yue of the southeastern can walk as soon as the fetal domestic consumption without in seaboard with cutting edges curved feathers are drY, find food on their any way endangering the survival at 'the tip, and the willow-leaf- own in a few daYs, an* fIY in of the species. Chinese zoologists shaped bronze swords of the, Ba about three weeks. have also been exPloring the people in the southwest. AI1 possibility of breeding the bird are distinctively designed and mHEIR diet includes tender domesticaily tr decorated" l- grasses, insects and berries oI One of the most striking so far various kinds the latter having discovered is a bronze spear- a great deal to- do with the sweet head used by the Dian people and taste of their flesh. TheY drink unearthed at Dianchi in eastern clear water and Peck at tinY Yunnan province. Two naked pebbles to help digestion. In win- figures (probably prisoners of ter, when temPeratures can droP war), their wrists twisted behind to 40oC helow zero, the birds streeP their backs, hang suspended from until noon and then go foraging eaeh side of the spear's blade by for food, so local people know that fine chains testimony both to the - HE ZIIONGYUN is with a scientific artistry of the maker and to the commission based in the Greater cruelty of those ancient times. tr llinggan Range, IfeilongjianSl province.

62 CIITNA RECONSTRUCTS Nzppon Maru, under CaPtaln Yoshinori Yumiba, has visited Dalian eight times. When the shiP left Japan for China in JulY 1979, fi}aEiare $eamelt's GEuh she carrie-d 300 passengers, rnembers of the Japanese Youth Delega- iion from Toyama. The caPtain partY the de- BAO WENQING gave a cocktail for legates and wished them a successful visit. At the Party, however, some excited young PeoPle rfi HE port of Dalian in north evening party and theater Perfor- raised him into the air and strained I China is visited by more than mance. Moved by such hosPitalitY, his back. The shiP's doctor had to 25,000 foreign seamen every year. the captain promised to write an be calied to stop the Pain. The Iate Premier Zhou Enlai once article about the exPerience. When the ship docked at Dalian, said that because sailors live a The third mate said, "I have the bed-ridden captain was very lonely life on board ship, theY touched ports in 81 countries but depressed, feeling that this would should be made to feel at home we American seamen have seldorn be his last trip to China. The head when they arrive in China. been treated so warmlY". The first of the seamen's club immediatelY The Dalian Seamen's Club was mate spoke of the hosPitalitY of brought an orthopedics Professor opened in September 1976. It is the Chinese people. who treated at tl-re Shenyang Medical College the largest in China. It has hotel ac- them tike their own. American on board. To the captain's surPrise, an commodations, a souvenir shop, cargo and passenger ships are now acupuncture enabled him to get antiques store, table-tennis room, a common sight in Dalian" out of bed after the,first treatment. range, billiard room, read- shooting Ten Pakistani seamen working "I heard of acupuncture long ago," ing room, various recreation on the Greek ship Tracle Light wete he said, "but this was mY first ex- rooms and a theater that seats perience. It works like a mirac1e." staff is over 200. In the woried whether they would be 1,000. Its The captain was moved to a Iobby stands a large clock, gift of able to attend a mosque in China. spacious rcom in the club for con- seamen on the Ne'a SuLu of Hong- When they arrived at Dalian, their After a.week he kong when the club opened. first question was whether there tinued treatment. theater- The club also handles sightseeing was a mosque. They were PromPt- could walk to the club's trips, outside actlvities of manY ly taken to meet Bai Yunxing and He expressed the wish that his kinds and sailors' personal needs other ieaders of the Dalian l{osque, daughter could come to studY Chi- and demands. where they were rvelcomed as nese traditional medicine after In 1980, lor instance, over 900 brother Muslims. graduating from a medical school ships and 25,000 sailon; came to Since diplomatic relations were in Japan. Dalian. The club arranged tours reestablished between China and Seizi Kamiyama, a urologist at of the city, 231 visits to factories Japan, the Japanese passenger shi.p Osaka Medical School and a and communes, 54 ball games and 318 film shows. Sixteen discussion meetings were held on scientific, F'oreign seamen visiting the Chinese eountryside. Luo Shimin cultural and art subjects. The comment of a Srviss ship's engineer \Mas, "I have visited many ports in the world but seldorn found such a well-equipped club for seamen." A Greek captdin who has been calling at Chinese ports since 1952 said that China almost seemed like his second home. The Stello Lykes, arriving at Dalian on July 30. 1979, was the first American ship to visit a Chi- nese port since liberation in 1949. During its eight-day stay the Americans visited an artcraft and embroidery factory, a rnuseum of natural history, a shell factory, a seaside park, and attended an

