The Principles, Construction, and Application of Pumping Machinery
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The Stannaries
THE STANNARIES A STUDY OF THE MEDIEVAL TIN MINERS OF CORNWALL AND DEVON G. R. LEWIS First published 1908 PREFACE THEfollowing monograph, the outcome of a thesis for an under- graduate course at Harvard University, is the result of three years' investigation, one in this country and two in England, - for the most part in London, where nearly all the documentary material relating to the subject is to be found. For facilitating with ready courtesy my access to this material I am greatly indebted to the officials of the 0 GEORGE RANDALL LEWIS British Museum, the Public Record Office, and the Duchy of Corn- wall Office. I desire also to acknowledge gratefully the assistance of Dr. G. W. Prothero, Mr. Hubert Hall, and Mr. George Unwin. My thanks are especially due to Professor Edwin F. Gay of Harvard University, under whose supervision my work has been done. HOUGHTON,M~CHIGAN, November, 1907. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION purpose of the essay. Reasons for choice of subject. Sources of informa- tion. Plan of treatment . xiii CHAPTER I Nature of tin ore. Stream tinning in early times. Early methods of searching for ore. Forms assumed by the primitive mines. Drainage and other features of medizval mine economy. Preparation of the ore. Carew's description of the dressing of tin ore. Early smelting furnaces. Advances in mining and smelt- ing in the latter half of the seventeenth century. Preparation of the ore. Use of the steam engine for draining mines. Introduction of blasting. Pit coal smelting. General advance in ore dressing in the eighteenth century. Other improvements. -
The Smelting of Copper
Chapter 4 The Smelting of Copper The first written account of the processes of smelting and refining of copper is to be found in the 12th century.1 On smelting: Copper is engendered in the earth. When a vein of which is found, it is acquired with the greatest labour by digging and breaking. It is a stone of a green colour and most hard, and naturally mixed with lead. This stone, dug up in abundance, is placed upon a pile, and burned after the manner of chalk, nor does it change colour, but yet looses its hardness, so that it can be broken up. Then, being bruised small, it is placed in the furnace; coals and the bellows being applied, it is incessantly forged by day and night. On refining: Of the purification of copper. Take an iron dish of the size you wish, and line it inside and and out with clay strongly beaten and mixed, and it is carefully dried. Then place it before a forge upon the coals, so that when the bellows acts upon it the wind may issue partly within and partly above it, and not below it. And very small coals being placed around it equally, and add over it a heap of coals. When, by blowing a long time, this has become melted, uncover it and cast immediately fine ashes over it, and stir it with a thin and dry piece of wood as if mixing it, and you will directly see the burnt lead adhere to these ashes like a glue. -
141210 the Rise of Steam Power
The rise of steam power The following notes have been written at the request of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Transport Division, Glasgow by Philip M Hosken for the use of its members. The content is copyright and no part should be copied in any media or incorporated into any publication without the written permission of the author. The contents are based on research contained in The Oblivion of Trevithick by the author. Section A is a very brief summary of the rise of steam power, something that would be a mighty tome if the full story of the ideas, disappointments, successes and myths were to be recounted. Section B is a brief summary of Trevithick’s contribution to the development of steam power, how he demonstrated it and how a replica of his 1801 road locomotive was built. Those who study early steam should bear in mind that much of the ‘history’ that has come down to us is based upon the dreams of people seen as sorcerers in their time and bears little reality to what was actually achieved. Very few of the engines depicted in drawings