Statement Heritage

Poultry houses at, Nanturras, Goldsithney, Penzance, TR20 9HE Heritage Impact Assessment within a World Heritage Site: SH Ref NANT0121 16/02/2021 v2

STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217

Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

All content © Statement Heritage unless stated otherwise.

This statement was prepared by Adam Sharpe MA MCIfA and edited by Daniel Ratcliffe MA MCIfA – responsibility for errors lies with Statement Heritage The views and recommendations expressed in this report are those of Statement Heritage and are presented in good faith on the basis of professional judgement and on information currently available. It should not be used or relied upon in connection with any other project than that intended.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

Executive Summary

This assessment examines the impacts on historic environment assets of proposals to replace existing poultry houses at Nanturras near Goldsithney, with ‘beehive units’ for commercial and light industrial use. The site lies within Area 3 of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site but not close to any other designated heritage assets. The key issue in terms of historic environment planning policies is therefore identified as the effects of the proposed development on the significance (Outstanding Universal Value in UNESCO parlance) of the World Heritage Site – lying in the degree to which it helps to illustrate the distinctive mining landscapes of the period 1700-1914. The site lay historically within a common grazing area known as Perran Downs. A record on the Tithe Award suggests ‘burrows destroyed by mining’ lay to the immediate east of the site. These may have been Bronze Age barrows, or potentially early mining spoilheaps as the word is used in Cornish dialect for both kinds of earthworks. The assessment identifies the creation of enclosures within which the proposal is located, and the track which will provide access to the development as being laid out between 1748 and 1840. By 1840 the enclosure pattern was one of small straight sided enclosures, dispersed homestead cottages, with row housing predominating in Goldsithney itself. To the immediate east of the site was West Nanturras Mine which produced tin. Spoilheaps and shafts were also mapped to the north west of the site. Nanturras Mine was out of use (with the exception of some small scale, little documented re-working in the early 20th century) by 1878. The current poultry units were in place by 1972 and are considered of likely mid 20th century date. They are of no heritage value. The laying out of concrete hard standings across the site may have impacted any surviving earlier archaeological remains. The boundaries of the site are identified as having some residual OUV, however the site is well screened, whilst the surrounding historic landscape much altered by 20th century change. As such the potential development is not considered likely to harm the OUV of the World Heritage Site and as such heritage policies should not present an obstacle for development assuming existing boundaries are maintained

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

Contents Executive Summary ...... 3 1. Introduction...... 5 2. Historic Background...... 6 3. Statement of Significance (including assessment of the contribution of the site to OUV) ...... 12 4 Policy Requirements...... 13 5 Impact Assessment, Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusion...... 14 6 Bibliography ...... 16

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

1. Introduction.

1.1. This report has been commissioned by the client to meet the requirement of the Local Planning Authority (acting on the advice of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site Management Team) for a proportionate heritage impact assessment to accompany an application for development within the World Heritage Site (hereafter WHS). 1.2. It is understood the proposals will involve the demolition of existing 20th-century poultry units and construction of ‘beehive units’ for commercial use. 1.3. Applications with the potential to affect the ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ of the WHS, as defined in the Management Plan for the site (Cornwall Council 2012) fall subject to the requirements of the NPPF (P189) and Cornwall Local Plan (P24) which require expert but proportionate assessment of the significance of heritage assets and their settings affected by proposed development and the impacts on that significance of such development. 1.4. This assessment, the overall methodology of which is informed by Cornwall Council’s adopted Supplementary Planning Document for the WHS (Cornwall Council 2017), and by Historic England’s best practice note Making Changes to Heritage Assets (2017a) will • Describe via a full regression exercise of large scale (1:2500) Ordnance Survey historic maps, the development of this part of the WHS and the date of the buildings at hand. • Describe and assess the results of our own photographic and desk-based assessment1 of the site, which follows the approaches set out within Historic England’s Setting of Heritage Assets (2016) and Understanding Historic Buildings (2017b) guidance documents. Field assessment has been informed by the results of online consultation of data provided by the Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record via the Cornwall Interactive Mapping. • Describe the significance of any assets affected. • Consider the impacts to the significance of the assets affected according to the relevant policy principles.

