SHORTLISTED FOR THE SINGAPORE LITERATURE PRIZE From rebel on the run to first president of republican China, the life of Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) epitomizes his country’s turbulent struggle for modernity. For Review only hina is a land of superlatives: home to the fastest trains, the biggest The Unfinished Revolution is a superb new biography of Sun Yat-sen, whose standing army, and the most number life, like the confusion of his time, is not easy to interpret. His political C of millionaires. The world’s largest trading career was marked mostly by setbacks, yet he became a cult figure in China after his death. Today he is the only 20th-century Chinese leader to be power with vast holdings of U.S. sovereign widely revered on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. In contrast, many Western debt, China today is a global powerhouse The historians see little in his ideas or deeds to warrant such high esteem. with significant influence in shaping the world order. This book presents the most balanced account of Sun to date, one that UNFINISHED situates him within the historical events and intellectual climate of his time. This image is in sharp contrast to her state Born in the shadow of the Opium War, the young Sun saw China repeatedly REVOLUTION on the cusp of the 20th century, when she humiliated in clashes with foreign powers, resulting in the loss of territory — and sovereignty. When his efforts to petition the decrepit Manchu court to was rent asunder by predatory foreign institute reforms failed, Sun took to revolution. SUN YAT-SEN powers while she struggled to join the Born in Surabaya, Indonesia, Tjio K ayloe and the Struggle for modern world. For a time, it appeared that settled down in Singapore after a long Sun traversed the globe to canvass support for his cause. A notable feature of the “Sick Man of Asia” might even go the the book is its coverage of the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and their career in investment banking in Hong Kong, Modern China way of the Sumerians. She was saved from contributions to his uprisings on the mainland, which set the stage for the Singapore and New York. He set up a business overthrow of two millennia of imperial rule in 1911. — the slippery slope toward national extinction providing specialized services to financial Tjio Kayloe by a few remarkable individuals. Sun Yat-sen institutions, which he ran for more than a But Sun’s vision of China was not to be. Within a few years the republic was was the first. decade before finally retiring.A graduate hijacked and plunged into chaos. This fascinating and immensely readable work illuminates the man and his achievements, his strengths and his of the University of London and Columbia No one personifies the crisis mood of that weaknesses, revealing how he came to spearhead the revolution that would epoch better than Sun himself. A reading University, New York, he now researches the transform his country and yet, at his death in 1925 and still today, remain of his life and times is indispensable for history of modern China. This is his first agonizingly unfinished. published work and preparations are already understanding not only how China broke free underway for his next, on the warlords of of imperial rule and foreign encroachment, republican China. “I’ve read at least 30 or 40 biographies of Sun Yat-sen in my life, so I was intrigued but also how the history of that period to find out what Kayloe had to say that’s new. I was fascinated. He really tells continues to shape the way the Chinese see the story afresh. Through a lively series of chapters that capture different phases of The Unfinished Revolution themselves and the world today. Sun’s life and career, Kayloe tries to understand and to convey to us what made this remarkable man tick. A very readable book... I strongly recommend it.” — Professor Wang Gungwu Founding Chairman , Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Marshall Cavendish SUN YAT-SEN and University Professor, National University of Singapore Editions AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BIOGRAPHY ISBN 978-981-4779-07-4 ,!7IJ8B4-hhjahe! MODERN CHINA Tjio Kayloe For Review only THE UNFINISHED REVOLUTION For Review only Su N YAT-SEN AND THE STRUGGLE FOR MODERN CHINA Tjio Kayloe For Review only © 2017 Tjio Kayloe Reprinted 2018 Published in 2017 by Marshall Cavendish Editions An imprint of Marshall Cavendish International In memory of my father, Tjio Ie Tjhay, and my father-in-law, Lourenço Lui Hac-Minh, A ll rights reserved two of the finest gentlemen from the Old Country, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, who