The Herald This Journal and Its Mission of Christ’s Kingdom Char tered in 1918, the Pas to ral Bible Insti tute, Inc. was formed for the promo tion This journal brings you 192 of Christian knowledge. Its jour nal, The Herald of Christ’s Kingdom, stands pages of spir itual reading mate - firmly for the de fense of the only true foun da tion of the Chris tian’s hope now be ing rial each year on a va ri ety of so gener ally re pu di ated—re demp tion through the pre cious blood (1 Peter 1:19) of biblical sub jects. Each is sue also “the man Christ Je sus, who gave himself a ran som [a corre spond ing price, a substi - lists many Bible convent ions and tute] for all” (1 Tim othy 2:6). Build ing upon this sure foun da tion the gold, sil ver, con fer ences where you will find and pre cious stones of the Word of God (1 Corin thi ans 3:11-15; 2 Pe ter 1:5-11), Chris tian fel low ship. In cluded in its fur ther mis sion is “to make all see what is the fel lowship of the mys tery, which ev ery is sue is News & Views, … has been hid in God … to the in tent that now … might be [made] known by four pages of current events, the church the man i fold wis dom of God”—“which in other ages was not made letters to the edi tor, and infor- known unto the sons of men, as it is now re vealed” (Ephe sians 3:5-10). mation on the oper a tion of the It stands free from all par ties, sects, and creeds of men, while it seeks more and Pas to ral Bible In sti tute. It is pub - more to bring its every utterance into fullest sub jection to the will of God in Christ, lished bim onthly by: as expressed in the holy Scriptures. It is thus free to declare boldly whatso ever the Pas to ral Bi ble In sti tute Lord hath spoken —accord ing to the Divine wis dom granted unto us to under - P.O. Box 3274 stand. Its atti tude is not dog matic, but con fident ; for we know whereof we affirm, Bremerton WA 98310 treading with implicit faith upon the sure promises of God. It is held as a trust to be used in his ser vice; hence our decisions rela tive to what may or may not appear in its Cor re spon dents col umns must be accord ing to our judg ment of his good plea sure, the teach ing of his 102 Broad Street Word, for the upbuilding of his peo ple in grace and knowl edge. We not only invite, we urge our read ers to prove all its utter ances by the infalli ble Word, to which refer - Chesham Bucks, HP5 3ED ence is con stantly made to facili tate such testing. ENG LAND Berean Bi ble In sti tute P. O. Box 402 To Us the Scriptures Clearly Teach Rosanna, Vic to ria 3084 w That the Church is the “tem ple of the liv ing God”—pe cu liarly “his work man - AUS TRA LIA ship”; that its con struction has been in prog ress through out the Gos pel age — ever since Christ became the world’s Redeemer and the chief “corner stone” of this tem ple, through which, when fin ished, God’s bless ings shall come “to all peo ple” and they find access to him (1 Corin thi ans 3:16,17; Ephe sians 2:20- ( 22; Gen e sis 28:14; Galatians 3:29). toll-free 1-888-7-THE-PBI w That mean time the chis el ing, shap ing, and pol ish ing of con se crated be liev ers in 7-843-724 Christ’s atonement for sin progresses and when the last of these “living stones,” 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Mon.–Sat. 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USPS 241-260), pub lished bi- w That the pres ent mis sion of the Church is the per fect ing of the saints for the fu - monthly by The Pasto ral Bible ture work of ser vice; to de velop in herself ev ery grace; to be God’s wit ness to the Institute, P.O. Box 3274, world; and to pre pare to be kings and priests in the next age (Ephe sians 4:12; Bremerton WA 98310. Pe ri od i cal Mat thew 24:14; Rev e la tion 1:6, 20:6). postage paid at Bremerton WA That the hope for the world lies in the bless ings of knowl edge and op por tu nity and ad di tional of fices. Au tho- w rized as sec ond-class mail. Sub - to be brought to all by Christ’s mil len nial king dom—the res ti tu tion of all that scription rates world-wide: $5.00 was lost in Adam, to all the will ing and obe di ent, at the hands of their Re - per year. deemer and his glori fied church—when all the willfully wicked will be de stroyed (Acts 3:19-23; Isa iah 35).

Cover, coun ter clock wise from up per left: Henry Grew, George Storrs, George W. Stet son, Charles Taze Russell, Norman Woodworth, R. E. Streeter, and Wil liam Miller. Bi ble Stu dent His tory In the Beginning In the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mys tery of God should be fin ished, as he hath de clared to his ser vants the proph ets.—Rev e la tion 10:7

ho are the Bi ble Stu dents? Where Stu dent move ment throughout the world. The do they come from? These are ques - con clud ing arti cle, A Delight ful Inher i tance, notes tions fre quently asked by those who the effect of this his tory and what it bodes for Wseek to iden tify this move ment and its or i gins. the future of the Bible Stu dent movement. This special issue of The Her ald is an expan - History, at best, is incomplete and subjec - sion of an ear lier edi tion and is meant to an - tive, but the edi tors of The Her ald hope this swer these queries. sincere attempt to record the origin and devel- Seeking to place the Bible Stu dent move- op ment of the Bible Stu dent move ment will be ment in a histor i cal context, these articles trace helpful to our readers. devel op ments in the Chris tian world from the Ref or ma tion to the events of the nine teenth cen tury which led to the for ma tion of a small In the Beginning (Bible Student History) ...... 3 group of sincere Christians who are pleased to associ ate under the generic term of “Bible Stu- The Reformation and Martin Luther .... 4 dents.” Re counts the prog ress in the Chris tian world The opening arti cle, The Ref or ma tion and from the Ref or ma tion to the Napo le onic era. Mar tin Luther, tracks the advancement of Prot- es tant ism from 1517 to 1799. The Midnight The Midnight Cry...... 9 Cry picks up the theme in the for ma tion of the Christen dom be came aware of the second advent Sec ond Adven tist move ment, focus ing pri mar- of Jesus Christ through the min istry of William Miller. ily on the growth of inter est in the return of Heroes of Our Faith ...... 16 Jesus Christ aroused by William Miller. The teachings of many nineteenth cen tury Bible Heroes of Our Faith out lines the rebirth of scholars con trib uted to the beliefs of Bible Stu dents. doctrinal view points largely lost since the days A New Wine Bottle...... 23 of the Early Church. Those ele ments of belief Outlines the start and im por tance of the work that formed an inte gral part of the framework and min istry of Pas tor Charles Taze Rus sell. of the Bible Student movement are empha - sized. The Harvest Movement ...... 26 The direct ori gin of the Bible Stu dents is an The ac tiv ities of the “har vest” at the end of this out growth of the min is try of Pas tor Charles Gospel age ener gized all the brethren. Taze Rus sell, the begin ning of which is the Troubled Years...... 32 sub ject of A New Wine Bottle . The cru cial The death of Pastor Rus sell brought painful expe ri - impact of his remarkable minis try is covered in ences to those who looked to him for leader ship . The Har vest Move ment. Tur moil and confu - sion reigned within the fel low ship after the Regathering ...... 37 death of its founder; this diffi cult tran si tion is Reviews the many movements of the pres ent time chron i cled in The Trou bled Years cov er ing the whose roots are in the teach ings of Pas tor Rus sell. period from late 1916 through 1918 and the “His Pulpit was the World” ...... 45 immedi ate aftermath. The events since 1918 Iden tifies the spread of Bible Students and their are summa rized in the treatise Regathering. doctrines around the globe. His Pul pit Was the World shows the world- wide outreach of the man who was called “the A Delightful Inheritance ...... 49 world’s most ubiq ui tous preacher” by his con - Truth is pre cious. Let us never com pro mise it. tem po rar ies, and gives a sketch of the Bible

