The Transparent Stone

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Transparent Stone WU HUNG The TransparentStone: Inverted Vision and Binary Imagery in Medieval Chinese Art A CRUCIAL MOMENT DIVIDES the course of Chinese art into two broad periods. Before this moment,a ritual art traditiontransformed general political and religious concepts into material symbols.Forms that we now call worksof art were integralparts of largermonumental complexes such as temples and tombs,and theircreators were anonymouscraftsmen whose individualcrea- tivitywas generallysubordinated to largercultural conventions. From the fourth and fifthcenturies on, however,there appeared a group of individuals-scholar- artistsand art critics-who began to forge theirown history.Although the con- structionof religiousand politicalmonuments never stopped, these men of let- ters attempted to transformpublic art into their private possessions, either physically,artistically, or spiritually.They developed a strongsentiment toward ruins,accumulated collectionsof antiques,placed miniaturemonuments in their houses and gardens,and "refined"common calligraphicand pictorialidioms into individual styles.This paper discusses new modes of writingand paintingat this liminalpoint in Chinese art history. Reversed Image and Inverted Vision Near the modern cityof Nanjing in eastern China, some ten mauso- leums survivingfrom the early sixth centurybear witnessto the past glory of emperors and princes of the Liang Dynasty(502-57).' The mausoleums share a general design (fig. 1). Three pairs of stone monumentsare usually erected in frontof the tumulus: a pair of stone animals-lions or qilinunicorns according to the statusof the dead-are placed before a gate formedby two stone pillars; the name and titleof the deceased appear on the flatpanels beneath the pillars' capitals. Finallytwo opposing memorialstelae bear identicalepitaphs recording the career and meritsof the dead person. This sequence of paired stones defines a central axis or a ritual path leading to the tomb mound. As indicated by its ancient designationshendao, or "the spiritroad," this path was built not for the livingbut forthe departingsoul, which,it was commonlybelieved, traveled along 58 REPRESENTATIONS 46 * Spring 1994 ? THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA This content downloaded on Tue, 15 Jan 2013 00:30:26 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Tomb stelae columns bixieorqfiin Directionsof axis depends on the lie ofthe land FIGURE 1. Standard layoutof a Liang royaltomb. AfterAnn Paludan,The Chinese Spirnt Road (New Haven, 1991), chart2b. Reproduced by permission. FIGURE 2. Stone sculpturesin Emperor Wen'sJianling mausoleum. Liang Dynasty,502 A.D.; Danyang,Jiangsu Province. AfterYao Qian and Gu Bing, Liuchaoyishu (Art of the Six Dynasties;Beijing, 1981), 35. the path fromits old home to itsnew abode, crossingthe pillar-gatethat marked out the boundary betweenthese two worlds.2 Fifteenhundred years have passed, and these mausoleums have turned into ruins. The stone animals stand in rice fields; the stelae are cracked and their inscriptionsblurred (fig. 2). But the "spiritroad," which never takes a material formbut is only definedby the shapes surroundingit, seems to have escaped the ravages of time.As long as the pairs of monuments-even theirruins-still exist in situ,a visitorrecognizes this "path" and he, or his gaze, travelsalong it. Like the ancients, he would firstmeet the twin stone animals, each with its body curving fromcrest to tail to forma smooth S-shaped contour.With their large round eyes and enormous gaping mouths,the mythicalbeasts seem to be in a state of alarm and amazement. Compared to the bulkyanimal statues created The TransparentStone 59 This content downloaded on Tue, 15 Jan 2013 00:30:26 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions threecenturies earlier during the Han Dynasty,these statuesexhibit new interest in psychologyrather than in pure physique, in momentaryexpression rather than in permanentexistence, in individualityrather than in anonymity,and in a complex combinationof fantasticand human elementsrather than in uniformity. The vividnessof the animals even seems at odds withthe solemn atmosphere of a graveyard.Standing in frontof the stone pillars,these strangecreatures seem to have just emerged fromthe other side of the gate and are astonishedby what theyare confronting. The powerfulimagery of these stone beasts must have contributedto the invention of abundant legends about them: people have repeatedly reported seeing themjumping up in the air.3In 546, the animals in frontof the Jianling mausoleum, the tomb of the dynasticfounder's father, reportedly suddenly got up and began to dance. They then foughtviolently with a huge serpent under the pillar-gate,and one beast was even injured