SUN YAT-SEN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Marie-Claire Bergere, Janet Lloyd | 492 pages | 01 Jan 2000 | Stanford University Press | 9780804740111 | English | Palo Alto, United States Sun Yat-sen | Marie-Claire Bergère Translated by Janet Lloyd

However, as soon as he established his government in Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen came into conflict with entrenched local power. His militarist government was not based on the Provisional Constitution of , which the anti-Beiyang forces vowed to defend in the Constitutional Protection War. In addition, he was elected president by a parliament that did not meet the rules for a quorum following its move from Beijing. Thus, many politicians and warlords alike challenged the legitimacy of his militarist government. Sun Yat-sen's use of heavy taxes to fund the Northern Expedition to militarily unify China was at odds with the ideas of reformers such as Chen Jiongming, who advocated establishing Guangdong as a "model province" before launching a costly military campaign. In sum, the military government was opposed by the internationally recognized Beiyang government in the north, Chen's Guangdong provincial government in the south, and other provincial powers that shifted alliances according to their own benefit. In , in order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communists. By this time, he was convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. He then prepared for the later Northern Expedition, with help from foreign powers, until his death. On November 10, , Sun Yat-sen traveled north and delivered another speech to suggest gathering a conference for the Chinese people and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he again traveled to Peking Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Although ill at the time, he was still head of the southern government. He left Guangzhou to hold peace talks with the northern regional leaders on the unification of China. Sun Yat-sen was un able to see this through. He died of liver cancer on March 12, , at the age of 58, in Beijing. The Principles retained a place in the rhetoric of both the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party, with completely different interpretations. This difference in interpretation is due partly to the fact that Sun seemed to hold an ambiguous attitude to both capitalist and communist methods of development, and partly to his untimely death, in , before he had finished his now-famous lecture series on the Three Principles of the People. Sun is one of the primary saints of the Vietnamese religion Cao Dai. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In , Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling , a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling , and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in , marking the start of the Chinese Civil War , each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through the course of World War II. The official veneration of Sun's memory, especially in the Kuomintang, was a virtual cult , which centered around his tomb in Nanking. Sun Yat-sen remains unique among twentieth-century Chinese leaders for being highly esteemed both in mainland China and in Taiwan. His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of the legislatures and in classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency. The official history of the Kuomintang and for the Communist Party of China emphasizes Sun's role as the first provisional President. However, many historians now question the importance of Sun Yat-sen's role in the revolution and point out that he had no direct role in the Wuchang uprising and was in fact out of the country at the time. In this interpretation, the choice of Sun Yat-sen, is that of a respected but unimportant figure, as the first provisional President who served as an ideal compromise between the revolutionaries and the conservative gentry. Alternately, Sun Yat-sen is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. Also, he successfully merged minor revolutionary groups into a single larger party, providing an organized political better base for all those who shared the same ideals. Sun Yat-sen is highly regarded as the National Father of modern China. His political philosophy, known as the Three Principles of the People, , was proclaimed in August In his Methods and Strategies of Establishing the Country completed in , he suggested using his Principles to establish ultimate peace, freedom, and equality in the country. He devoted all his effort throughout his lifetime for a strong and prosperous China and the well-being of its people. On the mainland, Sun Yat-sen is viewed as a Chinese nationalist and proto- socialist , and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution. He is mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China; this is a unique honor, as even Mao Zedong is only mentioned indirectly in connection with " Mao Zedong thought. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. The city of Zhongshan in Guangdong , where Sun Yat-sen was born, is named after him, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has been increasingly invoking Sun Yat-sen, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan , which the People's Republic of China sees as allies against the Republic of China 's independence. Sun yat-sen's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their trips to mainland China in Sun Yat-sen's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang, where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Singapore. He recognized the contributions that the large number of overseas Chinese could make, beyond the sending of remittances to their ancestral homeland. He therefore made multiple visits to spread his revolutionary message to these communities around the world. Sun Yat-sen made a total of eight visits to Singapore between and His first visit made on September 7, , was to rescue Miyazaki Toten, an ardent Japanese supporter and friend of his, who had been arrested there, which resulted in his own arrest and a ban from visiting the island for five years. Upon hearing their reports on overseas Chinese revolutionists organizing themselves in Europe and Japan , Sun Yat-sen urged them to establish the Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui , which came officially into being on April 6, , the following year, during his next visit. In , the chapter grew in membership to , and in , when Sun was in Singapore to escape the Qing government in the wake of the failed Zhennanguan Uprising, the chapter had become the regional headquarters for Tongmenghui branches in Southeast Asia. Sun Yat-sen and his followers traveled from Singapore to Malaya and Indonesia to spread their revolutionary message, by which time the alliance already had over twenty branches with over 3, members around the world. Sun Yat-sen's foresight in tapping in to the help and resources of the overseas Chinese population was to bear fruit in his subsequent revolutionary efforts. In one particular instance, his personal plea for financial assistance at the Penang Conference held on November 13, , in Malaya, launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula, an effort which helped finance the Second Guangzhou Uprising also commonly known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt in The role that overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia played during the Revolution was so significant that Sun Yat-sen himself recognized "Overseas Chinese as the Mother of the Revolution. In Penang, the Penang Philomatic Union which was founded by Sun in , has embarked on a heritage project to turn its premises at 65 Macalister Road into Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum. The project is expected to be completed in late According to one study, Sun Yat-sen used at least thirty different names, courtesy names and aliases during his lifetime. When he became known by Chinese authorities for his revolutionary activities, he was listed as "Sun Wen," and this is how he was known by Chinese authorities until his death. After attaining public office, he consistently used this name, Sun Wen, to sign official documents. This is the name he used while a student in Hong Kong. The Sun Yat-sen who emerges from this rigorously researched account is a muddled politician, an opportunist with generous but confused ideas, a theorist without great originality or intellectual rigor. But the author demonstrates that the importance of Sun Yat-sen lies elsewhere. A Cantonese raised in Hawaii and Hong Kong, he was a product of maritime China, the China of the coastal provinces and overseas communities, open to foreign influences and acutely aware of the modern Western world he was fund-raising in Denver when the eleventh attempt to bring down the Chinese empire finally succeeded. In facing the problems of change, of imitating the West, of rejecting or adapting tradition, he instinctively grasped the aspirations of his time, understood their force, and crystallized them into practical programs. These experiences spoke to Sun of the better life available in the West. He resolved to become a doctor and first studied at the Canton Medical College, which was run by Americans, and then at Hong Kong University. Both schools were filled with teachers and students passionately discussing the rising tide of European socialism and democracy. Filled with this new way of thinking, Sun soon became a leader. The Chinese who lived overseas supported him and he used their money to travel to Japan, the United States, Canada and Europe and write to every country where other Chinese were studying. He also became known among the powerful of many countries in the West. He did this for the better part of 20 years. This is how his revolutionary group, the Kuomintang, was born. By , the revolutionaries who had studied abroad were strong enough to attempt to overthrow the Manchus. Ironically, Sun was not in the country when the revolution happened, but was lecturing in Denver, Colorado. It was there that he heard that part of the Hankow Garrison had risen up against the Manchus. Sun was not the only one surprised by the uprising. The revolt began as a protest against this loan and those feelings spread throughout the country. The revolutionary army felt free to demand that the imperial family abdicate, which they did. Sun went to London to ask the British government not to interfere in the revolution and to prevent the Japanese from interfering. In another irony, the dynasty that had been nurtured for years by the West was now defeated by western ideals. The reaction of the United States was mixed. Sun Yat-sen Biography & Facts - Leader of the Chinese Kuomintang