actually existed and only one or two made any significant contribution to the harnessing of steam power. It should also be appreciated that many drawings are retro-respective and close examination shows that they would not work. Many of those who sought to utilise the elusive power liberated when water became steam had little idea of the laws of thermodynamics or what they were doing. It was known that steam could be very dangerous but as it was invisible, only existed above the boiling point of water and was not described in the Holy Bible its existence and the activities of those who sought to contain and use it were seen as the work of the Devil. -
Trevithick Society Journal Cumulative Index to 2021 Pete Joseph
Trevithick Society Journal Cumulative index to 2021 ITHICK EV SO R C T IE E T H Y T K O K W C I E H T T I H V A E S R T RICHARD TREVITHICK 1771-2021 250TH ANNIVERSARY Pete Joseph & Graham Thorne National Explosives Works, near Gwithian. Concrete loadings for acid tanks near the New Nitroglycerine Hill; St Ives and holiday park in the background. Photo: Pete Joseph Index of Articles to 2020 Journals 1-4 orange covers Journal No. 1: 1973 Editorial (J. H. Trounson) 6 Richard Trevithick - his place in engineering history James Hodge, M.A., C.Eng., F.I.Mech.E., A.F.K. Aes. 9 The Bodmin and Wadebridge Railway C. R. Clinker 29 The story of Wheal Guskus in the parish of Saint Hilary Professor D. G. and Mrs Mary Tucker 49 The Redruth to Penzance turnpike roads Miss E. M. Philbrlck 63 The Liskeard and Looe Canal M. J. Messenger 80 Tin stream works at Tuckingmill Paul Stephens and John Stengelhofen 90 Railway Rhymes No. 1: ‘Success to the West Cornwall Railway’ 26 Book Review An Introduction to Cornish Watermills 87 Journal No. 2: 1974 Editorial (J. H. Trounson) 6 A short history of the Camborne School of Mines L. P. S. Piper 9 Richard Trevithick: new light on his earliest years & family origins Professor Charles Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., Hon. M.R.I.A. 45 The West of England Bacon Co.. Redruth H. R. Hodge and Paul Stephens 55 Notes on some early blowing & smelting sites in the Carn Brea-St. -
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SERIES ONE: the Boulton and Watt Archive, Parts 2 and 3
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SERIES ONE: The Boulton and Watt Archive, Parts 2 and 3 Publisher's Note - Part - 3 Over 3500 drawings covering some 272 separate engines are brought together in this section devoted to original manuscript plans and diagrams. Watt’s original engine was a single-acting device for producing a reciprocating stroke. It had an efficiency four times that of the atmospheric engine and was used extensively for pumping water at reservoirs, by brine works, breweries, distilleries, and in the metal mines of Cornwall. To begin with it played a relatively small part in the coal industry. In the iron industry these early engines were used to raise water to turn the great wheels which operated the bellows, forge hammers, and rolling mills. Even at this first stage of development it had important effects on output. However, Watt was extremely keen to make improvements on his initial invention. His mind had long been busy with the idea of converting the to and fro action into a rotary movement, capable of turning machinery and this was made possible by a number of devices, including the 'sun-and-planet', a patent for which was taken out in 1781. In the following year came the double-acting, rotative engine, in 1784 the parallel motion engine, and in 1788, a device known as the 'governor', which gave the greater regularity and smoothness of working essential in a prime mover for the more delicate and intricate of industrial processes. The introduction of the rotative engine was a momentous event. By 1800 Boulton and Watt had built and put into operation over 500 engines, a large majority being of the 'sun and planet type'. -
PDF of the Mining Milestones