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 3 Church His tory 1517-1799 The Reformation and Martin Luther Rich ard Doc tor he in tox i cat ing ex cesses of the Ital ian ate mid dle class could no lon ger be controlle d Renais sance were totally alien to the by super sti tion and igno rance. con ser va tive na tional cul ture emerg ing in As events would unfold, com pro mise with Tnorth ern Eu rope. In Ger many, Wittenberg’s Rome would prove to be impos si ble. The no bil ity still took me di eval pride in their col lec - scriptural tes ti mony that “the just shall live by tion of rel ics of the saints. Fit tingly, the rel ics faith” was to make a deeper and deeper impact were set off in gold and silver art work and—to on Luther’s belief. Luther was remarkable for main tain the mys tery—were only brought out his mor ally cou ra geous, artic u late, ener get ic, for the great feast day of “All Saints.” Within and unwa ver ing stand for prin ciple in oppo si - the cas tle church, carv ings of the Vir gin Mary tion to Rome. At his trial in Worms on April and the saints looked down from their perches 17, 1521, Luther, speaking in German, rather ap prov ingly. It was said that they stood ever than Latin, stunned the audi ence by his clos ing ready as heavenly in terces sors if entreated in state ment: prayer and remem bered by burning a candle in “Unless I am convicted by Scripture and their honor. plain rea son, I do not ac cept the au thor ity Mid day on Octo ber 31, 1517, the day pre - of popes and coun cils, for they have con - ced ing “All Saints,” an Augus tin ian monk tradicted each other—my conscien ce is who served as the the ology profes sor at the cap tive to the word of God. I can not and I local univer sity made his way to the church will not re cant any thing, for to go against door of Wittenberg castle. There he hammered conscience is nei ther right nor safe. Here I up a handwrit ten docu ment in Latin entitled a stand. God help me. Amen.” “Dis pu ta tion on the Power and Efficacy Noblemen, risking their titles, lands, and of Indul gences.” The “dis pu ta tion” set forth lives would soon pro tect, hide, and actively aid ninety-five the ses chal leng ing the the ol ogy of Luther in advanc ing the cause of “Protes tant - sell ing deliv er ance from sin. Martin Luther was cer tain this was bad Cath olic the ol ogy. If a ism.” What began with an obscure pro fes sor’s person was liter ate, as many of the town peo ple chal lenge to indulgenc es ended with the chang- were, he was lit erate in Latin, so Luther’s chal- ing of the face of Europe. lenge was read and devoured with great inter- est. The liter ate then trans lated it for the ben e - The Ana bap tists fit of bystand ers. Soon blood was every where. Warfare, pes ti- Soon the wheels of eccle si as ti cal dis ci pline lence, and poverty became the rule of life. began their slow inex ora ble move ment to grind Fear some ex e cu tions awaited any—Cath o lic, up this most recent chal lenger. But the world Protestant, Anabap tist, and frequently Jew— was changing. Seventy years earlier Johannes who would not con form to the con vic tions of Guttenberg had built the first print ing press the local major ity. Starting from that fateful using movable type, and the era of mass com - day in Wittenberg, 150 years of un re lieved mu ni ca tion had begun. For the Papacy, the misery reigned in Europe. At long last the time-tested methods for dealing with dissent Peace of Westphalia (1648) set the modern were to prove unwork able. Within two weeks, map of Eu rope with Catho lics and Prot es tants printed cop ies of the ninety-five theses were agreeing to an uneasy truce. But with the end- posted all over Germany; within five weeks ing of broader warfare, a full gener a tion of they arrived at the Vati can. An emerging lit er- fight ing con tin ued within na tional bor ders to

4 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom es tab lish con for mity to state wor ship, be it tion). Here the Anabap tists, Zwingli, and Protestant or Cath olic. other reformers argued that Christ intended the The Ref or ma tion led to church ran sack ing bread and the wine at the last supper as a and the burn ing of images and reli quar ies. remem brance, or memorial, not as a sacri fice. Church lands were con fis cated. Mon as ter ies Meet ing with Zwingli to dis cuss the mass, and convents were emptied. Like Luther him- Luther moved to the chalk board writ ing only, self, many of the former celi bate inmates were “This is my body.” In his pas sion ate and iras - now married and rais ing fami lies. In Luther’s cible manner the force of this effort broke the case, his marriage to a former nun left pious chalk he was hold ing. For Luther the dis cus - adher ents of Cathol i cism com pletely mor ti fied. sion was ended. Though Protestant churches now stood with The Ana baptists focused on Bible study stark inte riors, they were more alive than ever. and prophecy, and stud ied the taberna cle rec - Christ was now con sid ered the one medi a tor og niz ing that its ordi nances fore shad owed between God and man. The sermon, rather Christ. Some Ana bap tist fel low ships in north - than the mass, now served as the focal point for ern Italy, Poland, and Roma nia also denied the church service . Luther believed that “the that God is triune. Nearly one hundred years Devil, the orig i na tor of sor row ful anx i eties and later, writing on the eve of the thirty years war, rest less trou bles, flees before the sound of one of their high est trib utes comes from an music almost as much as before the word of impla ca ble enemy: God.” In uni son, it was the con gre ga tion that “Among all the he ret i cal sects which have now sang the mod ern and soul-inspir ing hymns their or i gin from Lu ther … not a one has a includ ing Luther’s cho rale, “A Mighty For - better appear ance and greater exter nal ho - tress Is Our God.” liness than the Anabap tists. Other sects The presses con tin ued their labors. Soon are for the most part ri ot ous, blood thirsty tracts and Bible texts were placed directly into and given over to car nal lusts; not so the the hands of a thought ful and increas ingly lit er - Ana bap tists. They call each other brothers ate cit i zenry. Wher ever Prot es tant ism went, and sisters; they use neither pro fanity nor groups emerged, ear nest to learn only from unkind language; they use no weap ons of Scripture, without appealing to church author- de fense … they own nothing in pri vate but ity. This “grass roots” religious movement soon have ev ery thing in com mon. They do not proved unwill ing to stop the reform ing where go to law before ju dicial courts but bear ev- Luther did. Anabap tists were wide-ranging in erything pa tiently, as they say, in the Holy doctrine, but three issues charac ter ized them. Spirit. Who should sup pose that under They took strong excep tion to any church-state this sheep’s clothing only raven ing wolves union, main tain ing that this was whore dom. are hid den?”—Of the Cursed Be gin nings They took excep tion with Luther and the lead - of the Ana bap tists, Christoph Fischer, ing Swiss reformer, Ulrich Zwingli, on the Roman Cath o lic, (1615). propri ety of bap tizing infants. Because they baptized adults, they were called “Ana bap- Quaker and Hu gue not Tes ti mony tists” or “those bap tiz ing again.” They be - “Bear the cross, and stand faithful to lieved that bap tism was only for those who had God, then he will give thee an ever last ing “received Jesus Christ and wished to have him crown of glory, that shall not be taken from for Lord, King, and Bride groom, and bind thee. There is no other way that shall pros - them selves also pub licly to him, and in truth per than that which holy men of old have sub mit them selves to him and betroth them - walked.”—Thomas Loe, Quaker, (1662). selves to him through the cov e nant of bap tism Loe’s preaching in Ox ford moved young Wil - and also give themselves over to him dead and liam Penn to openly crit i cize the Church of cruci fied and hence to be at all times subject, Eng land, lead ing to Penn’s ex pul sion from in utter zeal, to his will and pleasure.” —The Oxford Univer sity. Penn, the son of a British Ordi nance of God, Melchior Hofmann (1530). Ad mi ral, left for France and soon found his A third point of conten tion was Luther’s way to L’Academie Protestante de Saumur, then sup port for the mass (embrac ing consub stan ti - a flour ish ing cen ter for Hu gue not Protestant a tion rather than the Cath o lic tran sub stan ti a - learn ing. It may be sur pris ing to know that

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 5 such a center briefly prospered in France. semi nated treatise that fixed the im age of the This was a conse quenc e of the liberal poli cies Cross and Crown in the hearts and minds of in 1598 in sti tuted by the Protestant-born and the Lord’s peo ple from that time for ward. raised Henry IV. Henry desired to make Penn’s words are sim ple, sincere, and scrip- amends for the horrors his pre de cessor tural: “What is our cup and cross that we Charles IX had perpe trated in the St. Bar- should drink and suffer? They are the denial tholomew’s Day Mas sa cre of 1572. Condi - and offer ing up of ourselves , by the same tions in the world were chang ing, and while spirit, to do or suffer the will of God for his hor rors were yet to come, a new con scious ness ser vice and glory, which is the true obe di ence was slowly emerg ing. Although the Hu gue - of the cross of Je sus.” nots later would be expelled from France (1685), the tearing out of here tic’ s tongues, Penn reex am ined scrip tural prom ises passed nail ing them to carts, burn ing them, or drown - over since St. Augustine. Theo logians had ing them, and the hor rors of massa cres simi lar min i mized the impor tance of the church’s life to that oc cur ring on St. Bartholomew’s Day, expe ri ences with Augus tine, con sid er ing these were los ing fa vor as ac cepted instru ments of but memo ries “dissi pated like clouds.” Penn statecraf t. recog nized that these life experi ences acquired under unfa vor able con di tions would be an eter - The air at Saumur was filled with dis cus - nal ben e fit; the con scious ness of the church’s sion of the proph e cies in Daniel and Rev e la - suffer ing with Christ was slowly emerging. tion. Col lec tive opin ion held that the churches of Rev ela tion were pro gressive and that the The death of Sir William Penn in 1670 left church was in the sixth, or Phila del phia stage. young Penn in con trol of the fam ily for tune, This point was not lost on Penn later in his including a mas sive debt owed to Sir William life. Huguenot scholar Pierre de Launay Penn by the crown. With this financial sup - (1573-1661) sought to deter mine when, dur- port, Penn now had the means to pur sue his ing the Gothic and Vandal ravages of Rome, it pil grim minis try nearly full time, and he trav - was proper to begin count ing the 1,260 days of eled throughout Eng land, Ire land, and along Daniel using the day-for-a-year formula. By the Rhine River preaching the Quaker doc - far, the most signif i cant scholar of this period trine. Rec og niz ing that the crown could never was Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713), then a young remit the grow ing debt to his late father, he man himself. Writing after the Huguenot fixed upon ask ing the king for a col ony in expul sion from France in 1686, Jurieu would Amer ica in pay ment. His focus on this “holy extend de Launay’s meth ods con clud ing that exper i ment” of found ing Penn syl va nia, and the Lord’s spe cial judg ment would fall on plan ning and build ing its prin ciple city of France—the tenth part of the city—in the Phil a del phia, would become his best- decade of 1780-90, and cer tainly by 1796. remem bered leg acy. Ech oes of Saumur ring in Return ing to Eng land, Penn found him self the name Phil a del phia. among the Quakers and soon he was arrested In prac ti cal pol i tics Wil liam Penn proved for run ning afoul of the reli gious laws. The highly capable as a lawgiver, media tor, and seriousness of the charges kept esca lat ing, and practi cal pac ifist. His bold unarmed approach even tu ally his trea tise The Sandy Founda tion to the Indian chiefs at the great elm of Shaka - Shaken put him in the Tower of London with maxon had caused them to set down their bows the bishop charg ing blas phemy. Penn had crit - and arrows. Penn’s gov er nance was becom ing i cized Trin i tar ian belief as unscrip tural and leg end ary. Long after his pass ing there still illogical: “[For] what can any man of sense was talk of the Indi ans’ deep mourn ing over the conclude but that here be three dis tinct infinites” death of their dear brother to whom they had and, “It is man i fest then, though I deny the bound them selves “to live in love.” Vol taire, Trin ity of Sepa rate Persons in one Godhead, who usu ally could manage only derisive com- yet conse quen tially, I do not deny the deity of ments about reli gion, praised Penn as the Jesus Christ.” greatest lawgiver since antiquity. Although the rev olu tion to fol low was not to be accom plished Cross and Crown by paci fist means, Penn’s hopes were that God Penn’s seven months in the tower were spent would make his col ony “the seed of the writing No Cross—No Crown, a widely dis - nation.” And so it would prove.