Sun later returned to Hong Kong, where he enrolled in medical school and married a girl chosen for him by his parents. Their union eventually produced three children. He graduated in and set up a medical practice in Canton. The traditional lifestyle didn't hold his interest for long. By he had abandoned medicine for politics. Some years later he scandalized many of his followers by marrying his secretary, Soong Ch'ing-ling, who was 27 years his junior, without divorcing his first wife. Like many activists, Sun was troubled by the Qing court's resistance to reform and its lack of resistance to the Western powers. In he helped plot an uprising in Canton. When the scheme failed, he embarked on what would become a year exile abroad. He went to London, then to Japan, where he spent time courting potential backers. In he emerged as head of a revolutionary coalition, the United League, based in Tokyo. The group was loosely organized and unwieldy, but Sun used its mouthpiece, "The People's Journal," to disseminate propaganda. His ideas gained credence with many overseas Chinese students. Sun's philosophy, honed over many decades, boiled down to "Three Principles of the People": nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood. After a fund-raising tour through Europe and the United States in , Sun made one more attempt to spark a rebellion in Canton, but it fared no better than his earlier plots. The Revolution of , however, gave Sun a golden opportunity. As the spontaneous uprising spread rapidly from Wuhan through the rest of the country, he returned to China and was elected provisional president of a self-proclaimed republic in Perhaps hoping to head off a civil war, Sun made a strategic alliance with Yuan Shikai, commander-in-chief of the imperial army, who had seized power from the child emperor Pu Yi in Beijing. Sun Yat-sen was known for his political philosophy termed, the Three Principles of the People, which includes nationalism, democracy, and the people livelihood. He was born to Sun Dacheng and Lady Yang. He left for Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii to leave with his elder brother Sun Yat-sen Mei after his primary education. His fast learning of the English language gained him an award from King David Kalakaua for outstanding achievement. The two had to move toHong Kong to escape the wrath of the villagers after breaking the Beiji Emperor God villagers worshipped. He then studied medicine at the Christian missionary John G. Kerr at Guangzhou Boji Hospital. Sun Yat-sen quitted his medical practice to focus on revolutionary activities aimed at transforming China. Sun Yat-sen had joined the Four Bandits, a group of revolutionary thinkers during his days at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in, the time of the Qing Dynasty rebellion. To official present his idea of change and modernizing China to the Qing government, Sun Yat-sen wrote a petition to Qing Viceroy Li Honzghng but was not granted the audience even after his travel to Tianjin. To drew him towards the revolutionary idea. In , a chapter of the group in Hong Kong merged with the Furen Liberty Society also a revolutionary group. To prevent being identified, activities of the group were disguised as a form of business with the name Kuen Hang Club. After two years of its establishment, the Revive China Society planned to launch the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing government on October 26, The uprising was. However, a failure since plans of it was leaked, and about 70 members, including Lu Haodang, were captured. After the failed uprising, Sun went into exile in Japan where he made friends with a democratic revolutionary Miyazaki Toten who also supported him financially. The possibility of revolutionary success seemed more remote than ever. But help was to come from the Qing. If only for self-preservation, the court had sponsored reform since In the next few years it reorganized the army, instituted a school system, abolished the civil-service examinations based on traditional Chinese scholarship, reconstructed many government organs, and convened provincial and national assemblies. The educated class nevertheless remained unsatisfied with the tempo of change, and the regime was rapidly losing its grip over the situation. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Author of Chinese Intellectuals and the West. Top Questions. Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Load Next Page. Sun Yat-sen | Biography, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica

