Transit Priority Treatments for Improved Person Mobility Motivation

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 2 Background

Priority in Space (Geometric) § Dedicated bus lanes § Bus Lanes with Intermittent Priority

§ Queue jump lanes Viegas, 2007

Priority in Time (Transit Signal Priority (TSP)) § Passive priority strategies § Active priority strategies (e.g., phase extension/advance) § Real-time signal control strategies with priority www.mta.info www.mta.info

Priority in Time and Space

§ Pre-signal www.umn.edu 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 3 Dedicated Bus Lanes

hp://combo2600.com/del-ayer-y-hoy/ commons.wikimedia.org www.mta.info

www.mta.info

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 4 www.transportdeals.co.uk www.streetsblog.org Dedicated Bus Lanes

New York City, NY § Reduction in travel time by: § 43% (express bus) § 34% (local bus) § Increased travel time reliability by 57%

San Francisco, CA § Reduction in travel time by: § 39% (local bus)

Source: www.sf.streetsblog.org

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Intermittent Bus Lanes (IBL)

University Avenue, Lisbon, Portugal § Used for buses § Increased bus speeds by 15%-25% § No significant penalty to car traffic

Toorak Avenue, Melbourne, Australia

§ Used for a streetcar Source: Viegas et al. (2007) § Increased streetcar speeds by 1%-10%

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Queue Jumper Lanes

Portland, OR § Combination of queue jumper lane and Transit Signal Priority (TSP) § Reduction in bus travel time by 5-8% § Inconclusive impacts of TSP on traffic

Atlanta, GA § On-time bus performance improved from 67% to 82%

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Passive Priority Strategies § adjustment of offsets § additional green time for transit phases § reduction in cycle length

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Adjustment of Oﬀsets Distance Bus Delayed By Original Oﬀsets

Bus Stop

Bus Stop Bus Trajectory

to Time

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Adjustment of Oﬀsets Distance

Adjustment of Oﬀset 2

Bus Stop

Bus Stop Bus Trajectory

to Time

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Passive Priority Strategies § adjustment of offsets § additional green time for transit phases § reduction in cycle length

Issues: § Fixed dwell times for transit vehicles § Not traffic responsive

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Active Priority Strategies § phase extension (green extension) § phase advance (red truncation) § phase insertion § phase rotation

www.th.gov.bc.ca

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Active Priority Strategies § phase extension (green extension) § phase advance (red truncation) § phase insertion § phase rotation

www.th.gov.bc.ca

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Active TSP: Phase Extension-Phase Advance

Distance

BusBus StopStop

Bus Stop

Bus Trajectory Time 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 14 Active TSP: Phase Extension-Phase Advance

Distance

Phase Advance 2

Bus Stop

1 Phase Extension

Bus Stop

Bus Trajectory Time 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 15 Active TSP: Phase Insertion – Phase Rotation

Distance

Bus Stop

Bus Trajectory Time 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 16 Active TSP: Phase Insertion – Phase Rotation

Distance

Phase Insertion/ Phase Rotation 2

Bus Stop

Bus Trajectory

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 17 Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Active Priority Strategies § phase extension (green extension) § phase advance (red truncation) § phase insertion § phase rotation

Issues: § Loss of signal coordination (potential) § Oversaturation of vehicle movements (side-streets) § Not conditional TSP www.th.gov.bc.ca

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Seattle, WA § Phase advance § Phase extension § Reduction of travel time by 1-5%

Portland, OR § Phase advance § Phase extension § Reduction of travel time by 8-10% § Reduction in travel time reliability of 19% during am peak

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Transit Signal Priority Strategies

Miami, FL § Phase advance § Phase extension § Reduction of travel time by 1.5-12% § On-time performance improved from 66.7% to 75%

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange Person-based Real-time Signal Control

Vehicle-based Optimization Person-based Optimization

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 21 Test Site

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 22 Person-based Real-time Signal Control

oa =1.25 [pax/veh]

ob = 40 [pax/veh] 20%

10%

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

-50% to Person-based Optimization to Person-based Optimization -60%

-70%

% Change in Person Delay from Vehicle-based Vehicle-based % Changefrom Delay in Person 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Auto demand increases Intersection Flow Ratio (Y) Auto Passengers Bus Passengers Total Passengers

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 23 Emission-based Real-time Signal Control Effect of Auto Demand