6 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom With the religious wars of Europe ended, forc ibly taken from Rome on the night of Feb - the fol low ing cen tury was one of explosive ru ary 20 and brought first to Siena and then to growth on every front of human inquiry. Mod - Flor ence. At the end of March 1799 though ern medi cin e and sci ence began. The earth was seriously ill, he was hur ried to Parma, Pia - known to revolve around the sun, the orbit of cenza, Turin, then over the Alps to Briançon the moon was explained, light was under stood, and Grenoble, and finally to Valence where he and mechani cal engines were developed to succumbed to his suffer ings before he could be replace the muscle-pow er of draught animals. brought fur ther. Math prob lems unsolved for thou sands of years Enter ing into a concor dant with Pius VII, were solved. New musical forms opened unex- the suc cessor of Pius VI crowned on March plored realms of experi ence for the human 1800, Napoleon tersely laid out his terms. The spirit. The social well-being of com mon people refusal of Pius VII to acqui esce suff iciently became the focus of interest for new sciences resulted in four teen years of house arrest and seeking to understand social, politi cal, and eco - his removal from Italy to Fontainebleau. Al - nomic the ory. All of this fed the minds of those though Pius would return in tri umph to Rome who thought about a rev olu tion in the social in 1814 after Napo leon’s fall, for the rest of the and polit i cal order. Most impor tantly, this all century the Papacy would see only an unremit - impacted reli gion. With an eye to the recent ting loss of prestige, power, and prop erty. past, there was a sus pi cion of all things reli - gious among the elite. Agnos ti cism, deism, and None of these epoch-defin ing events was Unitar i an ism became the preferred expressions lost on John Lathrop (1731-1820), a Yale- of spiri tu al ity among society’s leaders. educated divinity scholar. Lathrop was partic - ularly active in drawing attention to the pro- phetic stud ies of Jurieu, who had predicte d the France and Phil a del phia—1776-1799 While France was the fo cal point for much of French rev olu tion nearly one hundred years this effort, it would be pam phlets in English earlier. Lathrop’s work rec og nized the crit i cal and distrib uted overseas that were to fan the import ance of bibli cal chronol ogy. Soon Wil - em bers of rev o lu tion in the Amer i can col o nies. liam Miller (1782-1849) and oth ers would Fol low ing a dec la ra tion of in de pend ence orig- bring out addi tional pearls long hid den. inat ing from Phila del phia on July 4, 1776, the Ameri can colo ni es success fully broke from Free dom of Re li gion Eng land after five years of fight ing. Seiz ing on At the same time, U.S. presi dent John Adams’ this exam ple, the rev olu tion came home to prudence alone prevented a war in 1799 that France. Heeding cries of “Liberty, Equality, would have placed the young repub lic into and Fra ter nity,” it was the com mon cit i zens com bat against Napo leon. From Adams’ of- who led an excep tion all y bloody revo lu tion, fice in Phila del phia, the first seat of govern - serv ing no tice to mon archs ev ery where that ment, it was pos si ble to look out on the streets their days were numbered. The French revo lu - and witness the great changes wrought by tion also led to the rise of Na po leon. acting on re li gious vi sion. He knew that the Napo leon rep re sents a deci sive water shed in power of re li gion could be ex er cised for good world his tory, for the world had never seen or ill. In general, Adams’ belief was that it any one quite like him before nor has it since. had been ex er cised for ill and he strongly sup - Like Alexan der the Great, Napoleon had a ported the sepa ration of church and state. In vision not only for conquest but for remak ing this he played a crit ical role. As soon as the the cul ture of Europe. The pope’s co-opera tion consti tu tion for the new na tion was rat i fied, he with the Allies against the French Republic, im me di ately crit i cized it as in com plete be cause and the murder of the French attaché, Basse - it had failed to de fine the pro tec tion of hu man ville, at Rome, led to Napoleon’ s attack on the rights. Jeffer son and Mad ison agreed to draft Papal States, con cluding in the Truce of Bolo - a “Bill of Rights” to cor rect this over sight. gna (June 25, 1796). But in an attempt to rev- The open ing phrase of the first of ten amend - olu tion ize Rome, the French General Duphot ments to the con sti tu tion rat i fied De cem ber was shot and killed; whereupon the French 15, 1791, marks a turn ing point for church took Rome on Feb ru ary 10, 1798, and pro - and state. For the first time in any na tion’s claimed the Roman Republic on Feb ruary 15. history free dom of worship was offi cial state Because the pope refused to sub mit, he was pol icy: “Congress shall make no law re spect -

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 7 ing an es tab lish ment of re li gion, or pro hib it ing polit i cal, and sci en tific world-views unimag- the free ex ercise thereof.” ined by Luther held world stage. This fulfils It had been 265 years since Felix Manz, the Christ’s prom ise to the church of Phila del phia, first Anabap tist mar tyr, per ished in the “third “Behold, I have set before thee an open door, baptism” under the freez ing waters of the and no man can shut it” (Rev e la tion 3:8). In Limmat River near Wellenberg, Swit zer land. the next century, economi c upheaval from a At last the Anabap tist entreaty for the sepa ra - move ment soon to be called the “indus trial rev - tion of church and state was law. As the nine - olu tion,” and sci en tific advances, would pro - teenth century dawned, a culture in Europe vide Chris tian ity with its great est chal lenges, and North Amer ica holding religious, social, and its great est tri umphs.

Christians before the Reformation here are glimpses of Protestant teach ings from earli est Chris tian times to the Dark Ages. The Epis tle of Bar na bas ex plains a typ i cal sig nifi cance of the Sab bath: “The meaning of it is this: that in six thou sand years the Lord God will bring all things to an end. For with him one day is a thou sand years ... And he Trested the seventh day: he meaneth this; that when his Son shall come, and abol ish the sea son of the Wicked One, and judge the un godly; and shall change the sun and the moon, and the stars; then he shall glo ri ously rest in that sev enth day. … the Sab baths, says he, which ye now keep are not accept able unto me, but those which I have made; when rest ing from all things I shall be gin the eighth day, that is, the be gin ning of the other world.”1 Willing ness to suffer mar tyr dom for the cause of Christ is illustrated in Ignatius’ Epistle to the Romans (ca. A.D. 110) 2:2-4, “Suf fer me to be food to the wild beasts; by whom I shall attain unto God. For I am the wheat of God; and I shall be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of Christ. Rather encourage the beasts, that they may become my sepul cher; and may leave nothing of my body; that being dead I may not be trou ble some to any.” Sim i larly, the con tem po rary Polycarp writes,2 “I exhort all of you that ye obey the word of righ teous ness, and exercise all patience; which ye have seen set forth before our eyes, not only in the blessed Ignatius, and Zozi mus, and Rufus; but in others among yourselves; and in Paul himself, and the rest of the apos tles.” We hear of Arius first in A.D. 313 pleading for resto ra tion of primi tive purity in an Alex andrian church gone worldly. The leader of the worldly fac tion, Athanasius, could hardly accuse Arius of being too hon or able; so after five years he accused Arius of heresy for not calling God a Trin ity.3 Ultimately the Athana sians poi- soned Arius to death and called it the righteous judgment of God. About A.D. 538, Jacobus Baradaeus (lit er ally, James of rags, as he declined to spend money on cloth ing), of Syria, defended the monophysite con cept of Jesus at his first advent having just one nature, the human. He ranged from Egypt to Baby lon and ordained 80,000 bish ops. (The mod ern Syr ian Orthodox Church descended from him, and remains Monophysite.) The Paulicians in Asia were outside the Cath olic Church, and began evange liz ing in Europe. Likely from them came the moder ate Cathars (lit. Puri tans, though the Cath olic hier ar chy called them “Ketzer,” her e tics). Already in A.D. 1140, in Monteforte, they said Jesus did not have a soul, but by identity he was a soul. They looked for ward to the “Reju ve na tion Day.” Other notable pre-Ref orma tion Christians include Peter Waldo and the Waldenses in the Alps; John Wycliffe, who before Wil liam Tyn dale’s time trans lated the Bible into Eng lish (though it would be incom pre - hensi ble a cen tury later), had follow ers who were called Lollards; Jan Hus in Poland/Czech Republic; and Johann Wessel-Gansfort in the Neth er lands, who said, “It is not by works, but in works, that faith lives.” All faced oppositi on, most were hunted, and some were burned at the stake.