by the evil reptile.4This event must have created a great sensationat the time: it was recorded in the dynasty's officialhistory and the famous poet Yu Xin (513-81) incorporated it into his writings.5This and other tales, obviouslyoriginating from the statues' symbolic FIGURES 3a-b. Mirroringinscriptions on stone pillarsin Emperor Wen'stomb, 502 A.D. 62.5 x 142 cm. AfterZhu Xizu et al., Liuchaolingmu diaocha baogao (An investigativereport of Six Dynasties mausoleums; Nanjing, 1935), figs.20a-b. 60 REPRESENTATIONS This content downloaded on Tue, 15 Jan 2013 00:30:26 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions functionof wardingoff evil and fromthe desire to explain theirdecay over time, nevertheless demanded and inspired further political interpretations.Thus when a similarevent was later reported to the court,some ministersconsidered it a good omen, but the emperor feared it as an inauspicious indicationof future rebellions. Underlyingboth interpretationswas the belief that the stone beasts carried divine messages to the living.6 Having passed the animal statues,the visitorfinds himself before the stone pillars.As mentionedabove, these bear two panels withidentical inscriptions. In the example shown in figs.3a-b, the passage reads: "The spiritroad of Grand Supreme Emperor Wen,"the fatherof the founderof the Liang Dynasty.There is nothingstrange about the contentof these inscriptions;what is puzzling is the way theyare written:the inscriptionon the leftpanel is a piece of regular text, but the one on the rightpanel is reversed.7 Readers unfamiliarwith Chinese writingmay gain some sense of the irony created by thisjuxtaposition froman English "translation"of the Chinese pas- sages (figs.3c-d): although the contentof the two inscriptionsis identical,their effectis entirelydifferent. The inscriptionon the leftis a series of words forming a coherentand readable text.But the inscriptionon the right,at firstsight, con- sistsof no more than individualand illegiblesigns. A temporalreading sequence Ihespi it roadof 9qviWn Qran(Supreme I Emperor'4enj w IW 3J __ _ 'I_ I____I_ I reversedimages a at reversedvision a a FIGURES 3c-d (top). English translationof mausoleum inscriptions. FIGURE 4 (center).Diagram: reversedimages. FIGURE 5 (bottom).Diagram: reversedvision. The TransparentStone 61 This content downloaded on Tue, 15 Jan 2013 00:30:26 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions is thusestablished: even thoughthe twoinscriptions would be seensimultaneously from the spiritpath, theymust be comprehendedsequentially. It would not take more than a few seconds for a literateperson to read the normal inscriptionon the left,but to understandthe inscriptionon the righthe would firstneed to find clues. Such clues are found visuallyin the physicalrelationship between the two inscriptions:both theirsymmetrical placement and echoing patternssuggest that the illegible text "mirrors"the legible one. Unconsciously,the visitorwill have taken the normal textas his point of referencefor the other'smeaning. The problem of comparing the individualcharacters of the two inscriptions no longer existsonce the visitorrealizes theyare the same.The "illegible"inscrip- tion has become legible because he can read its mirrorimage (fig. 4). In other words, the mysteryof its contenthas vanished: it is simplya reversed version of a regular piece of writing.What remains is the mysteryof its reading: it would become not only legible in contentbut normal in formif the reader could invert his own visionto read it fromthe "back"-from the other side of the column (fig. 5).8 Once thisinference is made, the reversedinscription changes froma subject to be deciphered to a stimulusof the imagination.9Controlled and deceived by the engraved signs,the visitorhas mentallytransported himself to the other side of the gate. He has forgottenthe solid and opaque stone material,which has now become "transparent." All thismay seem a psychologicalgame and a quite subjectiveinterpretation, but the perceptual transformationexplored here is seen frequentlyin the funeraryart and literatureof the Six Dynasties.During a funeraryrite, the "vis- itor"whom I have just described would have been a mourner.As a mourner,his frame of mind would be focused on the functionof a funeraryritual and the mortuarymonuments framing it. Who was supposed to be in a position to read the reversed inscription"obversely"? In other words, who was thoughtto be on the other side of the stone column looking out? A gate alwaysseparates space into an interiorand an exterior.In a cemetery these are commonlyidentified as the world of the dead and the world of the living.The pair of inscriptionson the twinpillars signifiesthe junction of these twoworlds and the meetingpoint of two gazes projectingfrom the opposite sides of the gate (fig.5). The