Later, he became the coach of Guangdong football team. He served as the coach of the national football team from July to Address: No. Shortly after, Sun relinquished his position to Yuan Shi-kai, who disregarded the Constitution and ignored the parliamentary body. Amid widespread opposition, Yuan lost power in Though widely criticized during his lifetime, Sun later became the revered subject of a personality cult. Sun passed away before the Communist and Nationalist parties ended their alliance, and both the modern KMT and CCP claim to be his legitimate successor. Per a law, his portrait must hang inside all public buildings. Previously, Sun had made contact with bandits and secret societies in Guangdong. These forces began a revolt in Huizhou present-day Huiyang in Guangdong in October The campaign, the second of 10 claimed by Sun between and , lasted 12 days. For this decisive change Sun owed much to two factors: the steady decline of the Qing dynasty and the powerful propaganda of Liang Qichao , a reformist who fled to Japan in , founded a Chinese press, and turned it into an instant success. Liang did not actually oppose the Qing regime, but his attacks on Cixi , the empress dowager, who effectively ruled the country , served to undermine the regime and make revolution the only logical choice. In he was able to establish several revolutionary cells in Europe, and in he became head of a revolutionary coalition, the United League Tongmenghui , in Tokyo. The United League was very loosely organized, and Sun had no control over the individual members. Worse still, all the revolts Sun and the others organized ended in failure. The members fell into despair, and outside financial contributions declined. Furthermore, as a result of pressures exercised by the Qing, foreign governments increasingly shunned Sun. In the Japanese government gave him a sum of money and asked him to leave the country. A year later French Indochina, where Sun had hatched several plots, banned him completely. Hong Kong and several other territories were similarly out of his reach. In the circumstances, Sun spent a year in —10 touring Europe and the United States. Returning to Asia in June , he left for the West again in December after a meeting with other revolutionaries, in which they decided to make a massive effort to capture Guangzhou. This time Sun raised more money in Canada and the United States, but the uprising of April 27 in Guangzhou known as the March 29 Revolution, because of its date in the Chinese calendar fared no better than the earlier plots. The possibility of revolutionary success seemed more remote than ever. But help was to come from the Qing.

Sun Yat-sen - New World Encyclopedia

Huang Yingjie. Situ Guang also took part in the long jump and triple jump events in the Berlin Olympics. After liberation, she entered the athletics team of the PLA Air Force and won the national champion of the middle- and long-distance race. Su Yongshun , former coach of the national football team, was enrolled in the Department of Biology at SYSU in , and was selected for the national football team in Later, he became the coach of Guangdong football team. Though widely criticized during his lifetime, Sun later became the revered subject of a personality cult. Sun passed away before the Communist and Nationalist parties ended their alliance, and both the modern KMT and CCP claim to be his legitimate successor. Per a law, his portrait must hang inside all public buildings. Roads and schools bear his name, and his image appears on New Taiwan Dollar bills. Taiwan has since transformed from a one-party state under KMT rule to a democracy, and the Democratic Progressive Party has gained increasing support. Skip to content Sun Yat-Sen. This statue of Sun Yat-sen in the Tang Te-chang Memorial Park, like many other statues of Sun and Chiang Kai- shek in Taiwan, became the subject of vandalization by pro-independence activists.

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