1. Epistle of Bar nabas 13:1-10. (Likely the Bar nabas who was with Paul.) 2. Epistle of Polycarp (bishop of Smyrna) to the Philippians 3:5-9. 3. Curiously, the word Trinitatis was invented by Tertullian ca. A.D. 200, but he was out side the main body of profess ing Christians. Irenaeus did not share the concept, but he was declared a Cath olic saint, not Tertullian.

8 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom The Adven t ist Movement The Midnight Cry At mid night there was a cry, Behold, the bridegroom! Come ye forth to meet him.—Mat- thew 25:6, ASV Charles Ryba Charles Ryba hris tian his tory can be a prof it able study. The views and expe riences of those pre- ced ing us provide les sons for our profit. CTwo sig nif i cant ex am ples are the ad vent move- ment (1830-1870) and the early Bi ble Stu - dent move ment (1870-1890). Many of to day’s ques tions have their roots in these times in clud - ing when the king dom would be fully es tab - lished. Time is the is sue, the king dom of God is the goal, the sal va tion of all man kind is the hoped-for result. Intense scriptural searching and exami na - tion were the mark of many individ u als during this time. A surge in prophetic studies and spec u la tions resulted in new Christian fel low- ships form ing across old denom i na tional lines. This precip i tated new movements not domi - Wil liam MIller nated by trained theo lo gians, though many came from the ranks of mainline Protestant terest included Daniel’s time of the end, the minis ters. “Laymen” became capa ble of intelli - Antichrist, Pal es tine (Ot to man rule would gent inquiry as bib li cal schol ar ship became fail, Jew ish res to ra tion was im mi nent), but more accessi ble through Bible societ ies and spe cially the per sonal coming of Christ to es - mission ary efforts. Circum stances in that era tab lish an earthly Mil len nial king dom. The shaped theo log i cal cur rents and mil len nial proph e cies of Dan iel and Rev e la tion were dis- expecta tions. The signs of the times were being tinctly fa vored. noticed. Among those signs were the Amer i - Wil liam Miller was a Baptist preacher, but can and French rev olu tions, the declin ing influ - his mes sage went well beyond Baptist theol - ence of the old mon ar chies in the face of wide- ogy. He utilized Daniel and Reve la tion as keys spread revo lu tion ary unrest, and the increase of to the Bible’s prophetic out line. His arguments tech nol ogy spawned in the indus trial rev olu - for Christ’s return focused largely on the time tion. Lastly the “east ern ques tion” dra mat i - of his return; the man ner and object were to be cally underscor ed the prophetic predic tions visi ble and awesome. Time elements that that the declin ing Ottoman empire bode well Miller con sid ered bib li cal encom pass the days for poten tial Jew ish immi gra tion to the holy of Daniel (1,260, 1,290, 1,335, and 2,300), land. the Times of the Gentiles, the Jubi lee cycles, and the six thou sand years of human his tory. Wil liam Miller He reck oned them as all end ing in 1843 Wil liam Miller be came one of the light ning (except the 1,260 which he said ended in rods for much intense pro phetic inter est in 1793-98). Amer ica dur ing the 1830s. His message was simple. The return of Christ was near. He His toric Pro phetic In ter pre ta tions even assigned a date, 1843, as the time when The his toric in ter pre tive school of Dan iel and it would hap pen. Then cur rent events brought Rev e la tion was wide spread among Eu ro pean new fo cus to bib li cal prophe cies. Items of in - and Ameri can scholars of that era. Building

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 9 upon the ear lier works of Sir Isaac Newton the vision plain. Taberna cle and temple sym- and Thomas New ton, dur ing the 1840s bol ism was prom i nent, espe cially in con nec tion people such as James Bi che no, T. R. Birks, with the vision of the 2,300 days in Daniel 8. John Cum ming, George Duffield, and E. B. Christ as antitypical high priest would return Elliott were prom i nent ex pos i tors of a his tor i - soon to cleanse and restore his spir itual tem ple. cally-fulfill ed Apoca lypse. In spite of their im- Later Seventh Day Adven tist claims cen tered pres sive bib li cal ar gu ments, most Chris tian on this imag ery. leader ship at the time believed the second A paral lel awaken ing in concerns about the com ing to be post-Mil len nial, that is, it would ultimate fate of humanity also became com- happen after a golden age of world conver sion mon. Henry Grew wrote book lets concern ing to Christ. But many did agree with the histor - the nature of man. That, in turn, spurred icist’s gen eral time in ter pre ta tion, dif fer ing George Storrs to spread the view more widely. As was com mon among the Chris tian con nec - mainly on when and what the Mil len nium and tion move ment, Grew also wrote The Divine the second com ing would be like. Tes ti mony Concern ing the Son of God, delin - A com pet ing view known as Futurism had eat ing a Chris tol ogy later adopted by Charles origi nated from a Jesuit priest, F. Ribera [circa Taze Russell and others. Of special interest 1590]. His writings were dis covered by sev eral are thoughts concern ing the nature of God, the pro phetic stu dents in the 1820s, Edward Irv- nature of man, and eter nal torment. George ing being one of the ear li est. This was pop u lar - Storrs was ear lier one of Miller’s able sup port - ized by John Darby and rap idly became a ers. Through his book, his jour nal The Bible dom i nant view among pre-millennialists. This Exam iner, a com pi la tion of essays known as view placed most of the book of Rev e la tion Six Ser mons on the Inquiry: Is There Immor tal - (after chapter 6, verse 11) into a future seven- ity in Sin and Suffer ing?, and numer ous other year trib u la tion period. (Con flict ing bib li cal book lets and tracts, he injected among Adven- verses later became the source of the present tists a strong argu ment for con di tional immor - day quarrels among Futurist dispensationalist tality. Miller himself did not accept these ideas believ ers, breaking into pre-, mid-, post-tribu- but toler ated them for the greater good of lationist and pre-wrath branches.) Birk’s vol- awaken ing peo ple to the near advent and judg - umes titled First Ele ments of Proph ecy and ment. Visions of Dan iel are pointed essays in defense of the his tor i cal school. H. Grattan Guinness Sec ond Ad vent Fo cus was the last of the great historicist defenders. The great est focus of the Ad vent move ment These writings, mostly from Europe ans, pro- was the near ness of Christ’s return. All else in vided vital resources for the early Ameri can life was to be left be hind in prep a ra tion for the advent believ ers, as well as stim u lat ing contin - bride groom’s re turn. In the pe riod of about ued activi ties among later Advent Christian 1840 to 1844 the ad vent in ter est greatly in- time believers creased in the U.S. through out the north east - Wide-rang ing dis cus sions, about proph ecy ern, mid-Atlan tic, and mid-western states. It in gen eral and the sec ond com ing in par tic u lar, never took root in Eu rope. But the orig i nal took place within the grow ing Millerite camps 1843 date provided a first shock to the hope - and among Chris tian con tem po rar ies. It en - ful be cause noth ing sig nif i cant hap pened in com passed jour nals, con fer ences, camp meet- that year. ings, books, pam phlets, speak ing tours, and Re-exami na tion twice led to six-month ad- debates. Miller himself devoted years to public just ments, cul mi nat ing in the Sev enth Month speak ing on the advent to whom ever would lis - Movement of 1844, spearheaded by Sam uel ten. Many oth ers joined in. Of note are Joshua S. Snow. His con vic tion was based on the high V. Himes, Charles Fitch, Josiah Litch, Joseph priest (Christ) in the Day of Atone ment pic- Bates, and George Storrs. Advent journals ture. He interpreted the leaving of the temple included The Signs of the Times, The Bible to bless the peo ple as cor re spond ing to Christ’s Exam iner, and The Midnight Cry among many sec ond com ing. This was to be on the tenth others. Use of charts to illus trate God’s pro - day of the sev enth month, Octo ber 22, 1844. phetic plan was com mon. Based on the words Cor re spon dence to the “proper” com pu ta tion of Habakkuk 2:2, they endeavored to make of the Jewish year justi fied altering the earlier

10 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom 1843 view. He revived the faint-hearted Ad - vent move ment in the spirit of the wise vir gins of Matthew 25. Miller himself was ret icent to accept this after the earlier dis ap pointment, but joined in as the time approached.