Recommended publications
  • Herbology II
    Copyright © Dongcheng Li Herbology II Dr. Li, Dongcheng Office: 954-763-9840 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Contents in Herbology II • Herbs that Expel Wind Dampness – ---Chapter 5 (15 herbs) • Herbs that Aromatically transform dampness – ---Chapter 6 (8 herbs) • Herbs that Resolve Phlegm, Stop Cough and Wheezing – ---Chapter 7 (26 herbs) • Herbs that Reduce Food Stagnation – ---Chapter 8 (6 herbs) • Herbs that Regulate the Qi – ---Chapter 9 (14 herbs) • Herbs that Regulate the Blood – ---Chapter 10 (47 herbs) • Herbs for warming the interior and expelling cold – ---Chapter 11 (11 herbs) 2 1 Copyright © Dongcheng Li Chapter 10 Herbs that Regulate the Blood Dr. Li, Dongcheng Office: 954-763-9840 E-mail: [email protected] 3 Category • Regulating blood herbs can be divided into two sections: – Section 1 Stopping bleeding herbs (21 types) • Da Ji, Xiao Ji, Di Yu, Huai Hua, Ce Bai Ye, Bai Mao Gen • San Qi, Pu Huang, Qian Cao, Jiang Xiang • Bai Ji, Xian He Cao, Zi Zhu, Zong Lu Pi/Tan, Xue Yu Tan, Ou Jie, Lian Fang, Hua Sheng Yi • Ai Ye, Pao Jiang, Fu Long Gan / Zao Xin Tu – Section 2 Invigorating blood herbs (26 types) • Chuan Xiong, Yan Hu Suo, Yu Jin, Jiang Huang, Ru Xiang, Mo Yao, Wu Ling Zhi; • Dan Shen, Hong Hua, Tao Ren, Yi Mu Cao, Ze Lan, Niu Xi, Ji Xue Teng, Wang Bu Liu Xing • Zhe Chong (Tu Bie Chong), Zi Ran Tong, Su Mu, Gu Sui Bu, Ma Qian Zi • San Leng, E Zhu, Shui Zhi, Mang Chong, Chuan Shan Jia, Ban Mao 4 2 Copyright © Dongcheng Li Section I Stopping bleeding herbs 5 Concept • Stopping bleeding herbs – Herbs that have the function of cooling the blood or removing the blood stasis or astringing the blood or warming the channel to stop internal or external bleeding and treat various bleeding are called stopping bleeding herbs or hemostatics.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: the Challenges That Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh
    57 Dirasat Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh Dhul Qa'dah, 1441 - July 2020 and Thirteenth Centuries WAN Lei Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh and Thirteenth Centuries WAN Lei © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2020 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lei, WAN Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh and Thirteenth Centuries. / Lei. WAN. - Riyadh, 2020 52 p ; 23 x 16.5 cm ISBN: 978-603-8268-57-5 1- China - Foreign relations I-Title 327.51056 dc 1441/12059 L.D. no. 1441/12059 ISBN: 978-603-8268-57-5 Table of Contents Introduction 6 I. Dangers at Sea 10 II. Troubles from Warlords and Pirates 19 III. Imperial Monopolies, Duty-Levies and Prohibitions 27 IV. Corruption of Officialdom 33 V. Legal Discrimination 39 Conclusion 43 5 6 Dirasat No. 57 Dhul Qa'dah, 1441 - July 2020 Introduction During the Tang (618–907) and Northern Song (960–1127) dynasties, China had solid national strength and a society that was very open to the outside world. By the time of the Southern Song (1127–1279) dynasty, the national economic weight of the country moved to South China; at the same time, the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mideast had grown into a great power, too, whose eastern frontier reached the western regions of China, that is, today’s Xinjiang and its adjacent areas in Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Buddhist Apology the Political Use of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography Beyond Buddhist Apology The Political Use of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty (r.502-549) Tom De Rauw ii To my daughter Pauline, the most wonderful distraction one could ever wish for and to my grandfather, a cakravartin who ruled his own private universe iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the writing of a doctoral dissertation is an individual endeavour in nature, it certainly does not come about from the efforts of one individual alone. The present dissertation owes much of its existence to the help of the many people who have guided my research over the years. My heartfelt thanks, first of all, go to Dr. Ann Heirman, who supervised this thesis. Her patient guidance has been of invaluable help. Thanks also to Dr. Bart Dessein and Dr. Christophe Vielle for their help in steering this thesis in the right direction. I also thank Dr. Chen Jinhua, Dr. Andreas Janousch and Dr. Thomas Jansen for providing me with some of their research and for sharing their insights with me. My fellow students Dr. Mathieu Torck, Leslie De Vries, Mieke Matthyssen, Silke Geffcken, Evelien Vandenhaute, Esther Guggenmos, Gudrun Pinte and all my good friends who have lent me their listening ears, and have given steady support and encouragement. To my wife, who has had to endure an often absent-minded husband during these first years of marriage, I acknowledge a huge debt of gratitude. She was my mentor in all but the academic aspects of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiao Gang (503-551): His Life and Literature