1 Due to being carried out during the third national lockdown of the 2020-2021 Covid 19 pandemic photography for this project was supplied by client.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

2. Historic Background. Designations.

2.0 The site (see figure 1) lies within Area 3 Tregonning and Gwinear Mining District of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site. The site, inscribed in 2006, is described by UNESCO within its overarching statement of significance as comprising ‘the most authentic and historically important components of the Cornwall and west Devon mining landscape dating principally from 1700 to 1914, the period during which the most significant industrial and social impacts occurred. The ten areas of the Site together form a unified, coherent cultural landscape and share a common identity as part of the overall exploitation of metalliferous minerals here from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries’2 2.1 Desk-based appraisal using data from the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) indicates that no Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments or other designated heritage assets will have a significant visual relationship with the proposed development. Description of Site. 2.2 The proposed development site (figure 1 and 2) is currently occupied by three disused timber framed and clad single storey poultry houses with corrugated galvanised iron roof coverings surrounded by hard standing. 2.3 Geologically The underlying bedrock geology consists of hornfelsed slates and siltstones of the Devonian Mylor Slate Formation (BGS 2021), these having been metamorphosed through the emplacement of the Tregonning Hill granite which outcrops 5km to the east; the British Geological Survey Geology of Britain online mapping records the junction formed this bedrock and the un- metamorphosed slates and siltstones of the Mylor Series as lying immediately to the west of the site. Metamorphic processes also saw the emplacement of sub-vertical mineralised lode structures carrying tin and copper on generally east-north-east to west-south-west strikes (note however that mapped information shows that locally, many significant lode strikes were aligned east-south-east to west-north-west, including those worked n West Trevelyan and East Trevelyan). The landscape is also traversed by a number of broadly parallel elvan dykes of Permian date – some of these are also noted as being mineralised. 2.4 Topographically, Nanturras Poultry Farm is located between the settlements of Goldsithney and Perran Downs, West Cornwall, and is centred at SW 55077 30665 just to the south of the B3280 between Goldsithney and Relubbus. It is in the northern part of the civil parish of Perranuthnoe and was in the ecclesiastical parish of St. Hilary. The site is at 55m OD on a gently south-sloping dissected wave-cut platform.

2 https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2010/whc10-34com-8E.Adde.pdf

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

2.5 Historic Background 2.6 This area, formerly an extensive tract of heathland known as Perran Downs was partly enclosed to agriculture during the medieval period; further areas were enclosed during the late 18th and early 19th centuries as miners’ smallholdings. The Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record (HER) (classed the Historic Landscape Character (HLC) of the area occupied by Nanturras as Recently Enclosed Land (REL) Settlement C20th, bordered to the east by a block of Anciently Enclosed Land (AEL) Farmland Medieval, and to the west by Recently Enclosed Land Farmland C20th, this formerly having been part of Perran Downs. 2.7 Prehistoric: The Cornwall and Scilly HER (figure 1ii) records little evidence for prehistoric activity within the vicinity of the site. The documented site of what was identified as a group of destroyed Age barrows (MCO3304) destroyed by the activities of West Trevelyan Mine is noted at SW 55135 30604 immediately to the south-east of Nanturras Poultry Farm. A limited amount of Mesolithic material has been recovered through field walking just to the south of Goldsithney and near Perranuthnoe. Cropmark and documentary evidence for enclosed farmsteads dating to the Iron Age and Romano-British period (Rounds) are recorded near Rosudgeon, at Colenso, Relubbus, Kestal near St Hilary, Trevabyn to the north of St Hilary, Venton Hall and Wheal Down near Marazion and at Trebarvah, where remains of associated field systems have also been plotted by the National Mapping Programme (NMP). An oval enclosure (MCO51070) plotted at SW 54932 30460 to the south of Nanturras might be a further example of this site type. 2.8 Medieval: Nanturras (MCO15868) at SW 54981 30814 was first recorded in 1400 as Nansturant, the name incorporating the Cornish Nans – valley and an unknown second component, possibly a personal name. Goldsithney (MCO14550) was first recorded in 1227 – the name is composed of the Cornish Goel – fair and the saint’s name Sithney – this refers to the location of the annual fair which was moved here from Merther in Sithney parish during the 13th century. Padel (1989) recorded a variant of the name as Pleyn Goel Sithney – the place of the fair of Sithney. Goldsithney also includes the sites of a medieval pound, a cemetery and two medieval chapels, and maps reveal the presence of remnant burgage plots on both the northern and southern sides of the main street in the core area of the settlement. Medieval fields are recorded in the HER to the south and west of Goldsithney. A medieval lazar house is documented at Perran Crossroads with a wayside cross site just to its west; further medieval crosses are noted at Colenso and Trevabyn and a medieval bridge is located at Penpons. The church at St Hilary appears to have been constructed on an early Medieval site. The church was largely destroyed by fire in 1853, being rebuilt two years later, but parts of the original C13th structure survive in the base of the tower. 2.9 Post-medieval The majority of the records in the HER within the landscape surrounding Nanturras relate to mining activity undertaken in the C18th and C19th. The following mines are recorded close to the site: West Trevelyan Mine (MCO39835) centred at SW 55123 30571 to the south-east of the site, Wheal Trevelyan (MCO12699) centred at SW 55197 30600 to the east-south-east, Perran Downs Mine MCO12408 at SW 55409 30415 to the east, Wheal Verrant MCO39909 centred at SW