Dis ap point ments Again there was great puzzle ment and disap - point ment. Ex pla na tions based on the par a ble of the wise and fool ish vir gins sought to ra tio - Henry Grew nalize the mistakes. The time of delay of the (1781-1862) par a ble was compressed into the first (1843) and repeated (1844) expe rience of the watch- Grew was born in Bir mingham, England, but moved ers. The search for fulfill ment led to spirituali - to Boston with his parents at the age of fourteen. At zation or collec tive pro phetic tests. Iron i cally the age of twenty-three he was elected dea con of the the one who sparked the last wave of enthu si - Bap tist Church he at tended, and was later licensed to asm in the Sev enth Month move ment, Sam uel preach in Hartford, Con necti cut, where he served over Snow, later pub lished an in dict ment of the a decade until he was dismi ssed for views the church whole lot of Ad ven tist lead ers in his book The deemed he ret i cal. Book of Judgment . Was the door shut? The He not only preached against slavery, but, from the con troversy would flare at every date since—in Bible alone, Henry Grew deter mi ned that the doctrines 1844, 1878-81, 1914, and beyond. Several of the im mortal soul, hell-fire, and trinity were not times many would regard themselves as true scriptural. He wrote several books against the doc- heirs to the dates: 1844 (Sev enth Day Ad - trines, one of which was picked up by George Storrs, ven tists and the “cleansed sanc tu ary”), 1873- who was later convinced of Grew’s views re garding 1874 (Nel son Barbour and Pas tor Rus sell, the state of the dead. Grew’s clear scrip tural ex po si tion with the view of Christ’s in vis ible pres ence), and ideas later in flu enced the Ad ven tists and other and 1914 (Bible Stu dents and Je hovah’s Wit- individuals, directly to such as George Stetson and nesses differ as to what really happened in that George Storrs, and indi rectly through these to Pastor year). After each date, proph ecy had to be Charles Taze Russell . rec on ciled with re al ity. Although he had only a moder ate income , he was able to bestow half his income in charity. He gave a consid er able amount to mission ary work as well as to The Af ter math of Dis ap point ment Fol low ing the 1843-1844 dis ap point ments, the poor of the city. He not only cared for their well be- Storrs contin ued to preach the ad vent with out ing, but also for their spir itual welfare. dates. He drifted into an extreme posi tion dur ing the 1860s with the group known as hav ing a plan was pop u lar among con tem po - Life and Ad vent Un ion. It was anal ogous to rary Ad vent Christian writ ers like I.C. Well- the un saved non-res ur rec tion po si tion of Chris- come and Clark son Gould in their The Plan tadelphians. In later au to bio graph i cal sketches of Re demp tion of 1867. But Storrs in cor po - he re counts his en coun ter with books of the rated much more of the “wider hope” than Eng lish writer Henry Dunn about the ran som they would al low. On the other hand, he doc trine and the res ti tu tion of all things. One avoided the mod ern ism and spec u la tion ram- book was ti tled The Des tiny of the Hu man pant among Uni ver sal ists in their great so cial Race. He then reac ti vated The Bi ble Exam - tol er ances. God pro vided rea son able pro vi sion iner in 1871 (after a lapse of about eight for man kind’s re cov ery, un like Uni ver sal ism’s years), and rework ed it to in corpo rate the be lief in un con di tional sal va tion. thoughts of the ran som for all and res ti tu tion of all things. The masthead Scripture was 1 Par al lel Move ments Tim othy 2:5,6. His con clu sion: The plan of Rel a tively main stream Protestant dispensation - God extended beyond the few faithful to the alists were in spired by men like John Darby entire human race. The Abrahamic prom ise and Ed ward Irving. Un for tu nately, un der the ap plied to all men during a soon-to-come in flu ence of John Darby, historicist pre-Mil - earthly king dom. The gen eral concept of God len nial po si tions were of ten aban doned dur ing

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 11 the mid-1800s. Com pet ing the o ries swept most Chris tians into con flict ing winds of fu tur - ism, dispensationalism, and preterism (fully past views, also of Je suit or igin). The pinna cle George of fu tur ist ex po si tions was The Theo cra tic King dom of our Lord Je sus Christ by George Storrs N. Peters in 1888, which built a solid pre- (1796-1879) millennialist basis for the ex pected mil lennial king dom on earth without the radi cal spec ula - George Storrs was born in Leb- tions of later dispensationalism. anon, New Hampshire, and evi - They restruc tured pro phetic time ta bles into dently obtained his reli gious futur ist pat terns. In the long run they would training from his mother. She become more influ en tial than the Adven tists worked dil i gently to coun ter act in the minds of most Prot es tants. More diverse the fa tal is tic Cal vin ism movements like the Christadelphians and preached locally, and to assure her children that if they Church of God (Abrahamic Faith) sprang out would but seek the Lord, they would surely find him. of a com mon pool with those of Alex an der Her sweet love for God and Christ moved young Camp bell’s Disci ples of Christ. Their earthly George to pray for the expe ri ence of a saving faith in mil len nial hope was more dis tinct than that of Je sus. At age 18, so filled was he with an impres sion many Adven tists. They placed less emphasis of the goodness of God to ward him that he resolved on date set ting (although 1866 was of signif i - thenceforth to find him and serve him. cance to some). They tended to have “closed” At age 19, despite its Cal vinism, George Storrs fellow ships, believed in water bap tism for sal - joined the Congre ga tional church. Later, as his young va tion, believed in con di tional immor tal ity and wife lay dy ing, he becam e convicted that God had devel oped non-trin i tar ian the ol o gies (the last called him to preach the gospel. At age 25 he found the two concepts traceable to F. Socinus of the six - Meth od ists more agree able, and at 29 he be came an teenth-sev en teenth cen tury Pol ish Breth ren). itin er ant Meth od ist preacher, tak ing up the min is try They shared with Campbell a pro phetic rem- full-time in 1836. But soon his preaching against slav- nant assump tion for the recovery of lost early ery of fended the bishops who then tried to censor him. church teach ings. Benjamin Wil son, author of In 1837 on a railway coach floor, he found a pam - The Emphatic Diaglott, was a mem ber of the phlet en ti tled The In ter me di ate State which was pub - Church of God (Abrahamic Faith). Charles lished by one “Dea con” Henry Grew of Phil adel phia. Rus sell and Nel son Barbour, who may have The tract pro moted the idea that to tal ex tinc tion in stead been influenced in their perspec tives by their of pres erva tion in suffer ing would be the final destiny thoughts con cern ing the Gos pel age har vest, of wicked men. It astounded him to find such reason - shared the rem nant con cept. able and scriptural argu ment s de fining a doctrine which Nel son H. Barbour described his in-depth he—believ ing then in the im mortal ity of the human exam i na tion of many historicist pro phetic writ - soul—never would have consid ered. He studied the ings in his research at Euro pean librar ies dur - mat ter from the Bible in secret and in 1840 he left the ing the 1860s. His book The Coming of the Method ist church. In the spring of 1841 he published Lord in 1873, pub lished in 1871 along with his first paper on the subject. It was about this time he Wil liam Thurman (The Unsealed Book in came into con tact with the fol low ers of Wil liam Miller. 1870), provided the locus of the 1873-75 time His views on Con di tional Im mor tal ity met re sis tance move ment. from Miller, but they were em braced by a congre ga tion in Albany, New York, where he was invited to become Sev enth Day Ad ven tists Pas tor. Ret icent at first to preach on the state of the The Sev enth Day Ad ven tists became the larg- dead, in 1842 he gave six ser mons on the sub ject to a est prophet i cally -based movemen t. Havin g a packed church. These he published in over 200,000 com mon de riv a tive in Miller, they had solid i - copies at his own expense as An Enquiry: Are the Souls fied their think ing along much more exclu sive of the Wicked Im mor tal—In Six Sermons (still well- lines than other ad vent groups. A novel doc - known as Six Sermons ). His jour nal The Bi ble Ex am - trine of an 1844 heav enly cleans ing of the iner followed in 1843. sanctu ary was fostered by reli ance on the pro - phetic “gift of prophecy” claimed for El len G.

12 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom White. Sab bath keep ing became an outward World’s Cri sis. dis tinc tion which shaped much of their views Later, many on pro phetic events. Their prophet ic point, early col lab o ra- how ever, was a novel concept of the mil len nial tors in clud ing reign of Christ. It was to be in heaven while Nel son the earth lay des olate, earth being restored Barbour, John after a thousand years. No hope was held out Paton, A. P. for the unsaved of this or pre vious ages, so Ad ams, and A. their view of res ti tu tion matched that of pro - D. Jones would, phetic Bab y lon from which they had sep a- in turn, set off in rated. Only Chris tians would be saved. The their own di rec - same can be said con cern ing their trin i tar ian tions. By then po si tion, af ter some de bate within their ranks. young Charles The gen eral his toric pro phetic inter pre ta - Rus sell was well tion was bolstered in sev eral impor tant areas under way in his dur ing the interim of 1840 through the 1870s. pub lish ing ef- The Ottoman empire was in decline, fueling forts of Zion’s expecta tio ns about a Jewis h resto ra ti on. The Watch Tower Papacy was also los ing ground in its tem po ral and the Mil len- power, rein forcing the view that Daniel’s time nial Dawn of the end had indeed been entered. The stud ies. Amer ican Civil War of the 1860s also focused Charles Rus - peo ple’s atten tion on the fra gil ity of earthly sell built on the govern ments, as well as on the need for true, Miller move ment but unattain able, justice for all peo ples. These as a prophetic pre- Charles Taze Russell were the signs of the times that influenced the lude, but also as a test and les son learned by inter pre ta tions of Adven tists such as Nelson faith ful Chris tians. Nel son Barbour had con - Barbour. structed an ingenious con cept of first- and sec- ond-advent par allels, as can be seen on each Charles Taze Russel l cover of his journal. It included the delays and Charles Taze Russell was not alone at the be- missed opportu nities for the true and false ginnin g. He had the able help of several sea- wheat of each age. The tarry ing bridegroo m soned el der Chris tian broth ers to shape the was so near in time as to be actu ally present. nascent Bible Student movement. They were Since he was a divine spirit being, Christ had reaping the fruits of those before them. George no need to be seen phys ically. The com ing was Storrs’ The Bi ble Ex am iner would soon cease real and personal , in the same sense as it was pub lica tion at his death in 1879. Pastor Rus - with Miller, but invisi ble in the same sense as sell contrib uted a few short items as early as those hold ing to a secret rap ture. Pas tor Rus- 1876 to those pages. The mature Nelson sell’s first pub li ca tion, “The Object and Man- Barbour and John H. Paton were early col lab- ner of Our Lord’s Return” (Herald of the ora tors in sort ing through the pro phetic charts. Morning , 1877) was in line with this theme. Bar bour’s Herald of the Morning (John Paton Also of note is the coop er a tive pub li ca tion of and Pas tor Rus sell were as sis tant ed i tors) re - The Three Worlds in the same year. awakened hopes in many advent believ ers that the re turn of Christ was here (though origi - Is rael Regathered nally set at 1873). It also pre sented sim ilar The opening of Pal estine to Eu ropean travel - thoughts to those of Storrs about res ti tu tion. ers, ex plor ers, and mis sion ar ies was en abled Thoughts about a harvest sepa ra tion also by the in va sion of Egypt and Pal es tine by renewed an earlier Adven tist call to sepa rate Napoleon in 1798-99. While he did n’t re tain from Christian ity which was consid ered merely control of Pal es tine for long, the breach was nom i nal and now sin ful (though Miller op - made, and the holy land ig nited the imagi na - posed the call). In the early period they faced tion and pas sions of Chris tians and Jews. op po si tion from their par ent move ment, the Accompanying that was a renewed in terest in Sec ond Ad vent Church, pub lish ers of The Jew ish evan ge lism and pro phetic pos si bil i ties