    Xiao Gang (503-551): His Life and Literature by Qingzhen Deng B.A., Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute, China, 1990 M.A., Kobe City University of Foreign Languages, Japan, 1996 Ph.D., Nara Women's University, Japan, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2013 © Qingzhen Deng, 2013 ii Abstract This dissertation focuses on an emperor-poet, Xiao Gang (503-551, r. 550-551), who lived during a period called the Six Dynasties in China. He was born a prince during the Liang Dynasty, became Crown Prince upon his older brother's death, and eventually succeeded to the crown after the Liang court had come under the control of a rebel named Hou Jing (d. 552). He was murdered by Hou before long and was posthumously given the title of "Emperor of Jianwen (Jianwen Di)" by his younger brother Xiao Yi (508-554). Xiao's writing of amorous poetry was blamed for the fall of the Liang Dynasty by Confucian scholars, and adverse criticism of his so-called "decadent" Palace Style Poetry has continued for centuries. By analyzing Xiao Gang within his own historical context, I am able to develop a more refined analysis of Xiao, who was a poet, a filial son, a caring brother, a sympathetic governor, and a literatus with broad and profound learning in history, religion and various literary genres. Fewer than half of Xiao's extant poems, not to mention his voluminous other writings and many of those that have been lost, can be characterized as "erotic" or "flowery".
    [Show full text]
  • Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China
    Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tian, Xiaofei. "4 Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China." In A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture, pp. 135-186. Brill, 2015. Published Version doi:10.1163/9789004292123_006 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29037391 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Material and Symbolic Economies_Tian Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China* Xiaofei Tian Harvard University This paper examines a group of letters in early medieval China, specifically from the turn of the third century and from the early sixth century, about gift giving and receiving. Gift-giving is one of the things that stand at the center of social relationships across many cultures. “The gift imposes an identity upon the giver as well as the receiver.”1 It is both productive of social relationships and affirms them; it establishes and clarifies social status, displays power, strengthens alliances, and creates debt and obligations. This was particularly true in the chaotic period following the collapse of the Han empire at the turn of the third century, often referred to by the reign title of the last Han emperor as the Jian’an 建安 era (196-220).
    [Show full text]
  • Preface of Selections of Refined Literature”
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 416 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020) Exploration on the Completion Time of the “Preface of Selections of Refined Literature” Yong Yu The College of Literature and Journalism Sichuan University Chengdu, China Abstract—The opinions on the completion time of the At the end of the "Preface of Selections of Refined "Preface of Selections of Refined Literature" have always been Literature", it describes the beginning year and end year of divergent and inconsistent. To examine its completion time, it the works collected in "Selections of Refined Literature" and is necessary to combine various internal and external factors the total number of volumes, and explains the basis of the such as the preface, the compilation style of "Selections of style order arrangement. Especially, the poems are Refined Literature", the life story of the editor, and the process subdivided into subtypes and sequenced according to the of writing the book. It helps to make clear the long-standing times. Obviously, it is neither possible for the editor to related disputes in the researches on "anthologizing presume the total number of volumes compiled before principles". completion of "Selections of Refined Literature" nor possible Keywords: “Preface of Selections of Refined Literature”, to previously have an idea of subdividing poems into Xiao Tong, completion time subtypes. If the "Preface of Selections of Refined Literature" was written in the compilation process but before completion I. INTRODUCTION of "Selections of Refined Literature", the editor would also not available to conclude that the total number of volumes is When was the "Preface of Selections of Refined thirty.