B.q,O, WENQING is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs" I JANUARY T982 specialist in artificial kidneys, came to China with the youth delegation. He wanted to know more about acupuncture. The club es{,Jti fl Hs,xsm s$xmrx arranged a rneeting at which medical specialists wer€ invited tcr FENG XTAI{CHU speak. A doctor from the Dalian People's llospital No. 2 gave a talk on the history of acupuncture and its basic prineiples, while Dr. Kamiyama spoke on the use of artificial kidneys in Japan. After his return to Japan, he sent the Dalian hospital the latest technicaL information on artificial kidneys and two hernodialytic instruments. Through the club the hospital in return sent him literature on aeupuncture. The club eonstantly arranges such activities for cultural exchange. For example. it has invited seamen from Europe, North and rFtHE Huangshan Mountains in not incluciing chartered tour buses South America and Japan to the I southern Anhui province. 460 and those of local units. The area DaLian Foreign Languages Insti.tute kilometers west of Shanghai, con- can also be reached by air, ten for lectures, discussions and get- tain some of China's best scenery fllghts every week from Shanghai, togethers with the students. breathtaking peaks, picturesque Hangzhou and Hefei to Tunxi. pines- and oceans of ever-changing where it is two hours to the f AST year the Singapore freight- clouds. Famous for centuries, Huangshan by bus. The flight | ' Kota Tintur caught fire at nevertheless it was only recently from Shanghai is 90 minutes and sea due"r' to oil leakage. It docked at that improved roads, trails and trom Hangzhou 55 minutes. Dalian for repairs. It was mid- accommodations have made things winter:. A shortage of fresh water easier for the traveler. Today Staying There some h'alf-million people visit the on boatd made life difficult for Arriving at the Huangshan, loveiy Huangshan every year. the seamen. The club brought, most tourists stay a night at the some of them to live in the club, hotsprings above Tangkou where Getting There and regularly sent food and water the Huangshan Administration to the ship's repair crew. Summer is the peak season. Bureau office is located. Here. The club also arranges reunions Tourists usually start frorn Tang- they get guides, reserve accomoda- of seamen who have relatives in kou at the foot of a mountain for tions and buy tourist rnaps and China. This includes making a five-kilometer drive up a wind- souvenirs. Everyone goes to see contacts f or them, meeting and ing gravel road, past some hot- the nearby waterfalls, a rvater- seeing them off at railway stations, springs at 630 meters elevation and curtain cave and Peach Blossom booking tickets and arranging for on to Yungu (Cloud Valley) Tem- Peak. The hotsprings (42" C. or food and lodging. With such helP ple at 890 rneters. Here one is 108" F.) can be enjoyed in a pooi a seaman on the JuPiter from likely to meet Zhang Genrnin, 58, or individual Jacilities. Hongkong met his wife at Daiiair. a lowly sedan chair carrier in the Guest houses and hotels ale Unexpectedly the woman suddenlY old days, now a veteran guide. located across a bridge and in a fell ill just as her husband was pines Huangshan Such travel for officials and the forest of - the ready to sail" He was very upset and rich before liberation was the only Hotel buiit in the 50s, the Guanpu did not know what to do. The club way to reach Tangkou. Today, (Watching Waterfalls) Hotel and sent for a doctor and volunteered communications have improved. the Taoyuan Hotel completed in to take good care of her. After Before 1979 only five long-distance 1980. The entire Huangshan area her recovery, the club put her on buses made daily trips from near- has seven good hotels and eleven a passenger ship for Shanghai and by cities and counties. Now, there hostels. irom there escorted her safely to are seventeen lines running from Among the most interesting ac- her home in tr'uzhou in Fujian Shanghai, Hefei (the provincial comodations are 60 bamboo houses provrnce. capital), Nanjing, Hangzhou and scattered here and there in the In the interests of friendship and eight other cities in the province, woodland. Srnall, secluded and a better iife for seamen while in comfortable, each has its own Chinese ports, such clubs are being PENG XIANCHU is a staff reporter style. Enclosed by pine and cy- expanded. D tor China Reconstructs. press forest, they are favorites of

64 CHINA RECGNSTBUCTS honeynrooners. fact, they are In the shade, rest and a cup of tea the unparalleled view ol deep called "roandarin duck houses" make cares dis4ppear. The Huang- valleys, soaring mountains and the i:ecause thrs duck China is a shan in has many such tea stops. ever-shifting sea oI clouds, a level symbol of iove. Chinese couples area around the pine has been pay only five yuan per night for Safety these retreats. built and enelosed with steel railings. Visitors who climb Guangming The Huangshan (Brightness) Peak at 1,800 meters Mountains are Rest Stops undoubtedly pass a huge rock called "Turtle's one of the world's From lhe Yungu Temple oRe Back" because it looks like a turtle most beautiful places. tl climbs stone steps up the motrn- with its back above the water. tainside, fifty, a hundred. Through Cave" they "Turtle's [Iuaugshan uintii they seem to stretch right come to an area of dangerous cliffs Hotel. Penu Xia,tchu. into lhe trlue sky and white clouds. and steep, narrow gorges full of Sometimes it appears that the jagged rocks. Here, the "hundred steps have encied, when a hidden steps", almost ladder-like, seem to turn suddenly reveals endless hang from the first cliff. more steps ahead. When muscles People already climbing it look grow tired. the usefulness of a like a moving, colored ribbon in bamboo cane one has bought at the the mist and ciouds. Moving up- foot of the mountain for a few ward, the ciiff on one side reas- cents becornes clear. sures. Chains and steel railings on One passes a dark pine shaped the other complete the feeiing of like a rnenacing tiger's head. On safety in spite of the terrible drop a turn to the right, "The Lovers' below. Today in the Huangshan, Pine" appears -- two entwined sonre 50 kilometers of such steps trees with commcn roots. have been made safe with wide At the top is Shixin (Seeing Is stone slabs and safety railings. The Beiieving) Peak, and here one is result is magnificent beauty'with really convince-d of the incredible peace of mind. beauty of the awesome, majestic On the left side of Yu Ping Lou mountains that spear the sky to (Jade Screen Pavilion) is a thou- the far horizon. sand-year-old pine growing out of Coming down again, one is a cliff the "Guest-lVelcoming Iiable to see t\^ro women under a Pine", so- called because its boughs pine tree by the trail, one selling reach out to greet its visitors. This tea, milk and cooked eggs, the is the subject of a large display in other an'anging accomodations for the Great Hall of the People in visitors. On a stone berrch in Beijing" So that people can enjoy flandu Feak - one of the three main peaks in the tluangshan Ilrountains. tEruMffiT&M Tffi ffiL famous for originating new travel destinations is now operating 2 outstandlng tours designed to give an intimate glimpse of life in China today!