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 13 in Pales tine and those Jews who were immi - for redemp tion in the after life on earth. His grat ing there. One soci ety which formed to vol umes ti tled The Destiny of the Hu man con duct mis sion ary ef forts to wards Jews was Race in 1863 de fined a new millen nial vision. the Lon don So ci ety for Pro mot ing Chris tian - In some ways he rein for ced the earlier treatise ity among the Jews, founded in 1809. The of Dunbar Isidore Heath’s The Hu man King - well known Prussian Jew ish convert Jo seph dom of Christ, although Dunn appears to have Wollf, as a mem ber of that so ciety, com bined orig i nated his main ar gu ments in de pend ently. his inter est in Jew ish evange lism with his pas- Jacob Blain and George Storrs in America sion con cern ing the im mi nent premillennial pro vided the conduit for spread ing this teach - coming of Christ. He was instru men tal in ing among Ad ven tists. Storrs’ re ac ti va tion of build ing great in ter est in bud ding Zi on ism The Bi ble Ex am iner in 1871 came with the and of Bible proph ecy. His expe riences were sub head ing high light ing 1 Tim o thy 2:4-6 widely reported in Protestant millenar ian jour- that “Je sus was a ran som for all.” His book nals in clud ing those of the Ad ven tists’. Vin di ca tion of the Gov ern ment of God in 1874 The open ing pro phetic steps in Pal es tine provided a pointed argu ment for earthly mil- were coming to pass in 1878 with the Berlin len nial pro ba tion. Like wise Ja cob Blain pub - Con gress of Nations. Within the historicist lished Hope for Our Race in 1871. He there move ment, amaz ingly accu rate expo si tions out- made an impas sion ed plea and apology for lined the long antici pated return of the Jews to his newly adopted mil len nial res ti tu tion views. Pales tine. One of the earlier was James Bi - Along with Charles F. Hud son, the great cheno who in 1800 printed The Res to ra tion of Amer i can conditionalist, Storrs and Blain the Jews. The Ottoman empire was rapidly de- energetically circu lated the works of Dunn in clin ing in com pe ti tion with the great pow ers of Americ a. England, France, and Russia. The first Jewish immigrants were returning to Israel because of As a background to this pointed mil len nial the Rus sian pogroms in the early 1880s. The pro posal there was also a higher-level theo logi - king dom to come was begin ning to affect cal discus sion which widely debated the virtues the world. Opti mis tic mis sion ary activ i ties and of future pro ba tion. The Rainbow, a Jour nal post-Mil len nial expec ta tions were fad ing in the of Proph ecy publish ed by William Leask in face of bloody nine teenth-cen tury wars, social Eng land, began enter tain ing this view dur ing revo lu tions, and economic and politi cal insta - the 1870s. Evan gel i cal theo lo gians Hermann bil i ties. The time for har vest had come and the Cremer, Isaac Dorner, along with F. W. Far - call to come out of Bab y lon was renewed. The rar, Edward White, C. A. Row, G. G. Stokes, saints were to be gath ered to be with the Lord and L. C. Baker were a few promi nent people in 1878, later by 1914, and then at an indefi - who pro moted this view. The Hom i letic Re- nite future point. Charles Rus sell always main - view pub lished a debate on the topic in book tained his belief and convic tion that the king - form titled Future Pro ba tion pub lished by Nis- dom of God must continue to be preached bett. Profes sors at Andover stirred up contro - until the Lord said it was time to stop during versy among Ameri can churches with their es- the gather ing troubles of earth. A unique says pub lished as The New Ortho doxy. The aspect of his approach to the Jews was his 2004 Ph.D. dis ser ta tion of Sharon Tay lor, clearly stated princi ple that Jews should not be That Obnox ious Dogma: Future Pro ba tion and evan ge lized since their national res to ra tion and the Strug gle to Con struct an Amer i can Con gre - recon stitu tion as a people would carry them ga tion al ist Iden tity, pro vides a valu able histor i- into the mil len nium under the new cov e nant. cal backgroun d. Of the few people outside the imme di ate con tro versy, she high lighted the Res ti tu tion for All promi nenc e of C. T. Russell on the Amer ican The idea of fu ture pro ba tion formed in the Adven tist scene (see pages 72-74). mix of conditionalist, tra di tion al ist, and uni- These realis tic interpre ta t ions of Scripture ver sal ist de bates in the early 1800s. Indi vid u - con cerning the state and fate of the dead were als like Henry Dunn produced excel lent argu - placed into scriptural contexts, using the best of ments in fa vor of sal va tion, res ti tu tion, and the criti cal thinking and a strong moral call for jus- king dom of God; these com bined mil len nial tice for all peo ple in this life and the next. The con cepts with bibli cally-rea soned ar gu ments age to come was explained in con nec tion with a

14 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom unique concept , known as the per mis sion of evil, which provided the moral argument for present day suff ering and evil. Resti tu tio n was to be for all who have ever lived; it was to rem- edy evil, it was to pro vide oppor tu nity for eter- nal life to all who would then pos sess a ben e fi- cial knowl edge of sin. Christ had an object to his return be yond the con fines of orthodox the - ol ogy. Dis tin guish ing the work of the Chris tian age from the mil lennial age was pivotal in Dwight Moody rightly divid ing a host of Scrip tures. The (1835-1899) Taberna cle was brought to a valued place in God’s plan illus trat ing sal va tion. Speaking of Dwight Moody and his as so ciates, Pas- The environ ment of explora tion and ex- tor Russell wrote: “It is our thought that the Lord change between vari ous leaders, journals, and used these men, and through their minis try the fore- local groups stim u lated inno va tive think ing. or dained num ber was completed at the fore-ordained Sadly, many of these sepa rated sincere Chris- time, 1881” (Re prints, p. 4303). tians into special ized, often mutually antag o- Moody was born sev enteen years before Pas tor nistic, groups. Advent Christians rejected con - Rus sell. He was one of the most success ful evange - cepts of future pro ba tion while the newly forming Millen nial Dawn and allied peo ple lists of the nine teenth cen tury. His minis try dif fered such as John Paton, A. P. Adams, and John somewhat from those of his contem porar ies in that G. Wil son pro moted an earthly res ti tu tion, res - he laid stress on a full commi tment to God rather ur rec tion, and pro ba tion for all. Among Sev - than merely the “be lieve and be saved” for mula of enth Day Adven tists some were rumored to his peers. He urged his hearers to find a way to leave have presented such con cepts as well, in the their earthly careers and spend their full time in ser - face of their general theme of other-worldly vice to God. inves ti ga tive judg ment. Some Age-to-Come Moody was never endorsed by a semi nary, dis- Adven tists are also said to have entertained daining such or di na tion as a qual i fi ca tion for the such views. minis try of the gos pel. Though an aggres sive fund- raiser, Moody re fused to be person ally financed by Heirs of Wil liam Miller mem bers of his audi ences. Influ enced by a strong As we look at the Miller move ment af ter 1844, personal friendship with the Jewish Christian we find that three main branches devel oped hav ing the spirit of that move ment. These are Joseph Rabino witz, Moody was vitally in ter ested in the Sev enth Day Ad ven tists, the Advent the devel op ment of Israel as a nation headed for a Chris tian Church, and the Bi ble Stu dents great destiny in the plan of God. founded by Charles Taze Rus sell and his as - soci ates. The Bible Students were the only branch to re tain and build on the ma ture ad - ing king dom of God. It extended the hori - vent faith of George Storrs. He an tic i pated zons of that immi nent, highly antic i pated (founded) cen tral points of later Bible Stu- sec ond com ing. Bible Stu dents, in line with dent think ing. The great est point of con ten tion historicist prin ci ples, de fined a pro gres sion in 1850-60s Adventism con cerned the in nova - of events which fit into a pro longed parousia, tions in tro duced by Hiram Edson’s vi sions, or pres ence, of Christ in which that king dom which were then promul gated by James and would change the entire world scene. The Ellen White before they founded the Seventh new problem for devoted Chris tians was to Day Ad ven tists. live on a contin u ing basis at the thresh old of The Bible Stu dent advent doctrine was the mil len nium. Events con tin ued to unfold augmented by explaining the manner and in har mony with the spirit if not the exact object of Christ’s return in new terms. The tim ing of that hope. Hope and watch ful ness concept of future proba tion, national res to ra - were awakened in those who heard the spirit tion of Israel, an earthly millen nial kingdom, speak ing to the churches. The “bride” was all com bined into a coher ent view of the com - mak ing her self ready (Rev e la tion 19:7,8).