did not live long enough to see the modernization of without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited, 1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196. Tel: (65)6213 9300. their fatherland but never wavered in their conviction E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.marshallcavendish.com/genref that it would happen during my lifetime. The publisher makes no representation or warranties with respect to the contents of this book, and specifically disclaims any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, and shall in no event be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. All photographs in this book, unless otherwise specified, are believed to be in the public domain. If you have additional information pertaining to the ownership of the photographs, please contact the publisher so that the relevant credit can be given. Other Marshall Cavendish Offices: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown NY 10591–9001, USA • Marshall Cavendish International (Thailand) Co Ltd. 253 Asoke, 12th Flr, Sukhumvit 21 Road, Klongtoey Nua, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand • Marshall Cavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Times Subang, Lot 46, Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Batu Tiga, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Marshall Cavendish is a registered trademark of Times Publishing Limited N ational Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Names: Tjio, Kayloe. Title: The Unfinished Revolution: Sun Yat-Sen and the Struggle for Modern China / Tjio Kayloe. Description: Singapore : Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2017. | Includes bibliography and index. Identifiers: OCN 992165607 | 978-981-4779-07-4 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Sun, Yat-sen, 1866–1925. | Presidents—China—Biography. | China—History—1912–1928. | China—Politics and government—1912–1928. Classification: DDC 951.041092—dc23 Printed in Singapore For Review only CNO TE TS List of Illustrations ix List of Maps x Preface xi Acknowledgements xvi Notes to Readers xviii Cast of Characters xx Glossary xxv Prologue: Mandate Under Siege 1 CHapter 1 Hope of the Nation 20 CHapter 2 Baptism by Fire 40 CHapter 3 Man of High Purpose 63 CHapter 4 Coalition of the Unwilling 82 CHapter 5 The Turning Point 102 CHapter 6 A Marriage of Convenience 122 CHapter 7 The Nanyang Pivot 142 CHapter 8 Battle Cries for a Republic 166 CHapter 9 The Winter of Discontent 184 CHapter 10 The Spark that Started the Fire 206 For Review only CHapter 11 Betrayal of the Revolution 229 ILRL UST ATIONS CHapter 12 Chaos Under Heaven 245 1.S un Yat-sen at 17 years old, 1883 25 CHapter 13 Dances with Bears 267 2. Sir Ho Kai 32 3. Dr. James Cantlie 32 CHapter 14 The Final Journey 292 4. Sun with his “Four Bandits” friends, 1888 34 5. Li Hongzhang 37 CHapter 15 The Road to Purgatory 303 6. Yang Quyun 43 7. Sun in San Francisco, 1896 55 CHapter 16 The Man and His Legacy 322 8. Kang Youwei 70 9. Liang Qichao 70 Epilogue 341 10. Empress Dowager Cixi 73 11. Guangxu Emperor 73 Notes 347 12. Sun with his Japanese friends in Tokyo, 1900 89 Bibliography 371 13. Yuan Shikai 99 Index 385 14. Zhang Binglin 109 15. Huang Xing 114 16. Song Jiaoren 133 17. Hu Hanmin 133 18. Wang Jingwei 133 19. Sun with Tongmenghui Singapore founding members, 1906 149 20. Homer Lea 193 21. Sun with his son Sun Ke in Hawaii, 1910 199 22. Li Yuanhong 213 23. Official portrait of Sun as provisional president, 1912 223 24. Sun with Tang Shaoyi in Nanjing, 1912 230 25. Sun with Song Qingling in Tokyo, 1915 242 26. Chen Jiongming 252 27. Sun’s former residence in the French Concession, Shanghai 254 28. Mikhail Borodin 279 29. Sun with Chiang Kai-shek at Huangpu Military Academy, 1924 286 30. Sun’s burial at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, 1929 305 31. Sun depicted with Lincoln on a U.S. postage stamp, 1942 343 32. Sun commemorated on a set of PRC postage stamps, 2016 343 ix The Unfinished RevolUTion For Review only p refaCe MAPS P REFACE 1. Xingzhonghui offices 80 In OctOber 2013, during his state visit to Indonesia, Chinese President 2. Tongmenghui offices in Asia and America 138 Xi Jinping proposed the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment 3. The ten uprisings planned/organized by Sun Yat-sen, 1895–1911 183 Bank (AIIB) to fund infrastructural projects in Asia. He announced the 4. 1911 Revolution: Independent provinces as of December 1911 217 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative in the same speech, which came a month after unveiling the Silk Road Economic Belt initiative during his visit to Central Asia.