Date Event Detail Source c.1675 Plunger pump Samuel Morland patented (175) a plunger pump capable JTS 7/34 of raising great quantities of water 1689 Blasting Thomas Epsley is said to have introduced blasting with black powder to the Cornish mines – a year later he is Rowe p 9 recorded in the Breage burial register – apparently a victim of his own invention 1698 Savery Thomas Savery patented an engine for raising water by the impellent force of fire. Patent extended by act of Stewart p 18 parliament to run until 1733. At a trial of the engine in 1706 ‘the steam was very strong and tore the engine to pieces’. There are legends of this engine being used at Rowe p 7 Wheal Vor (Breage) but this is doubted by Barton & Stewart 1698 Coal tax Import tax on seaborne coal introduced Stewart p 39 1709 Coalbrookdale Abraham Darby made cast iron in a small blast furnace JTS3 p 25 using coke as the fuel (derived from coal) at Coalbrookdale. This allowed mass production of cast iron – continued casting iron (including making of first iron bridge, first railway engine and AGAs) until 2017 1712 Newcomen engine First documented use for pumping at Dudley Castle Barton p 15 colliery, Staffordshire, 21 inch cylinder. Newcomen never Rolt&Allen p 46 patented his engine but worked within Savery’s wide Stewart p 26 ranging patent. X section drawing. Drawing p48 Stewart Barton p 17 1714 Water driven pumps Coster and Coster patent in 1714 for a pumping system for mines – used an ingenious water driven chain and rag Stewart p 12 engine to drive pumps of ‘mettall cilinders and bored elemes’ 1716 Early engine The first engine in Cornwall was possibly erected at Wheal Stewart p 33 Vor (Breage) and worked for about four years. -
A Conference Sharing Best Practice and New Approaches To
A conference sharing best practice and new approaches to risk assessment in property conveyance and land development Friday 30th September 2016 9am – 2pm, at Chi An Bobel, Heartlands, Pool, Redruth, Cornwall To mark 25 years of Cornwall Consultants Ltd promoting awareness and understanding of mining related issues in the South West. 1 Programme Time Title Author From To 09.00 09.30 Registration Coffee & Networking 09.30 09.35 Welcome and Introduction Tony Bennett, 09.35 09.55 The Mining Legacy in the South West Cornish Chamber of Mines & Minerals Dr Keith Russ 09.55 10.10 A Virtual Tour Beneath our Feet Western United Mines Ltd Mining Subsidence Appraisal: Dan Berriman 10.10 10.40 Searching for the Future Cornwall Consultants Ltd Ground Instability: Chris Massie 10.40 11.00 Engineered Solutions to Stabilise and Secure Old Consulting Engineer Mine Workings 11.00 11.10 Q&A with Session 1 speakers 11.10 11.25 Coffee & Networking Camborne-Pool-Redruth Link Road: Emma Blakesley 11.25 11.45 A Case Study of Mining, Geotechnical and CORMAC Solutions Ltd Contaminated Land Issues The Mundic Problem: Rachel Garside, Petrolab Ltd and 11.45 12.05 Principles and New Practices Dan Berriman, Cornwall Consultants Ltd Chris Tofts 12.05 12.25 Minerals and Planning Stephens Scown LLP Dealing with Land Contamination in Cornwall: James Langley and Miles Randall 12.25 12.45 The Local Authority Perspective Cornwall Council 12.45 12.55 Q&A Session with Session 2 speakers 12.55 13.00 Prize giveaway 13.00 14.15 Lunch, networking and Engine House Tours 2 Abstracts 09:35 – 09:55 The Mining Legacy in the South West by Tony Bennett Cornwall today is a very different place than it was over 100 years ago. -
Penwith Statement 2 February 1998
CORNWALL COUNTY COUNCIL PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY NATIONAL PARKS AND ACCESS TO THE COUNTRYSIDE ACT 1949 COUNTRYSIDE ACT 1968 WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT 1981 REVISED STATEMENT PENWITH DISTRICT Parish of GWINEAR-GWITHIAN Relevant date for the purposes of this revised Definitive Statement: 2nd February 1998 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NO. LOCATION AVERAGE MIN WIDTH WIDTH _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 FP from road west of Barripper to Coswinsawsin Lane 3'0" 2 FP from road south west of Carnhell Green to BR 49 at Cathebedron 3'0" 3 FP from Shaft Downs to BR 49 3'0" 4 FP from road south of Halancoose to B3280 3'0" 5 FP from BR 49 south of Drewollas to FP 6 3'0" 6 FP from BR 49 north east of Gwinear Downs to FP 5 2'6" 7 FP from road south of Deveral to BW 52 west of Calloose - 8 FP from south of Taskus to Parish Boundary 2'6" 9 FP from BR 54 at Trenerth