International Journal of Comparative Literature & Translation Studies ISSN: 2202-9451 www.ijclts.aiac.org.au Translating Ecology and Material Culture: Understanding Strategies and Shift in The Ballad of Ayesha Mukta Das1, Tanmoy Mazumder2* 1MA Student, Department of English in Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh 2Assistant Professor, Department of English in Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh Corresponding Author: Tanmoy Mazumder, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history The current study exposes the translation strategy of ecology and material culture in The Received: April 06, 2020 Ballad of Ayesha (2018) and the resulting translation shift. This novel is Inam Ahmed’s English Accepted: June 22, 2020 translation of the Bengali novel Ayeshamangal (2010) by Anisul Hoque. Ayeshamangal is a Published: July 31, 2020 Bengali novel written in a fully Bengali context and it is quite difficult for the translator to Volume: 8 Issue: 3 translate the issues of ecology and material culture by keeping the flavor of the original text intact. The current paper attempts to evaluate whether the translator is successful or not in conveying the sense of the original text to the translated one. This research also investigates the Conflicts of interest: None translator’s attitude to equivalence in the TT as well as the problems and dilemma he faces in Funding: None dealing with various cultural aspects of the novel as we know that English and Bengali languages have different structures. Peter Newmark’s concept of cultural categories in translation is a key to the discussions attempted in this study. The paper foregrounds the translating issues of ecology Key words: and material culture in the TT, attempts to investigate the procedures and strategies used by the Borrowing, translator, and probes the possible translation shift. Dynamic Translation, Ecology, Equivalence, Material Culture, Translation Shift INTRODUCTION civilization when the translated texts reach us. The trans- Cambridge Dictionary defines translation as “the pro- lator should have the awareness and competence of source cess of translating something, from one language to an- language culture and target language culture. The more a other” (dictionary.cambridge.org). It is an activity of mind translator is conscious of the differences between cultures, in which the meaning of a linguistic discourse is rendered the better a translator he or she will be. The concept of cul- from one language to another and a process through which ture is universal, and is used in various disciplines, such as the content of a text is transferred from the source lan- anthropology, political science, sociology, literary studies guage to the target language. The translator is required to etc. In this paper, the concept of culture will be discussed have enough knowledge of both the source and the target following Peter Newmark’s definition, because he does language with a high linguistic sensitivity as he/she has to not only define culture, but also emphasizes the relation transmit the author’s intention, opinion and thoughts in the between culture and language. Newmark (1988) defines translated version precisely and faithfully. According to culture “as the way of life and its manifestations that are Ghazala (2008), “translation is generally used to refer to all peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as the process and methods used to render and/or transfer the its means of expression” (p. 95). Newmark (1988) “divided meaning of the source language text into the target language cultural categories into five, they are ecology (plants, ani- as closely, completely and accurately as possible …” (2008, mals, mountains), material culture (food, clothes, housing, p. 1). For Catford (1978), “translation is the replacement of transport), social culture (work and leisure), organizations, textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textu- customs, ideas (political, social, legal), gestures and habits al material in another language (TL)” (p. 20). Yowell and (non-linguistic features)” (p. 95). Eugene Nida in his essay Mutfan (1999) describe translation as a product since it pro- “Sociolinguistics as a Crucial Factor in Translating and In- vides us with other different cultures, ancient societies and terpreting” has noted that “language is a part of culture, and Published by Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.8n.3p.26 Translating Ecology and Material Culture: Understanding Strategies and Shift in The Ballad of Ayesha 27 in fact, it is the most complex set of habits that any culture of the cases, the translator goes for literal translation, while exhibits. Language reflects the culture, provides access to at the same