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

54682 30578 to the west and Wheal Park (MCO39888) at SW 54867 30928 to the north. Two small post-medieval quarries working elvan deposits were located to the south-west of Nanturras, these being MCO28744 at SW 54870 30521 and MCO28739 at SW 54889 30608. 2.10 Miners’ cottages are scattered throughout this landscape, notably at Nanturras Row immediately to the north of the poultry farm, whilst late C18th and early C19th miners’ smallholdings can be seen from the 1st Edition of the OS 25” mapping to have spread across much of Perran Downs and onto Higher Downs and Lower Downs to its east. Much of the post-medieval growth of Goldsithney including its many short rows of terraced cottages, its shops, pubs, hotel and Non-conformist chapel took place in response to mining activity within its hinterland and the growth of the local mining population and their families. 2.11 This area has a complex and poorly documented mining history. The underlying lodes carried both tin and copper, most proving unsuitable for exploitation at any great scale. Dines (1956) notes that ‘the workings within this district are laterally extensive but comparatively shallow, few being in excess of 100 fathoms depth’. A longitudinal section of (West) Trevelyan Mine dating to 1863 (AMP R308B) showing the ground between Charles Shaft and Carter’s Shaft 130 yards apart, indicated that both shafts had been sunk to 60 fathoms depth with stoping between the 20 fathom and 60 fathom levels. This is a comparatively small-scale operation operation compared to contemporary mines elsewhere in Cornwall. 2.12 A large number of small-scale early operations have been recorded, Gerrard (1986) listing twenty-nine sets of tinbounds, tinworks and mines in St Hilary parish alone, a substantial number of these being in operation from at least 1502. The names of many of these early undertakings such as Hache Vras, Myne Wartha, Le Grace Dieu, or Heclan Mehals are obscure, and most of these tinworks cannot be accurately located. Hamilton Jenkin (1964) noted that ‘this area, known as Perran Downs, was worked for centuries by small groups of miners operating on their own account, hundreds of windlasses were to be seen above as many shafts’. 2.13 During the 1830s many local mines (but apparently not including West or East Trevelyan) came under the control of Thomas Saunders Cave who had grown from being a small scale mine speculator to a large-scale share promoter. His Ponzi scheme attracted £360,000 (£43.5 million in today’s money) allowing him to pay out dividends to the original subscribers, attracting considerable further investment, but in 1839 the scheme collapsed and in 1841 Cave was declared bankrupt with personal losses of £192,000 (£19.8 million in today’s money). Almost all the mines of the district were forced to close, throwing huge numbers of miners out of work. Few of the local mines were ever re-worked and much of the workforce is understood to have emigrated to the developing Caradon Hill mining field in east Cornwall. 2.14 The mines within the immediate vicinity of the application site are documented in a variety of sources (principally Spargo 1865, Dines 1956, Hamilton Jenkin 1964 and the 1st Edition of the OS 25” (25 inch-to-the-mile) mapping as consisting of West Trevelyan and East Trevelyan immediately to its south-east, Trevelyan to the east again, Nanturras (a re-working of some of these enterprises), Wheal Park to the north, Wheal Charles and Wheal Varrant immediately to the west. The lodes and mineralised elvans worked by this group of mines were extensions of those exploited