to BW 52 at Calloose Caravan Park 2'0" 1.0m 10 FP from Tregotha to Parish Boundary and Hayle FP 44 - 11 FP from south of Gwinear to Deverell Road west of Henvor 2'6" 12 FP from BR 49 at Drewollas to Reawla Lane (Wall) 2'6" 13 FP from Gwinear to road north of Relistien 3'0" 14 FP from Rosewarne to Lanyon Gate 3'0" 15 FP from Lanyon Gate to road north of Carnhell Green - 16 FP and BR from Gwinear via Lanyon Farm to former Gwinear Road Station 3'0" 1.5m 17 FP from Higher Trevaskis (BR16) to lane west of Trevaskis 2'6" 18 FP from BR 16 north of Lanyon to south of Trenowin 2'6" 19 FP from Gwinear to Polkinghorne 2'6" 20 FP from Gwinear via Trungle to Parish Boundary at Angarrack 3'0" Parish of GWINEAR-GWITHIAN Relevant Date 2nd February 1998 - Sheet 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NO. -
The Boulton and Watt Archive and the Matthew Boulton Papers from Birmingham Central Library Part 13: Boulton & Watt Correspondence and Papers (MS 3147/3/286404)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY Series One: The Boulton and Watt Archive and the Matthew Boulton Papers from Birmingham Central Library Part 13: Boulton & Watt Correspondence and Papers (MS 3147/3/286404) DETAILED LISTING REEL 231 3/336 Henry Williams, 17791783 (12 items) Henry Williams was an engine erector who mainly worked on engines in the Midlands. These included the Wren’s Nest Forge engine near West Bromwich, and the engines at Coalbrookdale, Ketley and Donnington Wood in Shropshire. The letters are addressed to Matthew Boulton, James Watt, Watt’s assistant William Playfair and the engine firm’s clerk, John Buchanan. 1. Letter. Henry Williams (Wren’s Nest) to James Watt (Soho). 28 Aug. 1779. Docketed “An experiment.” 2. Letter. Henry Williams (Wren’s Nest) to William Playfair (Soho). 23 Jan. 1780. 3. Letter. Henry Williams (Ketley) to William Playfair (Soho). 2 Apr. 1780. 4. Letter. Henry Williams (Ketley) to James Watt (Soho). 24 Apr. 1780. 5. Letter. Henry Williams (Ketley) to Matthew Boulton (Soho). 23 Aug. 1781. 6. Letter. Henry Williams (Ketley) to John Buchanan [Soho]. 5 Sep. 1781. The bottom half of the letter has been torn away. The back of the sheet has been used for calculations. 7. Letter. Henry Williams (Ketley) to John Buchanan (Soho). 21 Jan. 1782. 8a. Letter. Henry Williams (Coalbrookdale) to Matthew Boulton (Soho). 27 Mar. 1782. Enclosing (b) below. b. Letter. Dr. William Moore (Penryndee) to Henry Williams. 20 Mar. 1782. 9. Letter. Henry Williams (Coalbrookdale) to John Buchanan (Soho). 28 May 1782. Docketed “Balance of engine.” His progress with the Coalbrookdale engine. -
<Pea~ Cvistrict ~Iries Chistorical C-Societycltd
<pea~ CVistrict ~iries CHistorical C-SocietyCLtd. NEWSLETTER No 96 OCTOBER 2000 SUMMARY OF DATES FOR YOUR DIARY 22 October U/ground meet - Rochdale Page 2 19 November Ecton Mines Page 3 25 November AGM and Anual Dinner Page 1 22-23 September 2000 NAMHO Field Meet Pagell TO ALL MEMBERS MrN Potter+ ~otice is hereby given that the Twenty Sixth Annual Mr J R Thorpe*(Acting Hon secretary) General Meeting of the Peak District Mines Historical Those whose names are marked (*) are retiring as Society Ltd will be held at 6.00pm on Saturday required by the Articles of Association and are eligible for 25 November 2000 at the Peak District Mining Museum, re-election. Those whose names are marked (+) are Grand Pavilion, Matlock Bath, Derbyshire. retiring and are not eligible for re-election. The Agenda will be distributed at the start of the Fully paid up members of the Society, who are aged meeting. 18 years and over, are invited to nominate Members of the By Order Society (who themselves are fully paid up and who have J Thorpe consented to the nomination) for the vacant positions on Hon Secretary the Committee. Nominations are required for the position of: THE COMPANIES ACT 1985 As required under Article 24 of the Articles of Chairman Association of the Company, the following Directors will Deputy Chairman retire at the Annual General Meeting: Hon Secretary 1. The Hon Secretary (acting) Hon Treasurer 2. The Chairman Hon Recorder 3. The Deputy Chairman Hon Editor 4. The Hon Treasurer Two Ordinary Members 5. The Hon Editor 6. -
'Iron-Mad' Wilkinson?