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 15 Heroes of Our Faith Beloved, no new command ment write I unto you, but an old command ment which ye had from the begin ning: the old com mandment is the word which ye heard. —1 John 2:7, ASV Jeff Mezera

“The happy era must come when the sons and daughters of the Lord Almighty shall rise in the majesty of truth, and, with holy indig na tion, burst the debas ing shackles of human dogmas and tradi tions, which have so long fettered the noble mind, and walk in the holy liberty where with the Son of God makes his dis ciples free.”—Henry Grew (1832) fter the apostles died, there arose a her deluded subjects to read, is now scat- weakness of scriptural precept and pre- tered by the mil lions in ev ery na tion and ..cedent for church or der. Soon there - lan guage.”—Thy Kingdom Come, p. 50. Aafter human in terfer ence in the or der of the After the Ameri can and French Revo lu - church of God carried the once spiri tual church tions, life con tin ued as it had for cen tu ries in onto the step ping stones lead ing into mys ti cal the past. It was still very much an agricul tural Bab y lon. The Sanc tu ary of God was pol luted. soci ety, but there was a new enlight enment in In this spir itual Baby lon were many years the think ing of every one. As a result of this of super sti tion, human-based phi los o phy, and change in think ing, peo ple began to free them - dogma based upon the tra di tions of men. It selves from the chains of oppres sion, and from was a crime punish able by death, not only to superstitions that had pre vailed so long over have a copy of the Scriptures, but especiall y to sci ence, phi los o phy, and reli gious thought. have it translated into one’s own lan guage. It It was in the break ing of these chains in was in these cen tu ries that the light from the America in the early nineteenth century that a word of God grew dim. new spirit of lib erty entered into the Chris tian All of this was fore told in Scrip ture. Al - Church. though such a lack of faith is dis turb ing, there have been faith ful saints throughout the centu - ries who have stood the test, strong in faith, The Chris tian Connexion strong in doctrine, and strong in practice. A dif fer ent de nom i na tion sprang up in the When the French Rev olu tion came upon United States at the dawn of the nineteenth the world, an era Charles Dickens later called century. It was re ferred to as the “Chris tian “the best of times and the worst of times,” it Con nexion.” These “Christ-ians” as they pre- was the begin ning of the end for the papal sys - ferred to be called, had been dissat is fied with tem. the creeds of the churches and were deter - “Na po leon’s work, togethe r with the French mined to re turn to the sim ple faith of the apos - Rev olu tion, broke the spell of re li gious tles and the Scriptures. superstition, hum bled the pride of self- They assembled wherever they could, and exalted reli gious lords, awakened the world because of their dissat is fac tion with the tradi - … and broke the Pa pal domin ion against tions of men, they threw out the for mer creeds which the re li gious Ref or ma tion had pre vi - they had believed. They deter mined that the ously struck a death-blow … this … also only way to find the true doc trine of the Scrip - clearly mark[ed] the begin ning of a new tures was to study the Scriptures alone. era of liberty of thought, and the real iza - They wrote that “the name Chris tian is the tion of indi vid ual rights and priv ileges … only name of dis tinc tion which we take, and no tice the rise and work of the var i ous Bi - by which we, as a denom i na tion, desire to be ble So ciet ies … the sa cred volume which known, and the Bible our only rule of faith once she [Pa pacy] confined in chains, kept and practice” (McClintock and Strong’s Cy - cov ered in dead lan guages, and forbade clopedia).

16 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom The “Christ-ians” believed that each con- came to the con clu sion that the true Bible hell grega tion should be independ ent; they believed was the grave. that: He served as pas tor of the Bap tist Church 1. The Scriptures are in spired and are of in Hart ford, Con nect i cut, for four teen years; it divin e author i ty. was dis solved because of his adop tion of views 2. Ev ery one has a right to in ter pret the the Baptists deemed hereti cal. His piety was Bible for himself, and therefore differ - never ques tioned though, and a por tion of the ences of theo log i cal views are no bar to church that sym pa thized with his views went Church fel low ship. with him. 3. There is one God; the doc trine of the “In my research es after truth some years Trinity was not gen er ally re ceived. ago, my faith in the com mon doc trine of 4. Christ is a di vine being, existed as a the Trinity was shaken. Deeply impressed spirit be ing before coming at his first with a sense of the im por tance of ob tain - ad vent, and be came the me di a tor be- ing, so far as is revealed, a cor rect knowl- tween God and mankind. edge of ‘the only true God,’ and of Jesus 5. Christ’s death atones for the sins of all Christ whom he hath sent, I have hum bly who, by re pen tance and faith, could be endeav ored to ‘search the Scriptures,’ look - saved. ing unto Je sus for the guid ance of his holy spirit which he promised his dis ciples to 6. Im mer sion is the only proper form of lead them into all truth.”—Henry Grew, bap tism, and be liev ers the only proper The Exam i nation of the Son of God sub jects (re ject ing in fant bap tism). (1824). 7. Com mu nion at the Lord’s ta ble is open to believ e rs of all denom i na tions. Grew began to write more booklets and tracts advo cating his new views and in the early Through sim ple faith and study of the 1840s many of the mem bers of the “Chris tian Scrip tures alone as the only basis of doc trine, Connexion” found themselves advo cating these “Christ-ians” at this time had corrected sev eral same views. They also found themselves ac - errors of the dark ages. One of these was the cept ing the views of another Bap tist, William doc trine that all who would not accept Jesus Miller, who believed that the Lord was soon to would burn in hell for eter nity. come. One of the asso ciate s of this “Chris tian Connexion” was Henry Grew. He was born in George Storrs Birming ham, England, in 1781 and came to One of these, named George Storrs, found the United States at the age of fourteen with one of Henry Grew’s tracts on the floor of a his Con gre ga tion al ist fam ily. train. He was so intrigued by what he read His father was a merchan t and although he that for the next three-and-a-half years he re- wanted his son to pursue a simi lar career, he searched the Scriptures him self, and decided allowed him to choose the min is try instead. that the Scriptures really taught that the true While he was study ing for the minis try, he Bible hell was the grave. Though George was led to an understand ing that the Scriptures Storrs no lon ger be lieved in hell fire, his view teach bap tism by immer sion. This prompted differed from that of Henry Grew in that he him to join the Bap tist denom i na tion. Soon did not believe that the wicked would be resur - afterward, in 1807, he was licensed to preach rected. The two men debated this issue for and became Pastor of the First Baptist Church decades until the death of Grew in 1862. of Hart ford, Con nect i cut. Because of his new con vic tions, Storrs “He was an earnest and conse crated Bible started a new publi ca tion advo cating his views. student, and a marked revival devel oped He called this maga zine The Bible Exam iner early in his pastor ate there, many con verts and it found its way into the hands of many of be ing added to the church.”—Froom, the Adven tists. Leroy, The Conditionalist Faith of our While William Miller crit icized the views of Fathers. George Storrs on the con di tion of the dead, After studying the question of the nature many of Miller’s follow ers accepted them. It is and des tiny of man from the Bible alone, Grew for this reason that most of the splinter groups

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 17 of Miller’s fol lowers, such as the Sev enth Day because of these ideas. For this reason he re- Adven tists and the Chris tian Adven tists, do started his pre vi ous pub li ca tion, The Bi ble not believe in hell fire or the immor tal soul; Ex aminer. In the few years before his death he many do believe in the res ur rec tion of the wrote: wicked. “The next age of Messiah’s per sonal reign One of the fol low ers of Miller who accepted of one thou sand years, will open with a these views was Charles Fitch. Upon adopt ing resurrection of all the sleep ing saints who Storrs’ view of the dead, Fitch did all he could have suf fered with or for Christ in this or to broaden the reach of this doc trine. It was the pre vious ages: such ‘shall reign with only a few months after embrac ing this belief him.’ … These hav ing suf fered with Christ, that Fitch immersed some brethren in a lake in and over come the se duc tions to aban don October. As a result, he contracted pneumo nia His cause, will ‘to gether be made per fect’ and died. in body and mind … That there will be In the early 1860s George Storrs and more than two classes of men on the earth several oth ers who agreed with his convic tions at the open ing of the next age, or at the formed “The Life and Advent Union.” Storrs second ad vent of Christ, to me is clear … ceased pub li ca tion of The Bible Exam iner and there is yet a … class of men at the second he and the Union pub lished these teachings in advent of Christ, who ‘have not heard a weekly newspa per called The Herald of Life God’s fame, nei ther have seen his glory,’ and the Com ing Kingdom. etc. … This class consti tutes by far the George Storrs was the editor-in -chief of this largest part of the in habit ants of the earth paper for almost a decade when he became ill … will be the sub jects of trial un der Mes- and unable to continue . He was so ill for sev - siah’s per sonal reign.”—George Storrs, eral months that he almost died. Unable to The Bi ble Ex am iner, Jan u ary 1877. pay his doc tor bills, several of his friends took up a col lec tion and paid his bills for him. Those who opposed him accused him of It was dur ing his sick ness that he had time accepting the posi tions of a Henry Dunn of to think and reconsider sev eral of his views, England . Since Storrs did not know who this includ ing that of the res ur rec tion of the wicked, Henry Dunn was, he began to search for his the very doc trine he and Henry Grew had de- writ ings. He was surprised to find that Dunn bated for years. When he returned as editor of had come to these same conclu sion s a few years the paper, he had changed his way of think ing earlier, and had been advocat ing them in Eng- to con form to that of Grew. Afterward he land at the same time Storrs was spread ing began to pub lish edi to ri als on this subject in a these thoughts in Amer ica. Dunn wrote: series of articles he titled “God’s Promise and “The heathen, regarded as trib utary to Oath to Abra ham.” He wrote: Israel, they be lieved would also live again, “1. God has prom ised, and con firmed it in ac cor dance with the prom ises of res to ra - with an oath, that in Abra ham and tion they had receiv ed; but it was to be his seed all the fami lies of the earth only as the sub jects of the cho sen race, who as kings in the king dom of God were to shall be blessed. rule over them.” 2. This prom ise and oath is to be un der - —The Kingdom of God, p. 11. stood in the lit eral sense of the words “What he [the Jew] looked for and an - in which it is made. ticipated was … dis tinc tion, high ser vice, 3. This prom ise and oath is not yet ful - rule over the na tions, the pos ses sion of a filled in its fullness. bound less king dom, in which ev ery Is ra el - 4. Therefore, there is to be an age, or ite should be a kingly priest. So he read ‘ages to come,’ in which ful fill ment the word of the Lord to Mo ses on the will be per fectly accom plished.” mount, ‘Ye shall be unto me a king dom of priests.’ (Ex odus 19:6) All other na tions —George Storrs, The Herald of Life and were, he supposed, to be governed and the Coming Kingdom , April 26, 1871. taught by Is rael. This priv ilege, with all The same friends who had paid his bills soon that it in volved, he believed would be his re moved George Storrs from his post as edi tor sim ply as a child of Abra ham. For the