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

in Tregurtha Downs and Owen Vean to the west-south-west. A sett map produced in 1862 by Thomas Spargo shows these mines to have been adjoined by the Millpool Mines to the east, Halamanning and Tregurtha Downs to the north, Owen Vean to the west and Wheal Caroline and Wheal Grylls to the south. 2.15 West Trevelyan had been working in the earlier part of the C19th, its Wheal Charles Shaft having been sunk to 20 fathoms depth using a 21” cylinder steam engine. The mine was for sale in 1851, and was re-worked between 1852-1860. Burt et al (2011) enumerates tin and copper production from West Trevelyan between 1859 and 1863. Spargo (1865) noted that ‘West Trevelyan ceased work a few months ago. The returns of tin were considerable but hardly equal to the expenditure’. The mine seems to have been retried together with Wheal Charles and East Wheal Trevelyan though with what success is unknown. West Trevelyan and East Trevelyan, together with Penberthy Crofts to the north were again re-tried between 1903-4 and 1904-5 under the name Nanturras Mine, which the OS 1909 6” mapping locates in Trevelyan Plantation. 15 tons of tin were produced, most assumed to derive from sections of the lodes above Penberthy Croft’s adit level. 2.16 Dines (1956) suggests that West Trevelyan Wheal Trevelyan are one and the same. If this is the case Spargo’s (1865) note that ‘Trevelyan … is idle but ought to be reworked. A steam engine was erected by the late company but was little used. The depth was about 100 fathoms’ is likely to refer to the engine documented as having been erected on Charles Shaft. The surface remains of the mine are shown on the OS 1st Edition 25” mapping dating to circa 1877 as consisting of a scatter of shaft dumps to the south-east and the north-west of the poultry farm labelled West Trevelyan (Tin Disused). 2.17 Wheal Verrant is recorded as having been a small-scale operation sited just to the west of Nanturras, but its activities are almost completely undocumented. It was briefly worked on a site to the south of Goldsithney during the early C20th. 2.18 East Trevelyan was sited immediately to the east of West Trevelyan, part of its sett encompassing the former Trevelyan Plantation on Perran Downs; some sources confusingly suggest that Trevelyan and East Trevelyan are the same mine. Hamilton Jenkin notes that East Trevelyan was merged with Wheal Park (a small but rich copper mine to its north) in 1863. Burt et al record tin and copper sales from Trevelyan between 1848-58 (some sources suggest that Trevelyan started work in 1846). The mine was indicated on the OS 1st Edition 25” mapping as East Trevelyan (Tin and Copper Disused).

Map Regression 2.19 John Norden Speculae Britanniae Pars – Cornwall 1610 (published 1728, reissued by University of Exeter 1972) [not reproduced here]. The Penwithe Hundred section of this map shows Golsinney, Relubbus and Hillary together with an indication of a hilly district which represents Perran Downs, but no other useful detail.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