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YOU YT]'WEN

f, Usr a few years ago a foreigrler of light and bright colors, and did physical labor and had few .! visiting China would find it prints that ranged from delicate economic .resources. The long difficult to believe that the words to boid. gowns and rich fabrics tradi- "f ashir-rn" and "Beijing" could Noticing the change, some tionally worn by feudal landlords have anything to do with one foreigners have applauded what and officials signified both their another" ln those days most they see as the "Iiberation" of wealth and the fact that theY con- foreigners came away with a sin- China's young people. Others see sidered physical labor and other gle impressicln: all Chinese it as a sign of a lessening of activities beneath their dignity. dressed the same. And that styles revolutionary spirit. Indeed, not Ideology can influence clothing owed much mcre to utility than all Chinese people agree on the styles. What many foreigners to fashion. Men and women alike meaning of the ehange, or whether call the "Mao jacket" should real- is good or But to under- wore loose-fitting sometimes it bad. ly be called the "Sun Yat-sen must know dolvnright baggy -jackets and stand it at all one jacket," for it was he who popu- something about China's historical pants in virtually the- sarne design Iarized it in China. A simple tunic- background for, as in every coun- like jacket with a military air, and in dark shades of blue, gray just g'reen. try, clothing reflects not fads it becarne a "revolutionary" style or Almost invariably flat preferences, black shoes and white shirts and individual but not just because it was practical also nation's history, economics weather completed the the but because it was closer to the for hot practice. costume. and social dress of workers and peasants and gowns worn A stroll down any Beijing street a rejection of the long From Rags to Bell-Bottorns feudal aristocrats blind this past scorching sumrner was by and'of In the old China rnost of the imitations oI Western style in enough to show how things have quarters. changed. There were still plenty population the great masses of some For revolutionary of dark pants and white shirts, workers and- poor. peasants women, the rejection of dresses but there was so much more: counted themselves lucky to pos-- and skirts in favcr of pants heiped skirts, even some rather short sess much-patched warm clothes. symbolize their equatrity with men productive skir"ts. particuiarly on young wom- For many, clothing was little more in leading active, lives. years Iibera- en; shirtwaisi dresses with belts: than rags and seraps. Loose- In the early after shoes with mid-high heels; bell- fitting simply made dark tunics tion, China's overall economic bottom trousers and close-fitting or jackets and pants fitted the condition did not allow for much shirts: and everywhere a rainbow lifestyle of men and women who emphasis on fashion or stytre. The textile industry had all it could do just to provide warm, decent Does it fit:) clothing for" a growing population. And revolutionary styles were "in". Beginning in the last half of the 1950s, economic conditions improved enough so that people began to pay more attention tct style and variety in clothes. But the ultra-Left ideology of the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) equated any interest in fashion with a "bourgeois lifestyle" and many people put away their brighter. more fashionable elothes Iest they be accused of some more senous error. After the fall of the gang of foulr, and particularly with the "open door" policies in many fields beginning ln 1978, young

YOU YUWEN is s staff reporter for China Rsconstructs.

JANUABY I98T 67 sumption by some middle schools of school uniforms. One school principal commented, "Students not only look more tidy and impressive in a school uniform, but 1 '2" it can also foster their collective spirit." I Demand for Quality One reason for the surge in fashion interest is the improvement in the overall economY and higher incomes both in the countryside and the cities. PeoPIe are demanding better-quality clothes as well as more clothes. This summer a clothring store clerk at a Even the youngest are becoming fashion conscrous. eounter selling plain cotton Photos by Zhou Youma and Huo ,Jian,Jing clothes had little to do, while across the aisle PeoPIe crowded people in Beijing and elsewhere ribbons on the front kept selling around the counter selling high- began to break away from the o1d out of every store as soon as new quality garments. At another conformity. Bell-bottom trousers stocks arrived. counter shop assistants counted a and form-fitting clothes became a The qtpao (a close-fitting worn- batch of newly arrived suits of fad with some. Others adapted the an's dress with high neck and pure wool serge r,vhile trying to old style a bit and wore mor-e slit skirt), abandoned during the answer customers' questions about varied colors and patterns. At first "cultural revolution," has made a price. An oId clerk at another store some of the trend-setters were comeback. and is improving in reported: "Peasants are buYing labelled "hoodlums and hooli- style and fabric. A traditional in large quantiti.es. often a dozen gans," and treated coldly. By blue and white patterned batik at a time, while workers are now, however, even more modish cloth has become popular again. more particular about style; but styles have been adopted by Western-sty1e turndown-collar both want high-grade materials." young people, and fashionable women's blouses in this f abric The Ruifuxiang Eabric Store at clothes havq gsinsd greater ac- could be seen lhis summer not just Qianmen Street used to stock cot- ceptance. nn Beijing women, but on for- ton and dacron cloth downstairs eigners as well. and silks and woolens upstairs Variety Adds Spice A number of clothes seen on the They've now rnoved the wool street are obviously designed and downstairs and put the best-selling This summer in Beijing a number made by Beijing women them- silk on shelves by the entrance. of trends could be discerned in selves to suit their individual tastes, The store's 1980 profit from the fashion scene. And even the and these original creations add silk sales was 130,000 yuan, a most conservative elders could see variety to the city's summer dress. record up to then. But before the that the ciothes worn by Beijing It was to be noted that a number summer of 1981 was ovel', the young people were no more out- of handicrafts and clothing de- store had already earned 310,000 landish than those worn by foreign signers spent hours at a time near yuan in profit from silk alone. tourists and overseas Chinese. the J.arge department store on The manager notes that if suP- '-Cotton knit shirts with the Chi- Wangfujing Street sketching and plies had not been short, theY nese characters for "Shanghai," photographing the different styles could have sold twice as much. "Beijing" or "Hangzhou" worn by worn by foreigners, overseas Chi- A young woman busY selecting young foreigners have inspired nese and the more creative Bei- fabric stopped to saY, "We Young their Chinese peers to wear shirts jing women. people want the real thing" with the names of foreign places There is one ironic note in the (meaning silk and wool rather in foreign languages. midst of all this originality in than polyester and cotton). ManY More young women than ever Jress. Chinese children have al- young workers claim that theY were wearing skirts, though rnini- ways been rather colorfuliy don't have to dip into their sala- skirts were rare. Collarless and dressed. Parents who themselves ries to buy the more costlY mate- sleeveless dresses were beginning wore drab conventional clothes rials their monthly bonuses are to be worn by young and middle- often lavished on their children enough.- aged alike. More colors were to be bright patterns and stylish de- Zhou Yanling, 24, a worker seen, necklines were deeper signs. Nowadays children's clothes at Beijing's No. 4 Semiconductor often with long, pointed collars - are if anything more dazzling. Element Factory, recentlY got and a kind of silky blouse with- But this summer also saw the re- married. She spent nearlY 500

68 CHIN.{ RECONSTRUCTS The qipao (right). a close-fitting traditional dress. has reappeared.

Quiet. eleganr dlesses for \oungsters.

BloLrscs in blue ancl whitc prints were fashionahle this summer. *,i In hot weather the doudu, a kind of apron covering thc chest ard abdomen, is often baby's only garment.

A few hemlines crept upward.

Overseas Chinese tourists or Beijing youth? You Can,t tell from their clothes. A ferv young men, though not many, go in for colorful Fanc_v trims are popular comhinations lihe rhis one.

Women's clothes change, but some styles endure for decades. At an evening party.

Contrasting styles at Tian An Men Square. }t .5t : -t*

Harrking garments from a street stall.

