{FREE} Chinese Warlord Armies 1911-30 Ebook Free Download

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

{FREE} Chinese Warlord Armies 1911-30 Ebook Free Download CHINESE WARLORD ARMIES 1911-30 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Philip S. Jowett,Stephen Walsh | 48 pages | 21 Sep 2010 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781849084024 | English | Oxford, England, United Kingdom List of Chinese military equipment in World War II - Wikipedia Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Stephen Walsh Illustrator. Discover the men behind one of the most exotic military environments of the 20th century. Humiliatingly defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion of , Imperial China collapsed into revolution in the early 20th century and a republic was proclaimed in From the death of the first president in to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang go Discover the men behind one of the most exotic military environments of the 20th century. From the death of the first president in to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang government in , the differing regions of this vast country were ruled by endlessly forming, breaking and re-forming alliances of regional generals who ruled as 'warlords'. These warlords acted essentially as local kings and, much like Sengoku-period Japan, a few larger power-blocks emerged, fielding armies hundreds of thousands strong. They were also joined by Japanese, White Russian and some Western soldiers of fortune which adds even more color to a fascinating and oft-forgotten period. The fascinating text is illustrated with many rare photographs and detailed uniform plates by Stephen Walsh. Get A Copy. Paperback , 48 pages. More Details Osprey Men at Arms Other Editions 7. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Chinese Warlord Armies —30 , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Chinese Warlord Armies — Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Chinese Warlord Armies — Jul 14, Sean rated it it was amazing Shelves: s , history-military , military , history , china. I recently picked up a copy of Chinese Warlord Armies from Osprey Books as a reference and it succeeded beyond my wildest dreams. The warlord period of 20th Century Chinese history is fascinating, though it must have been rather horrible to live through, the overthrow of the last Chinese Empire and the establishment of the Republic, which was unable to maintain order or any sense of control and the country rapidly descended into a period of warlord rule. The warlords fragmented China in t I recently picked up a copy of Chinese Warlord Armies from Osprey Books as a reference and it succeeded beyond my wildest dreams. The warlords fragmented China in their constant grasping for an ever bigger territories to rule until the Chinese Republic finally got its act together and slowly took China back from the warlord, often by co-opting the warlords who saw the writing on the wall, by allying with the Chinese Communists and accepting aid from the Soviet Union. Yes, history really is that strange. This book is little more than an overview of the situation and the chaos of that era where warlords with colorful nicknames such as the 'Dogmeat General' and the 'Jade Marshal' using armies equipped with whatever weapons they could buy from the world market, steal from their enemies or occasionally have built. Where European, Russian red and white and Japanese advisers and mercenaries worked for various sides. What a model for a wild campaign, fortunes to be made and lost , allies and enemies to make, deals and betrayals abound. The book is well written with a variety of colorful anecdotes to leaven the basic facts of the situation but it is, of necessity, only a introduction to the complexities of this era but an interesting read and well illustrated both with Osprey's color plates and a variety of photographs from the era. Benjamin Lai rated it really liked it Jan 16, Ian Burrell rated it really liked it Apr 23, Adam rated it really liked it Jan 09, Jason Hubbard rated it really liked it Jan 09, Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Members save with free shipping everyday! See details. Overview Discover the men behind one of the most exotic military environments of the 20th century. Humiliatingly defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion of , Imperial China collapsed into revolution in the early 20th century and a republic was proclaimed in From the death of the first president in to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang government in , the differing regions of this vast country were ruled by endlessly forming, breaking and re-forming alliances of regional generals who ruled as 'warlords'. These warlords acted essentially as local kings and, much like Sengoku-period