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Jesus: God, the Only God, Or No God? a Study of Jehovah’S Witnesses’ and Branhamism’S Influence in Kolwezi, DRC

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Jesus: God, the Only God, Or No God? a Study of Jehovah’S Witnesses’ and Branhamism’S Influence in Kolwezi, DRC Jesus: God, the only God, or No God? A study of Jehovah’s Witnesses’ and Branhamism’s influence in Kolwezi, DRC MB MUFIKA Student ORCID.org/ 0000-0001-6004-2024 Thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Missiology at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Promoter: Prof. dr HG Stoker Graduation October 2017 http://www,nwu.ac.za/ PREFACE The Apostles’ Creed I believe in God, the Father almighty, Creator of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, His only Son our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended into hell; the third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and sitteth at the right hand of God, the Father almighty; from whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body and life everlasting. Amen And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. I am the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city. For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie. I, Jesus, have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely. (Revelation 22:12-17) i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped me bring this work into existence, so many that I cannot name them all. I am most deeply indebted to our God for His protection during the many travels I had to undertake for the purposes of this research - by foot, by car, and with His direction to appropriate sources of information. When I lost my wife last year on 20 February 2015, it blacked out all things, including the research itself. My family and I went through a turbulent time for about half a year. I ended up as a hypertension patient at the cardiac clinic at Potchefstroom General Hospital (10 March 2015 – 24 June 2016). I am grateful to Dr Radebe Musa for his kindness, friendship, and for professionally giving me all the attention needed to treat my high blood pressure to the point where it is now very stable. I would like to thank my promoter, Dr HG Stoker, for his brotherhood, friendship and for his professional and Christian attitude during the writing of this dissertation and during the death and funeral of my late wife. I was invited to participate in his first born daughter, Louisa Stoker's, wedding in Balito Bay in Kwa-Zulu. My special thanks goes to Prof Fika van Rensburg for his encouragement and brotherhood, and Dr Naas Ferreira, for his wisdom and encouragement with the work. Dr. Raymond Potgieter served as the accelerator and motivator to pursue this work, for which I am grateful. I thank Prof. Moretsi for his friendship and fellowship with my family, and Prof. A.A. Genade for his spiritual and academic support. I am thankful to Prof George Lotter for sharing his passion for Africa, he inspired many to continue their research and to serve Africa. I thank Dr. Frederick Kakwata and his family for assisting me in all things and sister Annelize Liebenberg, who has been a real sister for my time here. My thanks include her mother and the community of Hebron, which I salute with all the love of God. I will not forget to express my gratitude to Dr. Rebecca Lagat Omwenga for accompanying me in this work spiritually and for inviting me to visit her church in Ikageng and on campus. She also welcomed me at her home in Nairobi, Kenya, in April 2016. My gratitude also goes to sister Hester Lombard, Bernard Bradley, Lizelle and all the staff of the faculty library for their helpful assistance to realize this work. My gratitude goes to sister Lientjie ii of the sky language lab, sister Christien Terblance, my language editor and Petra Gainsford, my technical editor. My special thanks go to the leaders of the churches back home: Rev. Jean-Louis Nyingika, Pastor Ignace Kayembe, all the deacons and members of the Manika Church of Kolwezi, for their tremendous support for my stay in Potchefstroom. I will not forget to thank my friends and colleagues, Rev. Jacques Kalabo, Rev. Jephte Malango, Rev. Ilunga Kantalanga, Rev. Nkulu Daniel and Rev. Jean Kumwamba for their assistance at the funeral. I want to express my special gratitude to the family of Brother George Mutomb Kabamb and his wife Kassy for their hospitality and fellowship throughout to encourage me for this work. I am mostly gratefully to my late wife, Louisa Kayi Mutumpa, who was the big support and motivation to fulfil this dream of all my life (from 1986). I wish she could be with me today to receive all the honour. This work owes its existence also to my son, Cosmas Mufika Mwawoka and his wife, who gave their total support, which is unforgettable. To my other children – Aline Mufika, Bethel Mufika, Esther Mufika, Naomi Mufika, Louisa Mufika and Mathieu Mufika Jr, I thank you for your patience and love during my research time. My thanks include my grandsons. I will not forget my special friend and brother, his excellency Richard Muyej M., for his constant support; without forgetting Brother Pastor Bondo Gaspard Mayuka, for his assistance in the texts and references. Finally, I am grateful to my fiancée and sister, Eva Wangechi Njeru, for her engagement and wonderful support to achieve this work, which is of great importance to the community of Kolwezi. iii DEDICATION To my grandparents To my parents – Matheo Mufika 1913–1994 Elisabeth Kabwiza Kafuchi 1924–2016 To my late wife – Louise Kayi Mutumpa – 20/02/1956–20/02/2015 I dedicate this work to these persons because they provided the primary context that gave me the courage to know God and to study and work hard in life. I also dedicate this work to my children and grandchildren, including the churches of God. May you know Jesus, the Son of man and Son of God. iv ABSTRACT This Christian apologetic thesis focuses on the question of the identity of Jesus. Is he God, the only God, or not God? The aim of the work is to bring back a Biblical understanding of basic Christian doctrines in Kolwezi and other places in the DRC and Africa in light of the influence of the teachings of the Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) and Branhamites. The research starts with the history of Kolwezi, and this includes the people, culture, customs, behaviour and social life. Then it describes the introduction of Christianity in Kolwezi and follows its growth from colonial times until the independence of the DRC (1885-1960). The different periods of the country and city’s history, including the period of the Congo Free State (1885-1908); the Belgian Congo (1908- 1960); the Democratic Republic of Congo (1960-1965); Congo-Zaire (1965-1997); and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-2014), have all influenced the insight and understanding of Christianity and Christian doctrines. When the Christianity came to Kolwezi, it found the people involved in ancestors’ worship, practising magic powers in the indigenous communities. With this as background, the focus is on the religious life of the people in Kolwezi for the last fifty years. The research examines the influence of Arius by tracing the doctrines and the growth of the JW on the one hand. In 1985, this group had about 300 members, but today they are 37 times more (12 000 members). On the other hand, the research investigates the heresies of Sabellius (influential in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th century) by tracing the beliefs of the Branhamites in and through the life and teachings of their prophet, William Marrion Branham. In Kolwezi, these two groups seized the opportunities provided by unstable situations such as the civil war (1960-65), tribal conflict (1961-63, 1992-93) and political crisis (1990-1991, 1998-2001, 2008-2012) to influence Christians in all walks of life with their end-time prophecies. The JW prophesied the end of the world several times (1914) and the Branhamites also (1977) prophesied the end time of the present world. While none of their prophecies have been fulfilled, their influence is spreading. This is in contradiction with the way Christians view the end time Christians believe according to Biblical prophecy that the second coming of Christ and the end of this era will be accomplished once and for all one day in the future. Not only their involvement in Kolwezi, but also the similarities between the JW and the Branhamites provide reasons to study them together. These similarities include this such as that both groups consider their founder to be a messenger of God; both see the organization as the only true church; both teach a Christology that differs radically from Christianity and the Bible; both deny the Trinity; both deny the bodily resurrection of Christ; both deny the personality of the v Holy Spirit; both have wrongly prophesied the end time; both use manipulation techniques; and both deny the Apostles’ Creed.
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