-5%

-10% Optimization Optimization

-15% Vehicle-based to Emission-based Vehicle-based % Change in Emission (HC) from % Change in Emission (HC) from -20% 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Intersection Flow Ratio (Y) Auto demand increases Auto Bus Total

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 24 Pre-signal Example Configuration

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 25 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When no bus is present:

Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 26 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When no bus is present: Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 27 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When no bus is present: Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 28 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When bus is present:

Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 29 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When bus is present: Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 30 Pre-signal Example Configuration

When bus is present: Pre-signal

Dedicated Bus Lane

Main signal

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 31 Pre-signal: Real-world implementation in Zurich, Switzerland

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 32 Pre-signal: Real-world implementation in Zurich, Switzerland

§ Real-world implementation: Zurich, Switzerland https://www.dropbox.com/s/7hpastdiju6c7ee/ShortClip.wmv?dl=0

§ Use of pre-signals for transit priority on single–lane approaches through simulation (Guler et al., 2016)

§ Analytical models and empirical evaluation of pre-signals for transit priority (Guler and Menendez, 2014)

§ A brief description of pre-signals: https://umtcresearch.wordpress.com/2016/05/17/pre-signals-for-transit- priority/

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 33 Research Question

What are the domains of application that these different transit preferential treatments should be used to minimize total person delay?

Parameters to be taken into account: § Ratio of bus to auto passenger occupancy § Auto demand on the priority approach § Auto demand on the cross-street approaches § Green ratio of priority approach

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 34 Methodology

Objective: Minimize total person delay at the intersection

Assumptions:

§ Isolated signalized intersection

§ Undersaturated traffic conditions

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 35 Cumulative Number of Vehicles (Approach W) i i i

ii i q1

s1 Approach 1 2 1 2 Time N i ii iii C C Approach Cumulative Number of W Vehicles (Approach N) ii i i

q2 s2

1 2 1 2 Time i ii iii C C 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 36 Scenarios Compared

1. Mixed lanes with green extension and red truncation

2. Dedicated bus lane with green extension and red truncation

3. Pre-signal with green extension and red truncation at the main signal

hp:// www.bikewalklincolnpark.com/ www.telegraph.co.uk 2011/11/bike-lanes-bus-lanes- www.th.gov.bc.ca democracy-in.html 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 37 Generic Intersection

Maximum Green extension/red truncation= 15 sec Cycle length = 90 sec

Priority Approach Cross- street Approach

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 38 Sensitivity Analysis: Auto Demand & Passenger Occupancy

Assumption: all approaches have the same demand

Ratio of Bus to Auto Passenger Occupancy

] 1 50 100

vph 300

950 Pre-signal with TSP

Mixed Lanes with TSP

Auto Demand per Approach [ Approach Demand per Auto 1600

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 39 Sensitivity Analysis: Auto Demand on Priority & Cross Streets

Assumption: bus to auto passenger occupancy = 30

Auto Demand on Priority Approach [vph] ] 300 950 1600 vph 300

Mixed Lanes with 950 Pre-signalPre-signal with TSP with TSP TSP

Mixed Lanes with TSP

Auto Demand on Cross DemandStreet on Auto [ 1600

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 40 Sensitivity Analysis: Auto Demand & Green Ratio

Assumptions: § all approaches have the same demand § ratio of bus to auto passenger occupancy = 30

Auto Demand per Approach [vph] 300 950 1600 0.30 MixedMixed LanesLanes withwith Pre-signal with TSP 0.45 Pre-signal with TSP TSPTSP

0.90 Green Ratio for Priority Approach Priority for GreenRatio 2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 41 Conclusions

§ When pre-signal is combined with TSP, it performs identical to a dedicated bus lane with TSP in terms of bus delay.

§ The higher the ratio of bus to auto passenger occupancy the higher the need for pre-signals with TSP.

§ The higher the auto demand on the priority approach, the lower the need for pre-signals with TSP.

§ The higher the green ratio of the priority approach, the more likely it is that the mixed lanes with TSP will be minimizing the total person delay at the intersection.

§ The proposed method can be used to assess investment decisions for transit agencies and towns that are interested in improving their transit operations.

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 42 Next Steps Other Transit Preferential Treatments Impact of Bus Stops

Viegas et al. (2007)

www.mto.gov.on.ca

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 43 Questions?

Eleni Christofa [email protected]

S. Ilgin Guler [email protected] www.transportdeals.co.uk

2017 Innovation & Tech Transfer Exchange 44