Sites of John Wilkinson’s UK Activities, Investments WHO WAS ‘IRON-MAD’ WILKINSON? INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS and Businesses - Was he down your way? He was the leading Ironmaster, entrepreneur and A CUMBRIA As well as his activities in England and Wales, Wilkinson had inventor of his day who also expanded the use of sales and investments in America, Sweden, Prussia, Netherlands 1 Little Clifton, ‘birthplace’- 1728, born in a cart between steam power. his home and Workington market. and France but it is outside the limited scope of this pamphlet to 2 Kendal – He attended a Unitarian Academy run by the Rev.Dr show all of these sites of activity. The map and the list below show Caleb Rotherham. This was not just a theological academy most of the sites in England and Wales. so John learnt mathematics, science and modern languages Notably however, he was an investor in the Paris water system for the engineering future his father Isaac planned for him. and supplied 40 miles of pipes and engines to Paris Water. 3 Backbarrow blast furnace, in 1736 Isaac, who was a In 1775, his brother William, was persuaded by the French shepherd, became a pot founder and then chief pot founder to leave the foundry at Bersham to set up factories for them. in 1740 aged 40. This site is to become a museum. 4 By 1735 Bare Syke, Backbarrow was the home of John’s father Bersham Ironworks had been established by their father Isaac, Isaac, where he cast iron pots from the Backbarrow blast see site 11 below and Wrexham.gov.uk/museums furnace. -
AIA News 140 Spring 2007
INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY 159 WINTER NEWS 2011 THE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA Cork Conference G Heritage Lottery Fund G Marie Nisser SS Robin G Record Fine for Demolition G Swedish Postscript all its associated machinery intact and often turns AIA Conference -but not for our party- supplemented by a second Cork 2010 hand steam engine, also from Manchester. The prize exhibit is the largest pot still in the world with a capacity of 31,648 gallons. Seventy five delegates assembled for this year’s Dr. Rynne delivered the Friday evening lecture Conference held at the University College Cork, on the IA of the Munster region. Unsurprisingly, INDUSTRIAL our first in a foreign land and, amazingly, the because of the climate, such industries as existed weather remained dry and fine throughout. ARCHAEOLOGY were primarily water powered, as Ireland has no coal and the peat has a low calorific value. Some NEWS 159 Roger Ford quarrying went on in the area, the local limestone Winter 2011 having the hardness, quality and appearance of Star turn was Dr. Colin Rynne, President of the marble. Principal activities were food and drink Honorary President Prof Marilyn Palmer Industrial Heritage Society of Ireland and 2007 related – distilling, brewing and butter 63 Sycamore Drive, Groby, Leicester LE6 0EW Rolt Memorial Lecturer, whose knowledge of Irish production. Chairman – particularly social – history and anecdotes of Saturday morning’s talks started with Peter Mark Sissons 33 Burgate, Pickering, North Yorkshire YO18 7AU the local scene was very evident as he guided us Foynes, curator of the Cork Butter Exchange Vice-Chairman on all the field trips.