    [Show full text]
  • How Poetry Became Meditation in Late-Ninth-Century China
    how poetry became meditation Asia Major (2019) 3d ser. Vol. 32.2: 113-151 thomas j. mazanec How Poetry Became Meditation in Late-Ninth-Century China abstract: In late-ninth-century China, poetry and meditation became equated — not just meta- phorically, but as two equally valid means of achieving stillness and insight. This article discusses how several strands in literary and Buddhist discourses fed into an assertion about such a unity by the poet-monk Qiji 齊己 (864–937?). One strand was the aesthetic of kuyin 苦吟 (“bitter intoning”), which involved intense devotion to poetry to the point of suffering. At stake too was the poet as “fashioner” — one who helps make and shape a microcosm that mirrors the impersonal natural forces of the macrocosm. Jia Dao 賈島 (779–843) was crucial in popularizing this sense of kuyin. Concurrently, an older layer of the literary-theoretical tradition, which saw the poet’s spirit as roaming the cosmos, was also given new life in late Tang and mixed with kuyin and Buddhist meditation. This led to the assertion that poetry and meditation were two gates to the same goal, with Qiji and others turning poetry writing into the pursuit of enlightenment. keywords: Buddhism, meditation, poetry, Tang dynasty ometime in the early-tenth century, not long after the great Tang S dynasty 唐 (618–907) collapsed and the land fell under the control of regional strongmen, a Buddhist monk named Qichan 棲蟾 wrote a poem to another monk. The first line reads: “Poetry is meditation for Confucians 詩為儒者禪.”1 The line makes a curious claim: the practice Thomas Mazanec, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    On A Snowy Night: Yishan Yining (1247-1317) and the Development of Zen Calligraphy in Medieval Japan Xiaohan Du Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 Xiaohan Du All Rights Reserved Abstract On A Snowy Night: Yishan Yining (1247-1317) and the Development of Zen Calligraphy in Medieval Japan Xiaohan Du This dissertation is the first monographic study of the monk-calligrapher Yishan Yining (1247- 1317), who was sent to Japan in 1299 as an imperial envoy by Emperor Chengzong (Temur, 1265-1307. r. 1294-1307), and achieved unprecedented success there. Through careful visual analysis of his extant oeuvre, this study situates Yishan’s calligraphy synchronically in the context of Chinese and Japanese calligraphy at the turn of the 14th century and diachronically in the history of the relationship between calligraphy and Buddhism. This study also examines Yishan’s prolific inscriptional practice, in particular the relationship between text and image, and its connection to the rise of ink monochrome landscape painting genre in 14th century Japan. This study fills a gap in the history of Chinese calligraphy, from which monk- calligraphers and their practices have received little attention. It also contributes to existing Japanese scholarship on bokuseki by relating Zen calligraphy to religious and political currents in Kamakura Japan. Furthermore, this study questions the validity of the “China influences Japan” model in the history of calligraphy and proposes a more fluid and nuanced model of synthesis between the wa and the kan (Japanese and Chinese) in examining cultural practices in East Asian culture.