(iirls'uniiorrr\ dr B.iiing \o l5 \liddlc SchooI

L)isplar of nerr st_r lcs

.tI

l'ltt,t.,t l,t /.t1,'11 l,'1,111,1,rtt,1 HLr,' .li'tttt.ittt yuan on clothes for the weddir:g But the tashion trend seems - an amount many people would irresistible, and a clothing market still consider extravagant and un- of 10 million people cannot be necessary. But the real point is ignored. Last year the Beijing that ten years ago such spending ,Arts and Handicrafts Institute would have been unthinkable" started a course in clothing design, Zhou and her two'younger sisters and plans are underway to set up were in school, her mother was a a special clothing institute. In housewife. On the father's salary order. to unify clothing sizes na- of 70 yuan a month, cioihes were tionwide, the Light Industry strictly home-made, and the Ministry conducted a 400,000- younger sisters often wore hand- person survey of size and bodily me-downs with patches. Today the forms of different age_ groups, and three sisters mother- .i.n September people flocked en- all work" the 'National has also found a job, and family thusiastically to the income is nearly 400 yuan a New-Size Clothing Exhibition and month. So Zhou and her sisters Sale in Beijing. now spend far more on clothes. An old peasani in traditional dress. Some young people complain Controversy Yang De that stores, garment and textile Itleedless to say, the new factories have not kept pace with fashion explosion has generated a ing for modernization could be the new fashions. The. institu- lot of controversy. This summer properly dressed and vigorous. tions involved are quite conscious many national and local papers A parent of two grown children of the problems. At. the Xidan carried debates on aesthetic had this to say: "If young people shopping area, a young customer values and the social meaning of immerse themselves in work for complained that he had looked all style and fashion. The China modernization and don't infringe over the city for a tan or cream- Yowth. Netus' "What is Trrrly on public interests, why shouldn't colored pure wool gabardine suit. Beautiful" column for September they wear what they like, thu.s The clerk was sympathetic, but 15 provides a fair cross section of combining beauty of mind with a explained that the store was being oplnlon: good appearance? We should have supplied only with darker colors. A man who had attended col- faith that they can manage their He added another example of iege, gone to the countryside, work and their life. Except for supply problems: some dresses of become a worker, and now teaches the few decadent and corrupt who printed cotton cioth hang unsold fine arts. at a teachers' college need to be disciplined, we should for months, even though they are complained that he could not ac- not discriminate against youth so cheap. Young Beijing women call cept some youths who grew their long as they don't wear clothes them "awful." hair long and wore bell-bottom which really offend Chinese pants. custom and decency." Catching Up A young man from a suppiy Many clothing experts feel that and marketing cooperative claim- the whole fashion scene is still An expert from a garment reed that some young people, out of pretty much of a hodgepodge and search institute has a wider view: envy for other people's lifestyles, has yet to be systematized. De- "Fabric designers don't take into grow hair down to their shoulders, puty Director Bai Congli of the aceount the problems of tailors, dress in close-fitting Western Dyeing and Weaving Department suits and wear who in turn fail to consider the innported sunglasses of the Central Arts and Handi- people who'll'wear the clothes.,, with the brand names careful- crafts Institute takes a balanced joked ly displayed. In his view' such view: "We have still to learn the Itre that rnany designers were people "white-haired grandpas." don't have any ideals. ABCs of aesthetics in clothing. They lack knowledge and are not Yor:ng people with emaneipated But of course this is only a small part problem. young serious about their work. He asks. minds hope to bring beauty into of the people people pursue "Are these really seeking their lives, but they don't yet so many new fads beauty?" that suppliers are hard put know what beauty is. With the to A student studying in Japan influence keep up with. of the imported stuff , their demands. thought that young people shouid they often Some tailors are unwilling mistake anything fresh, to try be left to decide on their own strange and eccentric beauti- new styles designed for by fashion- dress, but that he hoped foreign ful" This is where so-called conscious women. The the range of styles would be introduced selec- bizarre and outlandish dress comes sizes is often not complete. Many tively. Not all foreigners, he point- from." But, he went o[, "We young people have thus turned to ed out, wear shoulder-iength hair should making not interfere too much. their own clothes, and or bell-bottoms that mop the Instead, we should help them to tailoring classe-s run by factories floor" He thought it would be understand real in have beautv attracted i.arge enrollments. fascinating if all the people work- dregs." tr

JANUARY T982 73 -"qN# 81@.'r t*"a*& tr Jangtze Alligators

HUANG CHU-CHIEI! B*

" ?,?:

i*.5'1 Reedy rnarshlanils and river banks are the natural habitat of Yangtze alligators. *S w s

yangtze alligator suns itself in the shallows near shore.

rRHE alligator is among the I larbest of living rePtiles, an ugly beast with fearsome teeth and a reputation for ferocitY which is somewhat exaggerated. The genus alligator (which is one of some 20 Yangtze and Missis- differ- edible and that its hide was useful Since the kinds of crocodile located in alligators are so closelY world) can be for drumskins. Its usefulness sippi ent parts of the and both are on the endan- just the down to the Present daY PartIY ex- rulit"a f ound in- two Places: gered list, Chinese and American Yangtze (Changjiang) River area plains its status as an endangered animal, since it has often been zoologists are naturally interested of southern China and the south- information and Both the Yang- hunted for meat and hides. in exchanging ern United States. Last MaY Dr. MYrna Wata- tze and the Mississippi alligator' ideas. rFHE other major reason for the nabe of the American SocietY of its American cousin, have been our group of I serious drop in the alligator Zoologists accomPanied classified as animals in danger on an 80-daY extinction by the International population is that its natural hab- of Chinese scientists itat has become more and more field trip which Provided some of Union for Conservation of Nature data so and the constricted as people convert form- the most comPrehensive and Natural Resources, distribution and habits countries have taken erly wild areas to human use. Al- far on the two over of the Yangtze alligator' protective measures. ligators were once found all flats Alligators uP to two me- The Yangtze alligator, formallY southern China in vast reedY €row ters, with much of that length be- has been near lakes and marshes and along cailed tuo in Chinese, taken uP bY its long flexible and is men- the Yangtze and its tributaries. ing around for a long time At the tiP of its snout a Pair tioned in a number of ancient Today they live mostlY in the more tail. of nostrils oPen upward; inside the manuscripts. In fact the character secluded river flats overgrown with scrub or grass of Jiangsu' nostrils is a flexible valve that can for tuo ( E ) is a pictograPh of the An- Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces. The be opened and closed at will' animal. Th,e Book of Songs from and shuts Autumn alligator is often described as a other bony valve oPens the Spring and Period slit-like earhole, and a special B.C.) and The Book ot swift and dangerous beast in PoPu- its U7A-476 such ancient muscle separates the mouth cavitY Rifes from the Western Han dYn- lar iolklore and in Sacriflci.ng to the from the esoPhagus. These fea- (B.C. 202-A.D. 24) both note manuscripts as asry named Han turqs allow the animal to sPend that. the alligator's meat was All,igator by a writer Yu (A.D. 768-824\. ActuallY, as fairly long Periods in and under long as it is reasonablY well fed, it r,;vsfs1 though, as an air HUANG CHU-CHIEN is a reptilE - must surface specialist with the Zoological [nstitute is a rather lazY and sluggish aPi- breather, it Periodi- of the Chinese Acatlemy of Sciences mal which is more likelY to retreat cally to fill its lungs. It can swim and honorary atlvisor to the Interna- than attack when aPproached bY quite fast, but rarelY does so. It tional Union for Conservation of Nature is more likelY to be found floating and Natural Resources. human beings. CHINA EECONSTBUCTS 74 t