2.20 Joel Gascoyne’s map of Cornwall 1699 [not reproduced here] showed Goldsithney as Golzinny, the roads crossing Perran Downs to the east were un-fenced. No indications of mining were included on this mapping. 2.21 On Thomas Martyn’s 1748 map of Cornwall (figure 3i) Goldsithney was shown as Golzithny. The lanes to the east and west of Nanturras were shown as un-hedged (indicative that they passed through unenclosed common grazing lands), together with others crossing Perran Downs. No indications of mining were included in this part of Cornwall. 2.22 The Tithe Award mapping for Perranuthnoe (figure 3ii) dating to 1840 shows Nanturras tenement and Nanturras Row. Shading on the map indicates mine workings at West Trevelyan and East Trevelyan, mostly centred in TA plot 162immediately to the south-east of Nanturras poultry farm. Two detached miners’ cottages were shown to the north-west of the poultry farm; that to the south-east in TA plot 145 had been demolished by 1880 (OS plot 94); another to its north-west in plot 148 (OS plot 91) survives to this day. TA plots 150 and 149 (the application site) were noted as being owned by Lady Carrington, leased by John Rowe, and occupied by Tobias Roberts. Both plots were described as meadows, and being parts of a Tenement on Perran Downs. Neither were shown as siting any mining activity in 1840. 2.23 The 1st Edition of the Ordnance Survey 25” to a mile mapping dating to 1878 (figure 4i) provides useful detail of the landscape around Nanturras in the last decades of the 19th century. Nanturas [sic] and Nanturas Row [sic] were shown together with West Trevelyan Mine (Tin Disused) centred immediately to the south-east of the application site. East Trevelyan Mine (Tin and Copper Disused) was shown within Trevelyan Plantation to the east-south-east. A large spoil dump immediately to the north-west of the application site and others to its west probably also represent parts of West Trevelyan. The map shows at least ten documented shafts accompanied by spoil dumps within 125m of the centre of the application site. 2.24 The 2nd Edition of the OS 25”mapping (figure 4ii)dating to 1908 shows a landscape little changed over the past three decades. Nanturras and Nanturras Row were again shown, together with the shaft dumps associated with West Trevelyan and East Trevelyan, though the mines sites themselves were no longer labelled. The remains on an engine house were recorded 150m to the east of the application site – this appears to have been constructed and abandoned between 1877 and 1908 and must reflect a late working of part of the Trevelyan mines. Huel Verrant Mine (Tin) was shown as operational and sited immediately to the south of Goldsithney. 2.25 1946 RAF vertical aerial photographs. [Not accessible owing to Covid 19 restrictions]. 2.26 The earliest large scale [1:2500] OS map showing the present buildings and access track dates to 1972 (figure 4iii). This is likely the first resurvey of the area at this scale by the OS following WWII – due to a generalised lack of resurvey during the immediate post-war period. The map indicates that scrub woodland (most likely naturally arising secondary growth occupied most of the former West Trevelyan site with only the largest spoil heaps shown. Detached modern housing, constituting what is now the village of Perran Downs, is shown to the east and north occupying parts of the East and West Trevelyan mine sites, the site of Trevelyan Plantation and the sites of smallholding enclosures and their homesteads.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

2.27 Maps from the 1980s 1990s and early 2000s show the intensification of these housing areas though the later 20th century, but otherwise the landscape appears to have been relatively stable since their construction. 2.28 Vertical colour aerial photographs commissioned for Cornwall Council in 20003 show some detail of the poultry farm, this consisting of a pair of large rectangular sheds and a cluster of associated buildings to their north-west (mostly outside the project area). The site was wholly enclosed by mature tree screens. Most of the mine sites on Perran Downs had been overbuilt with new dwellings. 2.29 A series of higher resolution aerial photographs were commissioned by Cornwall Council in 2005. These show little change to the poultry farm with the exception of more mature vegetation in the area between the two large poultry sheds. 2.30 Google Earth Pro aerial mapping [not reproduced here] covering the site is available from the following dates: 2001 (indications that the ground between the sheds was being used as a vegetable garden), 2004 (poor quality imagery, but the vegetable garden was evidently still in use), 2005 (as previously, but clearer imagery), 2009 (some trees appearing in the area between the sheds), 2014 (more mature trees visible between the poultry sheds), 2016 (very poor imagery), 2017 (vegetable garden down to grass, mature trees around its periphery), 2019 (poor imagery, detail unclear), and 2020 (the area between the sheds occupied by several mature trees). 2.31 Modern OS MasterMap mapping shows a hedged shaft in the fields at SW 55037 30625 just to the west of the site, but adds little additional useful detail. Site photography (figures 5 and 6) 2.32 Our risk assessment process for this contract, which took account during a period defined as ‘High Risk – National Lockdown’ as a result of high Covid-19 infection levels in Cornwall, concluded that a site visit was not justified in this case – excellent photography of the site being supplied from both ground and aerial based positions. General urban character was assessed with the aid of Google’s Street View product. 2.33 Well established screening from mature trees, some covered by Tree Protection Orders, exists around all sides of the complex. These arise from low Cornish hedges. 2.34 The site access is from the B3280 to the north west of the current sheds. This lane also provides vehicle access to garages from neighbouring domestic properties, the garden curtilages contributing modern shrub and ornamental planting to its edges. The site is not visible otherwise from the B3280 due to high hedges and their planting along its edge. 2.35 Fore Street (B3280) forms the main historic street through Goldsithney. There are row houses, mostly along its southern side. 2.36 The buildings proposed for demolition comprise timber and blockwork framed and clad sheds with sheet metal roofing accessed via a concrete surfaced yard.

