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{DOWNLOAD} Sun Yat-Sen Ebook Free Download SUN YAT-SEN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Marie-Claire Bergere, Janet Lloyd | 492 pages | 01 Jan 2000 | Stanford University Press | 9780804740111 | English | Palo Alto, United States Sun Yat-sen | Marie-Claire Bergère Translated by Janet Lloyd However, as soon as he established his government in Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen came into conflict with entrenched local power. His militarist government was not based on the Provisional Constitution of , which the anti-Beiyang forces vowed to defend in the Constitutional Protection War. In addition, he was elected president by a parliament that did not meet the rules for a quorum following its move from Beijing. Thus, many politicians and warlords alike challenged the legitimacy of his militarist government. Sun Yat-sen's use of heavy taxes to fund the Northern Expedition to militarily unify China was at odds with the ideas of reformers such as Chen Jiongming, who advocated establishing Guangdong as a "model province" before launching a costly military campaign. In sum, the military government was opposed by the internationally recognized Beiyang government in the north, Chen's Guangdong provincial government in the south, and other provincial powers that shifted alliances according to their own benefit. In , in order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communists. By this time, he was convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. He then prepared for the later Northern Expedition, with help from foreign powers, until his death. On November 10, , Sun Yat-sen traveled north and delivered another speech to suggest gathering a conference for the Chinese people and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he again traveled to Peking Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. Although ill at the time, he was still head of the southern government. He left Guangzhou to hold peace talks with the northern regional leaders on the unification of China. Sun Yat-sen was un able to see this through. He died of liver cancer on March 12, , at the age of 58, in Beijing. The Principles retained a place in the rhetoric of both the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party, with completely different interpretations. This difference in interpretation is due partly to the fact that Sun seemed to hold an ambiguous attitude to both capitalist and communist methods of development, and partly to his untimely death, in , before he had finished his now-famous lecture series on the Three Principles of the People. Sun is one of the primary saints of the Vietnamese religion Cao Dai. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In , Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling , a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling , and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in , marking the start of the Chinese Civil War , each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through the course of World War II. The official veneration of Sun's memory, especially in the Kuomintang, was a virtual cult , which centered around his tomb in Nanking. Sun Yat-sen remains unique among twentieth-century Chinese leaders for being highly esteemed both in mainland China and in Taiwan. His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of the legislatures and in classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency. The official history of the Kuomintang and for the Communist Party of China emphasizes Sun's role as the first provisional President. However, many historians now question the importance of Sun Yat-sen's role in the revolution and point out that he had no direct role in the Wuchang uprising and was in fact out of the country at the time. In this interpretation, the choice of Sun Yat-sen, is that of a respected but unimportant figure, as the first provisional President who served as an ideal compromise between the revolutionaries and the conservative gentry. Alternately, Sun Yat-sen is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. Also, he successfully merged minor revolutionary groups into a single larger party, providing an organized political better base for all those who shared the same ideals. Sun Yat-sen is highly regarded as the National Father of modern China. His political philosophy, known as the Three Principles of the People, , was proclaimed in August In his Methods and Strategies of Establishing the Country completed in , he suggested using his Principles to establish ultimate peace, freedom, and equality in the country. He devoted all his effort throughout his lifetime for a strong and prosperous China and the well-being of its people. On the mainland, Sun Yat-sen is viewed as a Chinese nationalist and proto- socialist , and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution. He is mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China; this is a unique honor, as even Mao Zedong is only mentioned indirectly in connection with " Mao Zedong thought. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. The city of Zhongshan in Guangdong , where Sun Yat-sen was born, is named after him, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has been increasingly invoking Sun Yat-sen, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan , which the People's Republic of China sees as allies against the Republic of China 's independence. Sun yat-sen's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their trips to mainland China in Sun Yat-sen's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang, where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Singapore. He recognized the contributions that the large number of overseas Chinese could make, beyond the sending of remittances to their ancestral homeland. He therefore made multiple visits to spread his revolutionary message to these communities around the world. Sun Yat-sen made a total of eight visits to Singapore between and His first visit made on September 7, , was to rescue Miyazaki Toten, an ardent Japanese supporter and friend of his, who had been arrested there, which resulted in his own arrest and a ban from visiting the island for five years. Upon hearing their reports on overseas Chinese revolutionists organizing themselves in Europe and Japan , Sun Yat-sen urged them to establish the Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui , which came officially into being on April 6, , the following year, during his next visit. In , the chapter grew in membership to , and in , when Sun was in Singapore to escape the Qing government in the wake of the failed Zhennanguan Uprising, the chapter had become the regional headquarters for Tongmenghui branches in Southeast Asia. Sun Yat-sen and his followers traveled from Singapore to Malaya and Indonesia to spread their revolutionary message, by which time the alliance already had over twenty branches with over 3, members around the world. Sun Yat-sen's foresight in tapping in to the help and resources of the overseas Chinese population was to bear fruit in his subsequent revolutionary efforts. In one particular instance, his personal plea for financial assistance at the Penang Conference held on November 13, , in Malaya, launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula, an effort which helped finance the Second Guangzhou Uprising also commonly known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt in The role that overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia played during the Revolution was so significant that Sun Yat-sen himself recognized "Overseas Chinese as the Mother of the Revolution. In Penang, the Penang Philomatic Union which was founded by Sun in , has embarked on a heritage project to turn its premises at 65 Macalister Road into Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum. The project is expected to be completed in late According to one study, Sun Yat-sen used at least thirty different names, courtesy names and aliases during his lifetime. When he became known by Chinese authorities for his revolutionary activities, he was listed as "Sun Wen," and this is how he was known by Chinese authorities until his death. After attaining public office, he consistently used this name, Sun Wen, to sign official documents. This is the name he used while a student in Hong Kong. The Sun Yat-sen who emerges from this rigorously researched account is a muddled politician, an opportunist with generous but confused ideas, a theorist without great originality or intellectual rigor. But the author demonstrates that the importance of Sun Yat-sen lies elsewhere. A Cantonese raised in Hawaii and Hong Kong, he was a product of maritime China, the China of the coastal provinces and overseas communities, open to foreign influences and acutely aware of the modern Western world he was fund-raising in Denver when the eleventh attempt to bring down the Chinese empire finally succeeded.
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