in the water with only its nostrils Yangtze alligators come out of soon lose. The mother often assists exposed and looking, with its winter hibernation in April. In at the hatching process and then dark scaly- hide, very much like a June one begins to hear their leads her ne.,v brood to the water floating log. mating calls. This June, on a quiet for their first swimming lesson" Its major items of diet are snails moonlit night, we observed two One of the first tests we con- and clams, as we discovered by alligators swimming and playing ducted, incidentally, was to play examining the contents of a num- side by side, their snouts occasion- the recorded cry of a baby Ameri- ber of stomachs. However, it can ally touching. It was the beginning can alligator to see how our Yang- also survive for several months of their mating ritual. Over the tze alligators would respond. We without eating anything. It seems next few nights we observed and found that many of them held their to ignore the tortoises which climb photographed for the first time heads up, turned them to one side, all over its back and head as it the entire mating process. or even crawled out of their bur- suns itself on the river bank or on rows to find this "baby" whom fallen logs. At the approach of July we were able to photo- they couldn't see. To us was a rJN graph it human beings, the animals typical- the egg-laying process. gratifying confirmation of the close The.pregnant ly crawl away or slide into the female, her abdomen relationship between our Chinese water. swollen with eggs, must move alligators and American practically the Alligators live in burrows, where on tip-toe to prevent variety. her low-slung they hibernate in winter and spend body from dragging on the ground. much of their time even in sum- The hind legs also E Chinese reptile specialists support her rear during mer. To construct its burrow, an egg-laying, are currently engaged in a when she lays alligator uses its front claws to dig about 20 white hard- number of scholarly exchanges shelled eggs at a rate of one every away the hard surface layer of soil with our counterparts around the 20 seconds. The eggs are similar in mixed with reed and bamboo world. Particularly valuable in size to ducks' eggs but more syrn- roots, sweeping away the debris this regard are the annual con- metrical in shape. Also, the egg with its tail. Then it rams ference and newsletters of the In- its hard will not solidify when boiled. head repeatedly in and out ternational Union for Conservation to en- The eggs are laid in nest, Iarge the a dug of Nature and Natural Resources. hole. The completed bur- out of the ground beforehand row typically has and two entrances, lined with leaves and branches. one leading to the water and the After the eggs are. deposited, the other to a sward grass of or bam- female covers them with dirt and boo grove on land. The burrows smoothes it over wi,th her tail to are often quite long, and some_ disguise the location. At natural times equipped with an airhole; in. temperature and humidity, incuba- times of flood, when the burrow is tion takes 70 days. Even before filled with water, the alligator can the baby alligator emerges from float up to the airhole to breathe. the shell, it utters a kind of hic- At the bottom of each burrow is a cup-like cry to attract the atten- ledge on'which the animal hiber- tion of the mother. It breaks out nates in winter and rests in of the shell with the help of a summer. special "egg-tooth" which it will The author of the article and Dr. Myrna Watanabe measur€ alligator tracks, A rare photograph of Yangtze alligators Artificial hatching of yangtze alligator mating. eggs, which in turn stimulate a great deal of correspondence and ex- 'change of papers. The American experience in constructing and running a successful alligator preserve and breeding center has been helpful in the development of our breeding centers in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces. The Anhui center, our largest so far, now has over 70 alligators. Because alligators are naturally fairly prolific, we expect that the protected environment of the centers will increase our alligator population and help insure that this interesting animal will never disappear from China. tr

.IANUARY 1982 75 SKETCHBOOK ::'' a- ' ",r:

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Slaugh{ering a giant shark.

