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Sailing Into the Past: Encountering the Monstrous in Apollonius’ Argonautica

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Sailing Into the Past: Encountering the Monstrous in Apollonius’ Argonautica Sailing into the Past: Encountering the Monstrous in Apollonius’ Argonautica by Edgar Adrian García, B.A. A Thesis In Classics Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved Dr. David Larmour Chair of Committee Dr. Donald Lavigne Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2015 Copyright 2015, Edgar García Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are a number of people who have offered me invaluable support over the course of completing this study. First of all, I would like to thank the members of my committee for their guidance and enthusiasm. David Larmour has provided feedback on numerous versions of this thesis. His seminars on both Archaic Greek Lyric and Hellenistic poetry allowed me to gain a deeper appreciation for poetry and an understanding of intertextuality, narratology, and other literary techniques that have been invaluable to both this thesis and my growth as a scholar. Don Lavigne provided many brilliant comments on the metapoetic elements at play in Hellenistic poetry. Don was always kind enough to bring a critical and encouraging attitude to my work. I would like to thank Corby Kelly for his support and encouragement. His seminars on Tibullus and Oidipous Tyrannos my first semester in the program introduced me to the world of literary scholarship. Despite the initial growing pains, Corby was always very supportive and I believe his seminars provided the groundwork that allowed my time in the program to be academically and personally successful. I would also like to thank Christopher Witmore whose seminar on the chorography of the Argolid and Corinthia completely my theoretical views and interests. Although Chris was not on my thesis committee, the very fruitful conversations I had with him on space, place and geography brought about my interest in this project. I would also like to thank the various graduate students who helped foster an intellectually stimulating academic environment. Many thanks to Ronaldo Orr and Katherine Taylor for opening my eyes to the importance of Herodotus and Roman graveyards. I owe a debt of gratitude to Jordan Piel whose stoic demeanor always helped the rest of the graduate students stay grounded. A special thanks to Cait Mongrain who provided much support throughout this process, not only by generally being a great friend but by providing me with several rides to school and explaining to me what metonymy was. Thanks also to Brandon Baker, his very casual approach towards classical scholarship is a constant source of inspiration and his knowledge of Nicander and of fungi is unmatched. My great thanks to Jason Miller for being a ii Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 constant, and constantly enlightening, interlocutor, collaborator, and friend. Our shared interests in both cross cultural interaction and Hellenistic poetry and subsequent conversations on these topics always led to new insights. Evan Levine–a great scholar–deserves my great thanks for his guidance, warm friendship, indefatigable support and level of theoretical informativity on the issues of cultural geography and postcolonialism. Lastly, I would like to thank my sister, Emmeline Garcia; my brother, Emmanuel Garcia; my best friend, Katie Cloutier; my father, Manuel Elias Garcia; and my mother, Carmen Barron. They have been to me, always, my greatest source of love and encouragement. I dedicate this thesis to them. iii Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. vi I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 II. THE EARTHBORN AT CYZICUS ............................................................... 8 The Earthborn (Γηγενεῖς) in the Literary Tradition .......................................... 8 The Earthborn in the Argonautica ................................................................... 10 III. TALOS ON CRETE ..................................................................................... 19 Talos in the Literary (and Visual) Tradition ................................................... 19 Talos in the Argonautica ................................................................................. 24 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 32 iv Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 ABSTRACT This thesis will investigate two places lying just outside the Greek world to see what kind of imagined landscape Apollonius creates within the larger literary tradition that is already at his disposal. The two places will be Cyzicus and Crete as there are not only many parallels between the two episodes, but these places also lie just outside of the Greek world. I will argue that Cyzicus’ and Crete’s locations, as lying outside of the Greek world proper, allows Apollonius to populate both islands with monsters and to therefore mark the two places as distinctly Other. v Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Attic vase from Montesarchio, Museo Nazionale del Sannio………...........…..22 2 Attic vase from Ruvo, Museo Jatta, c. 400 BCE ............................................... 23 vi Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION From the Earthborn on Cyzicus, to the Harpies in Thrace, to the monstrous Amycus in Bebricia, to the Earthborn and the serpent in Colchis, and to the bronze giant Talos on Crete, the Argonautica is replete with monstrous beings. Fusillo remarks that there are several episodes in the poem where Olympian forces struggle against chthonic forces.1 He sees various encounters that the Argonauts have against giants (Cyzicus, Colchis, Crete) as analogous to the struggle between Zeus and Typhon. This is reinforced by the fact that Amycus, who fights against Polydeuces and is described as πέλωρ, is likened to Typhon (2.38-40).2 The Argonauts don’t encounter any of these giants (or arguably anything monstrous or what might be categorized as definitively Other) until Cyzicus in Phrygia and their last such encounter is with Talos on Crete. It is only after leaving the Greek world that the Argonauts encounter the monstrous. In his study on Herodotus, Gould remarks that Herodotus represents a scheme of a “world in which things become progressively more strange as one moves outward from (Greek) normality at the centre.”3 Similarly, Cole places the imagined landscape in the Greek mind as one which belonged to fantastic mythical creatures, such as Amazons or centaurs, and states that this landscape always existed “beyond 1 Fusillo 1985, 54. 2 Polyphemus is also described as πέλωρ in Od. 9.428. Knight (1995) analyses the various ways in which the Polyphemus episode influences the Argonautic encounter with Amycus. Knight argues that Apollonius draws on Book 9 of the Odyssey whenever the Argonauts encounter an inhospitable host. 3 Gould 1994, 98. 1 Texas Tech University, Edgar A. García, May 2015 the cultivated fields of the civilized landscape.”4 It is these heterotopias, or imagined landscapes, where the monstrous can thrive, that concern this paper. 5 I will argue that as the Argonauts move away from Greece and into these imagined landscapes, they are not only moving in a spatial sense but also in a temporal one. As the Argonauts sail away from Greece they are sailing into the past. Apollonius creates a world where non-Greek locales are both primitive and monstrous. This is not to say that the literary world that Apollonius creates is something novel, for as Romm has noted, the Greeks tended to correlate historic time with geographic space so that “the earliest stratum of cosmic evolution” lies “beyond the edges of the earth, so that they also envisioned rings of progressively more primitive social development surrounding a Mediterranean hearth; in the furthest ring, at the banks of Ocean, social primitivism becomes absolute.”6 This view of the world allowed Hellenistic paradoxographers to claim that there were all sorts of marvelous creatures and fauna in India.7 The less known about these place, the more room there is for poets and other writers to manufacture their own landscapes. Strabo, when discussing the wonders in the tales about India, writes that the distant is difficult to prove (τό πόρρω δυσέλεγκτον, 11.6.4). 4 Cole 2004, 8. 5 Sistakou 2013, 171 uses Michel de Certeau’s term and denotes those places which denote “spaces of Otherness” in the Argonautica as heterotopias. Thalmann 2011, 34 also speaks of heterotopias and describes them as “countersites that all cultures create, special places set aside that bear a marked relation ot a culture’s dominant space.” 6 Romm 1992, 47. 7 Parker 2008, 69. Although both Ctesias and Herodotus had previously written about the marvels in India and were subsequently criticized for these excursions (notably, Lucian attacks both Ctesias and Herodotus for their mendacity in Ver. hist. 1.3 and 2.31), what is striking is that even after Alexander’s conquests, the basic
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