    [Show full text]
  • East Asian Languages & Civilization (EALC)
    East Asian Languages & Civilization (EALC) 1 EALC 008 East Asian Religions EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES & This course will introduce students to the diverse beliefs, ideas, and practices of East Asia's major religious traditions: Buddhism, CIVILIZATION (EALC) Confucianism, Daoism, Shinto, Popular Religion, as well as Asian forms of Islam and Christianity. As religious identity in East Asia is often EALC 001 Introduction to Chinese Civilization fluid and non-sectarian in nature, there religious traditions will not be Survey of the civilization of China from prehistoric times to the present. investigated in isolation. Instead, the course will adopt a chronological For BA Students: History and Tradition Sector and geographical approach, examining the spread of religious ideas and Taught by: Goldin, Atwood, Smith, Cheng practices across East Asia and the ensuing results of these encounters. Course usually offered in fall term The course will be divided into three units. Unit one will cover the Activity: Lecture religions of China. We will begin by discussing early Chinese religion 1.0 Course Unit and its role in shaping the imperial state before turning to the arrival EALC 002 Introduction to Japanese Civilization of Buddhism and its impact in the development of organized Daoism, Survey of the civilization of Japan from prehistoric times to the present. as well as local religion. In the second unit, we will turn eastward into For BA Students: History and Tradition Sector Korea and Japan. After examining the impact of Confucianism and Course usually offered in spring term Buddhism on the religious histories of these two regions, we will proceed Activity: Lecture to learn about the formation of new schools of Buddhism, as well as 1.0 Course Unit the rituals and beliefs associated with Japanese Shinto and Korean Notes: Fulfills Cross-Cultural Analysis Shamanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Program of CCC2020
    第三十九届中国控制会议 The 39th Chinese Control Conference 程序册 Final Program 主办单位 中国自动化学会控制理论专业委员会 中国自动化学会 中国系统工程学会 承办单位 东北大学 CCC2020 Sponsoring Organizations Technical Committee on Control Theory, Chinese Association of Automation Chinese Association of Automation Systems Engineering Society of China Northeastern University, China 2020 年 7 月 27-29 日,中国·沈阳 July 27-29, 2020, Shenyang, China Proceedings of CCC2020 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2040A -USB ISBN: 978-988-15639-9-6 CCC2020 Copyright and Reprint Permission: This material is permitted for personal use. For any other copying, reprint, republication or redistribution permission, please contact TCCT Secretariat, No. 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. All rights reserved. Copyright@2020 by TCCT. 目录 (Contents) 目录 (Contents) ................................................................................................................................................... i 欢迎辞 (Welcome Address) ................................................................................................................................1 组织机构 (Conference Committees) ...................................................................................................................4 重要信息 (Important Information) ....................................................................................................................11 口头报告与张贴报告要求 (Instruction for Oral and Poster Presentations) .....................................................12 大会报告 (Plenary Lectures).............................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M
    ISSN 2152-7237 (print) ISSN 2153-2060 (online) The Silk Road Volume 11 2013 Contents In Memoriam ........................................................................................................................................................... [iii] Langdon Warner at Dunhuang: What Really Happened? by Justin M. Jacobs ............................................................................................................................ 1 Metallurgy and Technology of the Hunnic Gold Hoard from Nagyszéksós, by Alessandra Giumlia-Mair ......................................................................................................... 12 New Discoveries of Rock Art in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor and Pamir: A Preliminary Study, by John Mock .................................................................................................................................. 36 On the Interpretation of Certain Images on Deer Stones, by Sergei S. Miniaev ....................................................................................................................... 54 Tamgas, a Code of the Steppes. Identity Marks and Writing among the Ancient Iranians, by Niccolò Manassero .................................................................................................................... 60 Some Observations on Depictions of Early Turkic Costume, by Sergey A. Yatsenko .................................................................................................................... 70 The Relations between China and India
    [Show full text]
  • Consecrating the Buddha : Legend, Lo Re,And History of the Imperial
    中華佛學學報第 011 期 (p483-533): (民國 77 年),臺北:中華佛學研 究所,http://www.chibs.edu.tw Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 11, (1988) Taipei: The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies ISSN: 1017─7132 Consecrating the Buddha : Legend, Lo re,and History of the Imperial Relic-Veneration Ritual in theT 'ang Dynasty Huang Chi-chiang Associate Professor of Chinese, Hobart and William Smith Colleges p. 483 Summary This article deals with an important and intriguing aspect of the history of Buddhism inChina──the Buddha's bodily relics and the imperial ve neration of these relics. It discussesthe relic-veneration ritual perform ed in the palaces of the imperial dynasties from theWei-chin period thr ough the T'ang dynasty. Focusing on the ritual performed separately b yKao-tsung ( r.650-683 ), Empress Wu ( r.690 ~ 704 ) Su-tsung ( r.756 ~ 761 ), Te-tsung ( r.779 ~ 804 ), Hsien-tsung ( r.805 ~ 819 ), and I-tsung ( r.859 ~ 872 ), it analyzes possible reasonsfor the occurrence of each ritual. W hile acknowledging its existence, the article also callsreaders' attentio n to how this ritual grew out of a created or invented tradition. It reveal s theformation and the growth of the tradition as resulting from the cre ation or historicizationundertaken, consciously or unconsciously, by hi storians and Buddhist scholars at differentstages of China's imperial ti me. The process of this creation or historicization involved thefusion o f legend, lore, and historical facts as evidenced by some accounts, inc luding officialhistories and Buddhist works on the basis of which mode rn scholars write their historicalworks.
    [Show full text]