!{. fl C{}ril $1f's.{ I {.)l':1 Ptc {:i{IH"4 Legends and Tales from History promptly flew into a rage and summoned the armies of his vassal dukes and princes. When reports indicated that the troops were The $tory of Ii Yin duly assembling for a punitive expedition against Tang, yi told his master: "We can,t attack now. WEI TANG while Jie is still powerful. Better wait.l' The next year Tang again pro- YIN is one of those types that YI crastinated over the tribute, and r recur frequently Chinese in Jie once more called up his vassals. folklore the wise counselor g^- - who But this time many were reluctant gives his monarch honest advice *-4b ! ,,1' to obey. "Now's the time,,' said and has the interests of the people Yi. at heart. That such lq "Jie's commands are no longer figures are AN effective. " rnade popular culture heroes un- rt.t- doubtedly reflects h!a the fact that ,F, Shang armies gained most imperial officials over the THE a r series of victories, first con- centuries displayed anything but quering these virtues. a number of Jie,s vassal states and then bearing down Legend gives Yi much of the on the Xia capital. They were only credit for the establishment of the five Ii from the enemy forces Shang dynasty ltOtfr-fttn century when Yi suddenly called a halt. The be- B.C.). In his youth, it is said, hb wildered Tang asked why, became outraged by the misrule and his advisor calmly replied the and foul practices of the tyrant Jie that army's morale needed bolstering. of Xia. His solution was to help overthrow "But my army has won every Jie and to make his battle it has foughf!', protested own monarch, Prince Tang Yi Yin. of Tang. "Tlue," replied yi, ,,but up Shang, ruler of all China. to now we have fought smaller Tradition describes yi as per- states. This time we are dealing sonally unprepossessing "You don't understand. In going short, to with the monarch of a big state, swarthy and bearded, his- pudgy Yi I'rn like a sick man seeking the assistance of a good doctorl and this battle will decide the fate frame twisted by a hump on his of a dynasty. back And not for myself, but to save We cannot afford to and totall;z uninterested be careless." in the- clothes the people of the country.,' he wore. His wit So Yi assembled the army and and sagacity, however, This is all very much in the seem to Tang addressed them. He dwelt on have outweighed mode of tales surrounding changes his looks. One in the iniquities of Jie and declared account says that he brought dynasty. Founders of new him- dynasties yi that his own rebellion against the self to the attention in this case and of Tang.by Tang - tyrant aceorded with the will of first disguJsing are invariably endowed himself as a slave with -every heaven and the people. This in the household of a noble upright virtue, while whose the last representatives speech, known to history as daughter was about to marry of falling dynasties, such as Jie, ars repre- "Tang's pledge," bolstered. the Tang. Yi was sent along court to sented as evil tyrants. Tang is said spirits of the troops. In the ensuing as part of the dowry. He gradual- to battle Jie the tyrant was finally ly won Tang's have asked Yi what he should respect and was do to strengthen his rule. yi,s defeated. raised to t}re position of court Tang went on to found the minister. reply: "Cultivate your moral - eharacter and resolve Shang dynasty and appointed yi In another version, yi to work for was a the benefit of the people. Enlist his prime minister. After Tang's peasant who nevertheless had wise in your service men of virtue and death Yi continued to advise his things to say on matters of state. ability. Rule yotrr sons and successors, Wai Bing and Tang domain with heard of him and wanted. to humanity and justice." Zhotg Ren. Upon the death of the make him an advisor. Five times latter, Tang's grandson Tai Jia he went to Yi before the latter rendered Tang great service ascended the throne, and the aging would \ZI consent. Tang's charioteer, I in his campaign to conquer Yi came to serve his fourth a fellow named Pengo was said to rnonarch. ,,What Xia. Once Tang, impatientl-to be highly incensed: airs launch an attack, was persuaded One of his first "services" was peasant this puts on! If you want by Yi to hold off r,vhile he sounded to send the young Tai Jia into him, just suminon him. Why out Xia's strength. On yi's exile. Yi at this tirne held the high advice position should you go to him time after Tang deliberately withheld trib-. of Ah Heng, or guardian time?" Whereupon Tang replied, payments ute to Jie of Xia. Jie (Continued on p. 80)

JANUARY 19E2 ll HUAAIG WENYALIT Lesson 13 Address

,J.fl: FF#F, lR t, fr ll A #.'fat Ei^ S * 4u..{L tfr " F1F*.." '4? Xi6o Sdng: LinA, ni zAi kin sh6nme shii ne? ylnggdi zEnjing tii, y6chEng "t6ngzhi" ma? Xiao Song: Lina, you (now) reading what book? should respect him, also call Comrade? ,