time, he skips translating some terms, and some the culture and in many respects constitutes a model of the lexical contents are omitted in the TT, which the translator culture” (Nida, “Sociolinguistics”). So, cultural knowledge finds untranslatable in the TL. and cultural differences play a vital role in the field of trans- In translation, according to Newmark (1988), “the cat- lation. Translation is the bridge in language learning and egory ecology comprises flora, fauna, winds, plains and it helps learners experience not only new things but also hills.” (p. 95). In the first chapter of Ayeshamangal, the au- new culture. The translator should know the context and thor refers to some birds such as, “payra”, “chil”, “shokun”, the cultural background. Oey Vella Valencia W and Rah- “baaz” (cvqiv, wPj, kKzb, evR). The translator translates them manti Asmarani in their paper “The Translation Procedures like “pigeon”, “kite”, “vulture” but shies away from trans- of Cultural Expressions Applied in ‘A Game of Thrones’” lating “baaz” as the “falcon”. There is another line in the refers to Vermeer’s idea that “a translator is required to be first chapter, that is, “kotogulo proshno nokhore gethe payra bilingual or multilingual and also to be bicultural or multi- othoba baaz pakhi ta pakha mele diecey akashe” (KZ¸‡jv cÖkœ cultural, armed with good knowledge of as many culture as bL‡i †Mu‡_ cvqiv A_ev evR cvwLUv cvLv †g‡j w`‡q‡Q AvKv‡k), which is possible”. (Oey Vella et al., “The translation procedures”). translated as “All these questions were hooked to the claws This paper would investigate the issues of ecology of the eagle that was inscribed on the envelop.” Here, the and material culture in the novel Ayeshamangal and their translator does not go for the translation of “payra” (cvqiv) English translations in The Ballad of Ayesha. Ayeshaman- as “pigeon”. In page 12 of the ST, there is a passage where gal, published in 2010, is a Bengali novel written by re- phrases like “pakhir kolotan”(cvwLi KjZvb) is translated as nowned Bangladeshi author Anisul Hoque. The Ballad of “chirping of birds”, “bashjhare horiyaler daak”(evuk Sv‡o Ayesha, published in July 2018, is an English translation of nwiqv‡ji WvK) as “green pigeon’s gentle crooning in the bam- Ayeshamangal. It has been translated by an eminent Ban- boo bush”, “ghunpokar kutur kutur” (Nyb †cvKvi KzUzi KzUzi) as gladeshi journalist Inam Ahmed. The novel tells the story “the monotonous drilling of the borer insect into the wood”, of Ayesha’s quest to find out what happened to her husband “morog murgir kokkok”(‡gviM-gyiMxi KK KK) as “the chick- Joynal Abedin, who worked in Bangladesh Air Force. It re- en’s cackling”. The translator here omits the translation of flects the phenomenon of the newly created nation and the “Jhillir jhi jhi rob” (wSwjøi wS wS ie) as he does not find suitable tales of its people. In the original novel, the author uses words for the TT readers for explaining such ecological ex- a lot of culture specific terms that are sometimes difficult pressions. to understand by the target text readers. So, the translator, In page no 42 of the ST, there is a description of crow Inam Ahmed, faces certain difficulties in translation and -al which the translator totally omits in the TT, and that is, “kak ways seems aware of using proper translation strategies in pakha jhaptacche shunnye pa mele diye pa achracche, bich- translating the source language into target language. The itro shobdo korche, kaker pakhar chayai shurjo dobar agei translator tries to make the target text readers understand neme ashche shondha” (KvK cvLv SvcUv‡”Q k~‡b¨ cv †g‡j w`‡q cv the cultural expressions of the source language. The goal of AvQov‡”Q, wewPÎ kã Ki‡Q, Kv‡Ki cvLvi Qvqvq m~h© †Wvevi Av‡MB †b‡g this study is to find out the issues of ecology and material Avm‡Q mܨv). culture in the novel and expose the strategies devised by In page 55 of ST, there are some sentences like “cho- the translator in translating them. At the same time, this rui pakhir nirer moto chotto shongshar”(Po–B cvwLi bx‡oi research investigates his struggle to create equivalence be- g‡Zv †QvÆ msmvi) translated as “like a pair of sparrow nest- tween the source text and the target text. So, this qualitative ling,” “chorui pakhi tar gola borshon korlo” ( research is an endeavor in the field of translation studies Po–B cvwL Zvi and sets three objectives- firstly, to find out the ecological †Mvjv el©Y Ki‡jv) translated as “One of the sparrows com- and material cultural issues in The Ballad of Ayesha; and menced target practice” and “chorui pakhir chana kui kui secondly, to probe the procedures and strategy adopted by korche”(Po–B cvwLi Qvbv KzuB KuzB Ki‡Q) which is translated as the translator in translating ecology and material culture.