3 Not reproduced for copyright reasons – may currently be examined via the Council’s ‘Interactive Map’.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

3. Statement of Significance (including assessment of the contribution of the site to OUV) 3.1 The term used to quantify the significance of World Heritage Sites is their ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ (OUV). The current management plan for the site (Cornwall Council 2012) identifies seven landscape character types or attributes that together particularly express OUV. These include • Mine sites, including ore dressing sites • Mine transport (including maritime and terrestrial sites) • Ancillary industries (e.g. foundries, explosive, chemical works) • Mining settlements and social infrastructure (including the houses, public buildings and religious buildings of miners) • Mineworkers smallholdings • Great houses, estates and gardens • Mineralogical and other related scientific sites 3.2 The degree to which a World Heritage site’s OUV is conserved and expressed is described via the concepts of ‘Integrity’ and ‘Authenticity’, described in full within the World Heritage Operational Guidance (UNESCO 2015) and with reference to the Cornish Mining WHS within the WHS Management Plan (Cornwall Council 2012) and Supplementary Policy Document (SPD) (Cornwall Council 2016). Briefly, ‘integrity’ describes the wholeness and intactness of a WHS property, whilst ‘authenticity’ describes its ‘truth’ in relation to its form and design, materials, use, traditions, locations and intangible heritage. 3.3 The NPPF defines ‘significance’ as follows

‘The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. The interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting. For World Heritage Sites, the cultural value described within each site’s Statement of Outstanding Universal Value forms part of its significance’ and defines the setting of a heritage asset as,

‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

3.4 Area 3 of the WHS is described in the Management Plan as a’ rural mining district [which] includes tin and copper mines (some of which were sites of important eighteenth century technological developments), together with extensive mineworker’s smallholdings, mining settlements and large estates’ (2012, 35). 3.5 The mining landscape around the site is best preserved within Goldsithney Village, where cottages dating to the period 1750-1913, including Nanturras Row remain a significant part of the landscape as experienced from the main road through the settlement. 3.6 Aerial photography indicates that 6 fields of a smallholding enclosure pattern survive to the immediate north of the proposal site. However comparison with 1878 OS data very clearly shows the degree of loss of most of the surrounding smallholding pattern of which this was once part due to the construction of significant areas of detached housing to the north and of field amalgamation through boundary loss to the south. Similarly only two small groups of now vegetated shafts survive of the former Trevelyan mines within which the site once fell, the majority of the site having been developed as modern detached housing. The integrity of the OUV of the surrounding landscape is much reduced. 3.7 In our assessment the only features of the proposal site which retain OUV to any extent are the external boundaries of the site and lane. The historic character of what was once two smallholding enclosures has been fundamentally destroyed by their development in the mid-20th century as the site of poultry units. 4 Policy Requirements. 4.1 In respect of the identification of harm to OUV the NPPF states: Not all elements of a … World Heritage Site will necessarily contribute to its significance. Loss of a building (or other element) which makes a positive contribution to the significance of a World Heritage Site should be treated either as substantial harm… or less than substantial harm…, as appropriate, taking into account the relative significance of the element affected and its contribution to the significance of the … World Heritage Site as a whole. 4 (NPPF P201) 4.2 Cases of less than substantial harm are dealt with according to P197 of the Framework. This states Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal… 4.3 P197 of the Framework deals with non-designated heritage assets, stating The effects of applications on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that directly or indirectly affect non- designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

4 [edits relate to Conservation Areas not relevant to this case]

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

5 Impact Assessment, Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusion. 5.1 Development as proposed would replace buildings characteristic of mid-late 20th century small scale poultry husbandry sited within what were once two small enclosures adjacent to a mid 19th century tin mine, now all but destroyed. A sketch plan for the proposal (Laurence Associates 20158- SK-00-05) shows the site laid out with 9no ‘beehive units for industrial, commercial and storage uses’ with associated parking spaces, whilst the south eastern part of the site would be landscaped with a pond and wild area. It is assumed that given TPOs on surrounding mature trees that the existing tree screen would be retained. 5.2 No detail is available relating to the beehive units, but these are thought to be likely to be single storey pre-fabricated structures; based on this assumption, the development is likely to have a light footprint and low visibility from anywhere but their immediate locality.