Japan, a few larger power-blocks emerged, fielding armies hundreds of thousands strong. They were also joined by Japanese, White Russian and some Western soldiers of fortune which adds even more color to a fascinating and oft-forgotten period. The fascinating text is illustrated with many rare photographs and detailed uniform plates by Stephen Walsh. About the Author Philip Jowett was born in Leeds in , and has been interested in military history for as long as he can remember. A rugby league enthusiast and amateur genealogist, he is married and lives in Lincolnshire. Show More. Related Searches. Ancient Chinese Armies BC. By the 15th century BC the valley of Hwang Ho was dominated by a palace-based By the 15th century BC the valley of Hwang Ho was dominated by a palace-based military caste which owed its supremacy to a monopoly of bronze-working techniques among a still mainly Stone Age population. To the Shang Dynasty, war was View Product. Bolt Action: Armies of Great Britain. Bolt Action: Armies of the Soviet Union. Bolt Action: Armies of France and the Allies. World War II was truly a 'world' war, and many nations joined the fight against World War II was truly a 'world' war, and many nations joined the fight against Germany and the Axis. Bolt Action: Armies of Italy and the Axis. Chinese Warlord Armies –30 - Osprey Publishing For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. NOOK Book. Home 1 Books 2. Read an excerpt of this book! Add to Wishlist. Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Members save with free shipping everyday! See details. Overview Discover the men behind one of the most exotic military environments of the 20th century. Humiliatingly defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion of , Imperial China collapsed into revolution in the early 20th century and a republic was proclaimed in From the death of the first president in to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang government in , the differing regions of this vast country were ruled by endlessly forming, breaking and re- forming alliances of regional generals who ruled as 'warlords'. These warlords acted essentially as local kings and, much like Sengoku-period Japan, a few larger power-blocks emerged, fielding armies hundreds of thousands strong. They were also joined by Japanese, White Russian and some Western soldiers of fortune which adds even more color to a fascinating and oft-forgotten period. The fascinating text is illustrated with many rare photographs and detailed uniform plates by Stephen Walsh. About the Author Philip Jowett was born in Leeds in , and has been interested in military history for as long as he can remember. A rugby league enthusiast and amateur genealogist, he is married and lives in Lincolnshire. Show More. Related Searches. Ancient Chinese Armies BC. By the 15th century BC the valley of Hwang Ho was dominated by a palace-based By the 15th century BC the valley of Hwang Ho was dominated by a palace-based military caste which owed its supremacy to a monopoly of bronze-working techniques among a still mainly Stone Age population. Defeated in the Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion of , Imperial China collapsed into revolution and a republic was proclaimed in From the death of the first president in to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang government in , the differing regions of this vast country were ruled by endlessly forming, breaking and re-forming alliances of regional generals who ruled as 'warlords'. These warlords acted essentially as local kings and much like Sengoku-period Japan, fewer, larger power-blocks emerged, fielding armies hundreds of thousands strong. In the midto late s some of these regional warlords. This book will reveal each great warlord as well as the organization of their forces which acquired much and very varied weaponry from the west including the latest French air force bombers. They were also joined by Japanese, White Russian and some Western soldiers of fortune which adds even more colour to a fascinating and oft-forgotten period. Biographical Note. Philip Jowett was born in Leeds in , and has been interested in military history for as long as he can remember. A rugby league enthusiast and amateur genealogist, he is married and lives in Lincolnshire. Since then he has illustrated a variety of books and games including the Settlers of Catan. He is married with two children and lives in Macclesfield. Introduction Chronology Chinese Imperial Army Revolutionary Army Early Warlord Armies Later Warlord Armies National Revolutionary Army Weaponry: small arms, artillery, armour and trains Organization: recruitment, training, tactics, logistics, communication Uniforms: Imperial , Republican , regional warlord armies, winter clothing, Kuomintang Army You may also be interested in the following product s.
Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • Guangdong-Guangxi War & Sun Yat-Sen's Return to Canton
    Sun Yat-sen's Return To Canton After Expelling Gui-xi by Ah Xiang Excerpts from “Tragedy of Chinese Revolution” at http://www.republicanchina.org/revolution.html For updates and related articles, check http://www.republicanchina.org/RepublicanChina-pdf.htm In Southern Chinese Province of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen and Chen Jiongming would be entangled in the power struggles. (Liu Xiaobo mistakenly eulogized Chen Jiongming's support for so-called "allying multiple provinces for self-determination" as heralding China's forerunner federationist movement.) Yue-jun (i.e., Guangdong native army), headed by Chen Jiongming, was organized on basis of Zhu Qinglan's police/guard battalions in Dec of 1917. To make Chen Jiongming into a real military support, Sun Yat-sen originally dispatched Hu Hanmin and Wang Zhaoming to Governor Zhu Qinglan for making Chen Jiongming into the so-called "commander of governor's bodyguard column". Governor Zhu Qinglan was forced into resignation by Governor-general Chen Bingkun of Gui-xi faction (i.e., Guangxi Province native army that stationed in Guangdong after the republic restoration war). Sun Yat-sen asked Cheng Biguang negotiate with Lu Rongding for relocation of Chen Bingkun and assignment of twenty battalions of Zhu Qinglan's police/guard army into 'marines' under the command of Cheng Biguang's navy. On Dec 2nd of 1917, Chen Jiongming was conferred the post of "commander of Guangdong army for aiding Fujian Province" and was ordered to lead 4000-5000 'marine' army towards neighboring Fujian Province where he expanded his army and developed it into his private warlord or militarist forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Evaluating the Communist Guomindang Split of 1927
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2019 Nationalism and the Communists: Re-Evaluating the Communist Guomindang Split of 1927 Ryan C. Ferro University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Ferro, Ryan C., "Nationalism and the Communists: Re-Evaluating the Communist Guomindang Split of 1927" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7785 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nationalism and the Communists: Re-Evaluating the Communist-Guomindang Split of 1927 by Ryan C. Ferro A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-MaJor Professor: Golfo Alexopoulos, Ph.D. Co-MaJor Professor: Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Iwa Nawrocki, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 8, 2019 Keywords: United Front, Modern China, Revolution, Mao, Jiang Copyright © 2019, Ryan C. Ferro i Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….…...ii Chapter One: Introduction…..…………...………………………………………………...……...1 1920s China-Historiographical Overview………………………………………...………5 China’s Long
    [Show full text]
  • 20 JOMSA Only Foreign Head of State to Receive the Award Was the Taisho Emperor of Japan
    (“Grand Merit Order”) instead of Da Bao Zhang (“Grand President Yuan on the anniversary of the Wuchang Precious Order”). Uprising but declined by Sun The sash for the sash badge (Figure 8) was Imperial • Li Yuanhong – awarded October 10, 1912 by President Yuan to Vice President Li on the anniversary of the yellow) and was worn over the left shoulder.21 The Wuchang Uprising insignia was to be worn on formal dress although it could also be worn with informal attire where required • The Taisho Emperor of Japan – awarded November for diplomacy.22 10, 1915 by President Yuan • Feng Guozhang (Figure 9) – awarded July 6, 1917 by President Li Yuanhong to Vice President Feng • Xu Shichang (Figure 10) – awarded October 10, 1918 by President Xu Shichang to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Duan Qirui – awarded September 15, 1919 by President Xu Shichang to Premier Duan Qirui • Cao Kun (Figure 11)– awarded October 10, 1923 by President Cao Kun to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Zhang Zuolin – awarded around 1927 by Zhang Zuolin to himself as Grand Marshal of China24 Seven were presidents (or equivalent, in the case of Zhang Zuolin). Notwithstanding the 1912 Decree, the Grand Order was also awarded to vice-presidents and premiers Figure 8: Illustration of the Republican Grand Order sash badge reverse with the name of the Order (Da Xun Zhang, 大勋章) in seal script. Compare the characters to that of the Imperial Grand Order in Figure 5 (www.gmic.co.uk). The regulations provided for the surrender or return of the insignia upon the death of the recipient, or upon conviction of criminal or other offences.23 Given the chaotic times of the early Republic, this did not necessarily occur in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Reexaminating TERAUCHI Masatake's Character