EF 4{F' (* Fl jv-i*lB^)). y-9-l-P< ,l'F: hl ffr* &-,fi l+ + ? - " Litrit: . Zhdngw6nli hEn ilud XiIo Sdng: ^F7Bt t6ng de hu6njing,'frPn, chEnghu yE bir yiyirng. Lina: "PracticalChinese Textbook". Chinese in very many Xiao Song: Different circumstances address also not same. frr'+ fi" E*# *,* fE 4+^ f,r+"ixle.tf. T Y\lf " *,,*_" , chErtghu h6 kltiohut w6 zhlngwd ile bir Zii. zhlshi fCnzizh0ng kEyich6ng "xiinsbeng,"' address and politeexpressions I master not Atknowledgeeiementsamong can call "Mr.", *t. *.if x_ t\t" # Id, " *)f " ?c }.frl+h .*aA hIo. DirqiAntiin w6 zii shfldiin, "lloshl". "tiflDui niAnii dir de xu6zhE, zhirming i'Teacher". well. Twodaysbeforeyesterday I at bookshop' To age great scholar, famous fir trfr fr" *+" ,'lu n A+ 'ff'fr *- -W lK hlr #r chElrg shiuhudyuin "nllshi", t6 zhi r6nshl chAngchdng shi xing Zh5;ng de ch6ng call salespersoh "Miss", she continuously person often is sumame Zhang address(as) X. r\. "1K*",4L + #J fl$ xiAo w6. "Zhdng l.ilo", xing Li de chEng laugh (at) me. "ZhangElder", Sumame Li address (as) ,l'F: ffitk-vt E *fs f. ii++ f,r,+ 1 " 4*", t, L ,.\ + irlt +fr " Ltro"; zAi gdngr6n zhdng chEng XiIo Sdng: JiEfdrng yihdu ddu brir zhCying chEnghu le. "Li iiir "LiElder"; workersamong just address Xiao Sorig: Liberation after all not this way say address. at Xf,+n ")fB"t f,L &K fra $€1i'.F. €*n.. - -dtyibiin Dui shduhubyu4n, shtrupiloyudn, fiwtyu6n "shifu"; ziri n6ngmin hd peasants To salesperson, busconductor, servicepersonnel "Master"; at and ordinary 'El i*.'" " Fl ,t*" frl fr rFK + F flF "it".. fltf o 5himin zhdng ch.6ng chEng dduch6ng "l6ngzhi". "T6ngzhi" ydng de "diye", townspeople among often all address (as) Comrade' "Comrade" (is) used address "Uncle", " *iy" }.[L'. " *,*E" o lk f , lt l1r< , - frT rt ,'ttdisiot', hEn gulng, dui h6n rlu0 r6n d6u kEYi "dAni6ng-, "diji6". "Sister-in{aw", "ElderSister". very widely, to very many people all can "Aunt", ii.++ f,t,* EF 4T: rt 4n+ Ez fr,t; zh0ying ch6nghu. " Lini: Dui lingilIo zEnme ch6nghu? this way address. Lina: To leaders how address? ,4t EF #F, "hL"."'J'{E" ils T'r.n 1 ,1. fl: T v\ #r W. * ,4" " tLi4+" shu6 le mr? Lini: "Xi6nsheng," "xiloii6" d6u bir XiIo Sdng: KEyi chEng zhiwt, r( "Zhdng zhir0n," Lina: Mr., Miss, all not say? Xiao Song: Can address position, such as "Zhang Director", r,,J. )ta" ,1. fl: " h L,. *,Er, .,.*+,, .,..*-A,, " +f , lyL tn,tL fi Xilo Sdng: "XiEnshengrtt "xi[oji6t', "n[shi", "fiiren" "Li cMngzhbng", dinshi xiirnziri bit Song: Mr., Miss, Miss, Mrs. Factory not Xiao *x "Li Director", but now. 4.nfr..4s-tq. kt, 9l ),r +. &E ii;t+ #s,+. it yb+i i{,& 6t h6i shu6, dirn yiHn shi ziri wiijEo chlngh6. tichdrhg chEnghu. Dui bijiiro shixi de still say, but generally is at diplomatic occasion. advocate this way address.;}9 To relatively familiar frF &It' 6 Br4fr*" il,4+ /\4 +tL k, z\, +{< ki fiF LinA: Ydu shlhou w6 ju6de rdniia niAnji di, rCn,. ni6nzhAng ylxiE de ch6ng Lina: Sometimes I feel somebody age great, penon, older a bit address CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS 78 **lf"' Lina: I'm rcally afraid I'll say something wrong. I ,o*4" r* +# must study it hard. One "L[o Zhiagrt' "[.llo LI", dul n[nqrng-E yixi6 day I went to look for someone but "Old Zhang", "Old Li', to young a bit went to the wrong door. I wanted u to say "Sorry", but suddenly ..Never mind,' fr|*tr tl.ff" "rl. ", iit+ popped out. I was very embarrassed. . .,XiIof ile cbEng "XiIo ZhEng", LI", Zh0yirry Xiao Song: It doeslt matter. With more practice you will address "Little Zhang", "Little Li". This way remember. $fi'+ k lk **n fr!" ch€nghu shi hEn qtnqi& de. Notes address is very heartwarming. l. Continuous action shown with ziri .",ae tL.,.,h EF #F, *.4,t6 ifr.P&, 4+*t*t * a * a The words "zhing 2ili,, $ fz or simply zhing LlnA: Wdzh6n pd shudcuO, d6i MohAo xu6xlxu6xf." $ or ziri .&. before the verb indicate continuing Lina: I really afraid speak wrong, must well leam. action in the present. Frequently with ziri g- flls tA X- d. + JI, .,\, & 1 the word ne ,E is added at the end of the sentence N6tiEtr wo qt zhAo r6n, zh6o cud le to emphasize the sense That day I go look for a person, looked into wrong of immediacy. Ni zii kin sh6nme shii ne (What ,sjL 6t lfrtLfr,t+A+,fy. book [, B ft-iL "rt|^fu", are you reading)? Ti zili chilin ne m6n, xinll xiAng de shi shud .,duibuql", l&,fioiffiuA door, mind in (What I) is (to) say ..Sorry". (He is eating dinner). iL*, ";*_*. fi." 4+ 2. Dud 9 (much, many) as a predicate adjective. -Tf t ..m6igu!inxi",, + ykiAzi sbudch[le ndng de It and most other predicate adjectives can be suddenly (l) said "It doesn't matter", made used without a verb, or rather, with the verb un- t\ tk T *t €,9." derstood. Wd de p6ngyou dud JI.6i nnh-, (MV wd hED yisi. bt hio friends are many). But when p modifles a noun me very embarrassed. next to it, it must be preceded by the character ,l'fl: ii tt l+ A, fr tn ]rL iL * T h6n l& (very). H6ndud p6ngyou l6i kirn wd lF.? Xi6o S0ng: ZhO m6i sh6nme, jiir " chdng shud iish6 te. En E-*fr 4\. (Many friends came to see me). Xiao Song: This not anything, often say (will) remember. Other words Can be used as predicate adjectives franslation in the same way, for example: Zhi zhdng hud piioliang i*-ff it'p^ E (This kind of flower is beau- Xiao Song: Lina, what book are you reading? tiful). Lina: "Practical Chinese Textbook". In Chinese there arc many forms of address and polite expressions 3" Yesterday, today, tomorrow. which I haven't master€d. Three days ago when I jintidn +R today called a saleswoman Miss in a bookshop, she could r? yesterday not stop laug[ring at me. zu6tiln *- Xiao Song: Since liberation u,e don,t address people that way. qidntidn if*- aay before yesterday We call salespeople, buseonductors and service diqidntiin *.At-X- two days before yesterday - penonnel Comrade, Comrade is widely used. mingtidn Elli tomorrow Many people can be addressed this way. hdutiiln Lina: Aren't Mr. and Miss used any more? E *- day after tomorrow Xiao Song: Mr., Miss and Mrs. are still used, but generally dirhdutiin XE X two days after tomorrow at diplomatic occasions. Lina: Sometimes I think someone is old and I should Everyday Expressions respect him. Should I call him ..Comrade"? Xiao Song: In diflerent situations the form of address also l. ts,+ chEnghu address differs. Among educated people can use one chEnghu tE tdngzhi Mr. and Teacher. For elder scholars or famous {fi'f4un,+- persons Lao is used after the sumame, such as address him Comrade Z\aagLao and Li Lao. .A,mong workers Master frf"fM*.A chEnghu ti xidnsheng is used, among peasants and townspeople Uncle, address him Mr. - Aunt Sister-in{aw and Elder Sister. ,t4e,it++#6,f dui tii zhiyirng chEnghu Lina: How do you address your leaders? Xiao Song: We can address them by their positions, such as address him this way' "Director Zharrg", "Factory Manager Li',, but rt4&rll++fJt"f dui tii ndryirng chEnghu now we do not advocate this form of address. address him that way Those you know rather well, ygu can call Lao 2. chEng call Zhang or Lao Li if they are older than you, and if f6 younger, Xiao Zhang or Xiao Li. This way of fifNYFt+ chEng til shifu address shows familiarity. call him Master