Direct physical impacts 5.3 Map regression indicates that the areas of the site to be affected by the development proposal were, in 1840, 1878 and 1908, a pair of meadows. Evidence for a large spoil dump and associated mine shaft in the enclosure immediately to their north appears to have been wholly cleared away during the creation of the poultry farm. Given the nature of the development proposals it is thought unlikely that it has any significant identifiable potential for direct physical impacts on sub- surface archaeology, provided that the proposals do not include any substantial groundworks to the access lane, which is known to have been in existence since at least 1699. 5.4 However, whilst neither the 1840 TA mapping and the OS circa 1878 mapping show any evidence for C18th and C19th mining activity within the area proposed for redevelopment, it seems probable that it is traversed by the outcrop of at least one mineralised lode. Given the extent of early small scale mining documented on Perran Downs it is possible that the proposed development area was also exploited in this fashion, but has long since been reclaimed to agriculture. Groundworks for the new units on the site or for associated infrastructure might, therefore, have the potential to reveal evidence for mining activity pre-dating the later C18th. 5.5 It is possible that the documented (possible) Bronze Age barrow cemetery cleared away during mining operations some two centuries ago 65m to the south-east was part of a more extensive group extending to the north, but no evidence has been identified to suggest that this was the case.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

Setting impacts 5.6 Although this site falls within Area III of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site, the site contains no features contributing to its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). The majority of the mining sites surrounding Nanturras Poultry Farm are no longer discernible as landscape features, and those on Perran Downs immediately to the east are now covered by extensive areas of modern housing, as are the sites of Owen Vean, Wheal Park and Wheal Verrant, which have been swallowed up by the relatively recent expansion of Goldsithney. No impacts from the development will be experienced at these former mine sites. To the south of Goldsithney, a line of shafts associated with Wheal Caroline is still visible crossing an area of arable fields but these are at a considerable distance from the application site and are screened from it by field hedges and the mature trees surrounding the site. 5.7 The closest OUV features to the site are the former miners’ cottages making up Nanturras Row to the north. If successful, this application is likely to result in an increase of traffic past Nanturras Row and down the historic lane to the site (which is designated as a bridleway), potentially resulting in enhanced auditory impacts within the immediate landscape. There will, however, be no intervisibility between Nanturras Row and the proposed development site. 5.8 To the south and east of the application site, the historic pattern of smallholders’ fields is still legible on parts of Perran Downs. Given the scale and design of the application and the requirement to retain the mature tree screen around the site, there will be no intervisibility between the development and the surrounding landscape, and no viewpoints within the surrounding landscape from which the development will be visible in views of the historic fields. As a result the impacts of the proposal on the surrounding smallholding landscape will be neutral.

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Statement Heritage : WAYF0919 Wayferers, Relubbas Lane, St Hilary, Penzance, TR20 9EF

6 Bibliography Barton, D.B., 1967. A History of Tin Mining and Smelting in Cornwall, Truro Buckley, J.A. 2009, The Tudor Tin Industry Burt, R., Burnley, R., Gill, M. and Neill, A, 2011, Metalliferous mining in Cornwall and Devon in the 19th and early 20th centuries, University of Exeter Dines H.G. 1956 The metalliferous mining region of south-west England, HMSO Gerrard, G.A.M.1986, The Cornish Tin Industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Lampeter, University of Wales Hamilton Jenkin, A.K., 1964. Mines and Miners of Cornwall XI: Marazion, St. Hilary and Breage, Truro Hamilton Jenkin, A.K. undated, Annotated 1909 6” map of Cornwall Sheet SW75NW Padel, O.D. 1988, The placenames of Cornwall, Truro Ravenhill, W. (ed), 1972. John Norden’s manuscript maps of Cornwall and its nine hundreds, University of Exeter Spargo, T., 1865. The Mines of Cornwall, III: The Mounts Bay Area, Truro (reprint) Statham, K. 2018. Perranuthnoe NDP – local landscape character assessment, Cornwall Council Online resources https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/strategic-historic-environment- service/cornwall-and-scilly-historic-environment-record/ Online access to the Cornwall HER https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsithney https://magic.defra.gov.uk/magicmap.aspx Natural England mapping webpages https://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html British Geological Survey online map access

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