    February 2019 Issue Reexaminating TERAUCHI Masatake's Character - As a “Statesman”- KANNO Naoki, Cheif, Military Archives, Center for Military History Introduction What comes to mind when you think of TERAUCHI Masatake (1852 - 1919)? For example, at the beginning of the Terauchi Cabinet (October 1616 - September 1918), it was ridiculed as being both anachronistic and a non-constitutional cabinet. Using NISHIHARA Kamezo, also known as Terauchi's private secretary, he provided funds of up to 110 million yen to the Duan Qirui government in northern China (the Nishihara Loans). The so-called Rice Riots broke out in his final year, and Siberian Intervention began. Terauchi was also called a protégé of YAMAGATA Aritomo, the leading authority on Army soldiers from former Choshu domain (Choshu-han). On the other hand, what about the succeeding Hara Cabinet (September 1918 - November 1921)? Exactly 100 years ago, HARA Takashi had already started the cabinet that consists of all political party members, except for the three Ministers of the Army, Navy, and Foreign Affairs. After the World War I, a full-on party politics was developed in Japan as global diplomatic trends drastically changed. Compared to Hara, Terauchi has not been evaluated. After Chinese-Japanese relations deteriorated following the Twenty-One Demands in 1915, the aforementioned Nishihara Loans, implemented for recovery, were over-extended to the only northern part of China, the Duan Qirui government only for a limited time. Then, ultimately, the Loans did not lead an improvement in relationships. Thus it can be said that, until recently, Terauchi's character has been almost entirely neglected by academia.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Northern Expedition 1928: Part II V.1.0 March 7, 2007
    Second Northern Expedition 1928: Part II v.1.0 March 7, 2007 An Xiang With permission from the author, whose page “China’s Wars” appears in www.orbat.com [See History]. Formatted by Ravi Rikhye. Editor’s Note The blue area is under direct KMT rule. Pink is under major warlord coalitions. White is under minor warlords. A larger version of this map is available at http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ chinese%20civil%20war/chinese%20civil%20war%20index.htm The background to the campaign is that following the deposing of the Chinese Qing Dynasty in 1912, China became a republic and a series of civil wars began. He formed the National Revolutionary Army in 1925. His political part, the Kuomintang, and the NRA operated under the guidance of and with material assistance from the Soviet Comintern. The NRA included the Communists, who formed the 4th and 8th Route Armies of the NRA, and both factions cooperated in the Northern Expedition of 1926-27. The Expedition started from the KMT’s power base in Guangdong with a push north against 3 main warlords. In 1927 Chiang purged the Communists from his alliance. In 1928 he launched the Second Northern Expedition. This culminated in the capture of Beijing and the supremacy of the KMT. Chiang next turned his attention to fighting the Communists. The situation was very complex because of the arrival of the Japanese. The 3-way struggle became a war between the KMT and the Communists when Japan was defeated in 1945, and culminated in the Communist victory of 1949.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comintern in China
    The Comintern in China Chair: Taylor Gosk Co-Chair: Vinayak Grover Crisis Director: Hannah Olmstead Co-Crisis Director: Payton Tysinger University of North Carolina Model United Nations Conference November 2 - 4, 2018 University of North Carolina 2 Table of Contents Letter from the Crisis Director 3 Introduction 5 Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang 7 The Mission of the Comintern 10 Relations between the Soviets and the Kuomintang 11 Positions 16 3 Letter from the Crisis Director Dear Delegates, Welcome to UNCMUNC X! My name is Hannah Olmstead, and I am a sophomore at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I am double majoring in Public Policy and Economics, with a minor in Arabic Studies. I was born in the United States but was raised in China, where I graduated from high school in Chengdu. In addition to being a student, I am the Director-General of UNC’s high school Model UN conference, MUNCH. I also work as a Resident Advisor at UNC and am involved in Refugee Community Partnership here in Chapel Hill. Since I’ll be in the Crisis room with my good friend and co-director Payton Tysinger, you’ll be interacting primarily with Chair Taylor Gosk and co-chair Vinayak Grover. Taylor is a sophomore as well, and she is majoring in Public Policy and Environmental Studies. I have her to thank for teaching me that Starbucks will, in fact, fill up my thermos with their delightfully bitter coffee. When she’s not saving the environment one plastic cup at a time, you can find her working as the Secretary General of MUNCH or refereeing a whole range of athletic events here at UNC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Presidential Inauguration Commemorative Medals (Picms
    The Presidential Inauguration Hui and Tong Meng Hui / Tung Men Hui. Between 1895 Commemorative Medals (PICMs) and 1911, Dr. Sun organized numerous uprisings against the Manchu Dynasty. When the revolution in Wuchang Republic of China (1912 - 1924) broke out on October 10, 1911, Dr. Sun was in exile in the United States lobbying for financial support from King Kwok Chinese overseas and from the western governments. In December 1911, Dr. Sun returned to Shanghai and was Introduction immediately elected by the revolutionaries as the Provisional President. This article explores the presidential inauguration commemorative medals (PICM) of the Republic of China On January 1, 1912, Dr. Sun declared the establishment issued between 1912 and 1924 and discusses the political of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China / military figures who became the Presidents of the in Nanjing / Nanking. Nevertheless, due to the lack of Republic of China during that period. The outbreak of financial support and unity between different factions of the Revolution on October 10, 1911 did not result in the the revolutionaries, the tide of war with the Imperial swift collapse of the Manchu / Qing / Ching Dynasty. Army under the command of Yuan Shi-kai was turning Though China was eventually declared a republic in early against the revolutionary forces. On the brink of defeat, 1912, the establishment of a Republican Government in Dr Sun was forced to compromise with Yuan. As a result, Beijing / Peking (also called the Beiyang / Peiyang on February 12, 1912, the baby emperor Pu Yi was Government) only marked the beginning of power dethroned.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Chinese Nationalism