JANUARY T982 79 ,fi*u t'lp. ch6ng t[ diniAng (2) +l+t* 7 many books. call her Aunt 4. Read the following paragraph: 3" +rL niinji vx lt xil1 ntr,,*T* i+ f E ffijt ffi fidwikv\ ft , " age 31df n r'l F A (ndnr6n men) }ff 4 *.L" fl-1'1* , (u*. 4?ck niAnji dir old A (nfirdn women) #fi 43,)"48" {6*+" *. niAnji xido young " 49L,1, ji" , ifr,{L*49-fr7F'ifr,-tr , N'7. &91"x ,rl # iC"ifr." nifnji qing Young ji.# 4tt4t. t.a$fi Lfii,&6t,rfi'rfi "FI,+*, , "*xD , {6 f} 4" $2 zhiu ming farnous, well-known 1J: y , i{t+Qtr"* x-lk+. tn fil " tt 4 ,L *.alJ + * . * Z ai f {- zhirrning de xu6zh6 famous scholar *.& r'-+t'r $x+" , ;t*--rf 1k4&-a1t/rtr'+" t, *AhlJfirF zhiunimg de ch6ngshi famous city "aA+fi?b (brilirn no matter) +rL*-'1", &6it" *,EhtJ++f zhilming de tdchEr weltr-known fl*,f,rEvxlff, n)f&" o tLeRf lt+re"ka4rif" special local Product drt+r, , ,, j(-i&r, , 1t+#fr|;k-d ++fr- (tdshfr 5, * ia qinqiE warrn familiar special) 611F,+, &* fn }l6n qinqi6 very warm t6 t'r.^H, 1fr'+.e-fr' ++, r\. di+rV-A € A, Br'l+ Ia glntldo qinqid feel warm Ji.*ntifr&.+4+4" 6h*-nL .."... qinqii de shu6.""... say warrnly {r. J\ zhio look for J{A zh6o r6n look for somebodY .$,n Error Corrected J\ f; e zh6o ddngxi look for somethrng The June 1981 issue t:I China Re' zhio difang look for a Place l\*.i cansttucts carries an article on Taiitha give JltR zhio qi6n change Gerlach's 85th birthday, page 49. The first sentence in paragraph 2 states "She first came in 1926 as a Exercises member of the China branch of the U.S" National Young Women's Chris- t. Answer the questions in Chinese: tian Associatiori." This is a serious (1) How do you address an older person in error oI fact. The statement should China? read: "She first came in 1926 as a member of the Chinese Young Women's (2) What do you answer when sorneone else o'Sorry" Christian Association"" says to you ? The Chinese YWCA from its incep- ) Make sentences with the phrase tion was a totally independent organiza- "Zdi...ne": tion related to the World's YWCA ( 1) *+-*+E+fr headquarters in Geneva. ( 2 ) r\'fl] f?t:fio flfl E-#1 4*iL Talitha Gerlach, Shanghai (z) aAin4klt?t\" Thank 'you t.ar the correction. -Ed. J. Put the following irrto Chinese: (l) Many people *P$ri.?L"

(Cantinued frorn P. 77) course and robes. Tai Jia was returned to ,+' STORY OF YT YIN Yi's motives were of tr and instructor of the monarch' He misunderstood. Court officials the throne and became an able and f! was a strict teacher, but Tai Jia whispered among themselves that enlightened ruler. The story of the was engrossed in his own amuse- Yi intended to usurp the throne. Yi whole incident is known as "Yi ,e ments and showed little concern disregarded their suspicions in the Yin Exiles Tai Jia." So pleased was Hi of state. Things went firm convietion that he waq acting Yi with his monarch's reformation 'ft tor affairs E from bad to worse, until Yi in the public interest. that he wrote an article entitled ; declared himself regent and Back at Tongguan, Tai Jia was "The Exemplary Conduct of Tai - I ' sent Tai Jia to a Place called overcome with shame at his Past J IA.' L old Tongguan (southwest of todaY's behavior and decided to turn over Yi Yin lived to a venerable tu Yanshi cor.lntY, Henan Province). a new leaf. After three years Yi age. Tai Jia himself having died, Tang's tomb was situated there, was satisfied that the young king his son Wo Ding buried the old 11, had really mended his waYs, so on prime minister with the rites lr. and Yi considered it an aPProPri- 4 reflect on a propitious day he himself went usually reserved for an emperor. ate spot for the boY to ry his wayward behavior. to Tongguan with the roYal crown tr g, CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 80 Baby with pigeons b.t Jiung /-ltuoltc * + !.

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,E's .= STAMPS OF NEW CHINA c t4 (l, , i+,i:;,i9n 38 .o F- IJ Zdd; oli['J1,!(rl !v ^9 oo -o o ::i o- ;o of the Birth of Lu Xun c-0e,^ cYcn Centenary o Ef o oj :_( o Ao.= o 06 9E - dE ri o ! ! o.r --g!uil* o 5-o oiu :E ( I 1936) was a great writer, thinl(er and revolution:rry w ho made 9@ I-u Xun U8l- c .';=!9:N-\oo latter 20 a o oqq9qqqqc': qqqq Stamp 2. Lu Xun in his days, /t'rt q, .O ct () -O @ N (-) (-) Ct (t ct Ct Ct -oo x 40 Pul 11.5'Color photogravured. Serial SNcrC',lC'{-aA YSt- o9^' Both stamps measure 30 ^1, A^a numbers: J.67 (2-l) to (2-2). a c{ -=\2 rll o Mushrooms ct Edible U ooooooooooooo O* o coOO-ONOOOOOOoI ({-6\r..;dc.ir;.;.;( ,>or N r- Ct F C\l C..t C..l N N Edible nrushrt)oms are a gourmct's dclight. Some varieties have medicinal - value. China is rich in wild cdible mushroomsl the history of their usc goes back 1,4(.,0 years. A sct of 6 special starnps entitled "trdiblc \'l ushrootns" was released 9o on August 6, 1981. .; 4 Starnp 1, I retrclla tucifbrmis, /t'rr c Stamp 2. Dictyophora phalloidea, 8 /cit o o ,; . -6 -; Stamp 3, Hcricium erinaceus. 8 /r'rt ) i .e &a;6+ .655n LJ l-zddfi\zZz,rFji< Stamp 4, Russula rubra, 8 /r'rt 5, Lentinus edodes, l0 /t'rt Stamp E Stamp 6, Agaricus BisPorus. 70 /t'rr o All stamps measure 3l 38.5 mm. l'<'t | 11.5. Color photogravured' Serial f OO o nUmbers: f . 66 (6-l) to (6-6)' -Ocrnf^.O^O - F: v .- O.9'-:= c, s,.s e€ I a:-.E uE E E: o E gi'- 6 E 5 5 a L., 6!z_d(ruY.<,La+)<-e E :.e 6