    The Birth of Chinese Nationalism By Salvatore Babones May 3, 2019 In China, May 4 is Youth Day, a holiday established by the Communist Party in 1949 and celebrated on and off ever since. On this day in 1989, more than 100,000 students demonstrated in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, a key milestone on road to the tragic events of June 4, when Chinese troops opened fire on the civilians amassed there. This year, China’s president and Communist Party leader, Xi Jinping, has called on students to commemorate a very special Youth Day. But it’s not the 30th anniversary of 1989’s pro- democracy protests that he has in mind. Rather, it is the 100th anniversary of May 4, 1919, that he wants to commemorate. On that day a century ago, another group of students rallied in Tiananmen Square. In May 1919, the leaders of World War I’s victorious allies were meeting in Paris to determine the shape of the postwar world. Most Westerners know that the resulting Treaty of Versailles profoundly influenced subsequent European history through the foundation of the League of Nations, the rise of Adolf Hitler, and eventually World War II. Some may even know how the peace treaty, the Balfour Declaration, and the Sykes-Picot Agreement created the modern Middle East. But Westerners are less aware that the Treaty of Versailles also helped set in motion the series of events that led to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Chinese Civil War, and today’s tensions between the United States and China over freedom of navigation in the South China Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Threading on Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’S Nationalism, 1919-1939
    THREADING ON THIN ICE: RESISTANCE AND CONCILIATION IN THE JADE MARSHAL’S NATIONALISM, 1919-1939 Mengchuan Lin A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History (Modern China). Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Michael Tsin Miles Fletcher Klaus Larres ©2013 Mengchuan Lin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Mengchuan Lin: Threading On Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’s Nationalism, 1919-1939 (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) The 1920s marked a decade in the history of modern China which is typically referred to as the period of warlords. This period was characterised by political chaos, internal division and internecine warfare between various cliques of military strongmen who controlled China’s numerous provinces. These de facto military dictators of China, known as warlords in historical literature, were customarily construed to be avaricious and self-serving despots who ruled their large territories with little regard for the welfare of their subjects or that of the Chinese nation. My thesis aims to revise these previously held assumptions concerning the historical agency of Chinese warlords by investigating the unusual conduct of a particularly influential warlord: Wu Peifu. Wu’s display of deeply seated nationalistic tendencies throughout his political career, I argue, complicates our understanding of the impact that Chinese warlords exerted on the rise of Chinese national
    [Show full text]
  • China's Xinhai Revolution and Political Fluctuations in Japan
    China’s Xinhai Revolution and Political Fluctuations in Japan Book synopsis by author Sakurai Ryōju (Reitaku University) Translated by Christopher D. Scott In this book, I take up the Xinhai Revolution of 1911—a critical event that signaled the de facto start of political disorder in China—and its influence on later Japanese politics. Japan’s policy toward China became confused during the 1910s and veered off course during World War I, in part because of the instability of the Chinese political situation. With the outbreak of World War I, Japan’s policy toward China disengaged from international cooperation and became more active. At the same time, Japan’s involvement with China also became more diversified. Thus, the government and private citizens of Japan reacted to the ups and downs of the Chinese political situation by trying to secure their influence over China while displaying either so-called “autonomous” or “cooperative” responses vis-à-vis the great powers, which were being either “coercive” or “friendly” toward China. This was a departure from the fundamental policy of Japanese diplomacy following the Russo-Japanese War, which was to gradually expand influence over China while maintaining a foundation of cooperation with both Britain and Russia. Mine is not the first study to deal with the relationship between the Xinhai Revolution and Japan. Earlier studies have shown, for example, that Japan became a base for the revolutionary movement due to the fact that some Japanese people (such as Miyazaki Tōten and Umeya Shōkichi) supported the Xinhai Revolution and many Chinese exchange students had come to Japan before the revolution.
    [Show full text]