18 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom Mes siah that was to in tro duce this king - Though it was the doc trine of hell that dom he watched and waited with an un wa- kept his inter est in his ear liest years, it was his ver ing faith from in fancy to old age.” heart felt con sci en tious recon sid er a tion of this —The Kingdom of God, p. 15. very tenet in light of its pro nounced unfair ness “They did not even contem plate any thing and cruelty which caused the young Charles like a ‘new testa ment,’ the result of their Rus sell to lose all inter est and faith in the na tional per ver sity, and of the call ing of Scriptures as the inspired word of a just and the Gentiles. … Ezekiel had distinc tly told lov ing God—sup pos ing this mon strous pre - them that when Je hovah should gather cept to be taught therein. He then began a Israel, he would put a new spirit within search of several world reli gions, trying to find them; would ‘take the stony heart out of somethin g that would give him peace. It was their flesh, and will give them a heart of the preach ing of Jonas Wen dell that reig nited flesh’ (Ezekiel 11:19). Jere miah, in almost his love for the Lord and caused him to return the same words, had sim ilarly char acter - carefully and prayerfully to his Bible to study it ized the day of resto ra tion (Jere miah without the influence of the gen erally-held dog- 31:33). Isa iah had said that then all their mas and creeds. chil dren should be taught of God (Isa iah 54:13); and Mi cah had en forced the same Nel son Barbour1 truth in con nec tion with the pe riod when One of Wendell’s asso ciates, the na tions should come and go up to the Nel son Bar bour, had also set house of the God of Ja cob (Mi cah 4:2).” 1873 as the date for the com- —The Kingdom of God, p. 20. ing of the Lord. In 1871 he Another of the Millerite splin ter groups pub lished the book Ev i dences was called “The Second Advent Movement.” for the Coming of the Lord in These Second Adven tists also accepted the 1873 or The Midnight Cry early views of George Storrs on the con di tion on why he be lieved the Lord of the dead, but their main focus was the sec - would come then, and gave ond advent of the Lord. They had set several several reasons from differ ent time prophe cies dates, and had many disap pointments. and chro nol ogy that he be lieved proved this A Second Adven tist preacher named Jonas doctrine . Wendell was preach ing the immi nent com ing Nel son Barbour had been a Millerite and of the Lord in a book titled Pres ent Truth in was dis ap pointed along with all of the other 1870. In this book he pro jected the date of Adven tists in 1843, dis ap pointed enough that 1873 as the sec ond com ing of the Lord. he had lost his reli gion. He wrote that in that It was through his preach ing that he rekin - por tion of his life he dwelt in total dark ness. dled the faith of a man “almost by accident.” While on a boat trip from Austra lia to This man stum bled into a dirty, dingy hall one Lon don he had been dis cuss ing the time day when Jonas Wendell was preaching and prophe cies with an Eng lish chap lain. The was so intrigued by his views that his faith in chap lain pro posed that they sys tem at i cally the Bible was restored. That man was… study each of the prophe cies to fill the time of a long trip. When they came to Dan iel 12 Pas tor Charles Taze Russell Barbour noticed some thing that he had never The par ents of Pastor Rus sell were Presby - seen before in the verse about the “abom i na - terians. His mother was very strict and tried to tion that maketh deso late.” He had read the ex plain to him that she was ex act ing with him prophecy several times but never thought be cause she did not want him to go to hell. about why the Millerites began the proph ecy This im pressed the mind of her young son thirty years before the abom i na tion was set enough that a few years after the death of his up. Barbour deduced that this must have mother he (at age 16) wrote warnings on the been the mistake and upon recalcu lat ing this side walk urg ing others to re pent or they would time proph ecy he decided that the days go to hell. ended not in 1843, but in 1872.

1. Al though Barbour de nied the ran som and split with Pas tor Rus sell in 1879, he is in cluded in this ar ti cle as an influ ence on the chro nology and time proph ecy doc trines.

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 19 eluci dated the subject” stat ing that the “only real appeal is to Scrip ture” as to “the world’s Henry Dunn present age, dated from Adam’s creatio n, and (1801-1878) … the ter mi na tion of its sixth millenary” (Horae Apocalypticae, 1851, p. 230). Four ar ticles by Henry Dunn appear in Zion’s Watch- Though Clinton ended the six thou sand tower (Re prints, pp. 644, 649, 653, and 796). All come years in 1862, Elliott used Clinton’s chro nol- from Dunn’s book, The Study of the Bible writ ten in ogy as the basis for his own work in which he 1871. “Bros. George Storrs, Henry Dunn and oth ers ended the six thou sand years in Octo ber of were preaching and writing of ‘the times of res titu tion 1872. of all things which God hath spo ken by the mouth of all His holy Proph ets’ (Acts 3:21) and that ‘In the ages Even with this chro no log i cal evi dence point - to come, God would show the exceeding riches of his ing to the time of the com ing of the Lord, Nel - grace.’ (Ephe sians 2:7)”—Charles Taze Rus sell, Sup- son Barbour and his associ ates were dis ap - ple ment to Zion’s Watch Tower and Her ald of Christ’s pointed that the Lord did not come in 1873 as Pres ence, July 1, 1879. they expected. After some recalcu la tion the For many years Dunn was the sec re tary of the Brit - new date of 1874 was advanced, and again ish and Foreign School Soci ety and was identi fied with they were met with dis ap point ment by not see - the history of pub lic edu ca tion in England. After re- ing Jesus coming in the clouds as they waited tire ment he went to Italy and joined the Protestant mis - for him in expec ta tion. Barbour recal cu lated sions there, devot ing his life to a study of the Scrip- and reevalu ated his ideas several times and was tures and the writ ing of Chris tian lit er a ture. He unable to find any place where he could make published his own maga zine, The In ter preter, in 1860- fur ther adjust ments. 61 and was said to have been heard to “express his ob - He was about to give up think ing that the liga tion to a remark able book, never much known and Bible could sup ply an answer when cor re spon - now al most for got ten: Dunbar Isidore Heath’s Future dence from one of the readers of his maga zine Human King dom of Christ. It was this book that in- arrived. B. W. Keith wrote that he had been spired Dunn’s Des tiny of the Hu man Race that is cred - studying the Scriptures about the return of ited by both George Storrs and Charles Rus sell as the Lord and had decided that they were look- helpful in the thoughts on the doctrines of two sal- ing for the wrong event to prove the pres ence of vations and times of resti tu tion. Shortly before his the Lord. Through their stud ies on this sub - death, Dunn wrote a se ries of ar ticles for Storrs’ maga - ject, and partic u larly the precise meaning of zine, The Bi ble Ex am iner. Pas tor Rus sell wrote that on the Greek word parousia, they came to the con - these doctrines both Storrs and Dunn were influ en tial clusion that the Lord had indeed returned in in his thinking. 1874, but invisi bly. This discov ery gave them hope and encourage ment once more. It was Nel son Barbour went to the British Mu- also B. W. Keith who publish ed early ideas of seum library when he arrived in Lon don and the “sin offer ing” doc trine in Barbour’s maga - found a book which had a chronol ogy end ing zine. He wrote: the six thou sand years from Adam in 1873. “As suffer ing with Christ, must mean to The book was titled Horae Apocalypticae suffer for the same purpose, it is neces sary (Hours with the Apoca lypse) and was written to know why he suf fered. If he is the head by Edward Bishop Elliott. This chro no log i cal and the church is his body, and the body is list is found in the book under a long foot note, to ‘fill up that which is be hind of the af flic - where Elliott wrote that “this Scripture Chro- tions of Christ,’ would not the plan be a nol ogy, with the scrip tural author i ties in brief” failure without the suf fering of the body? was “drawn up by the Rev. C. Bowen” (Horae … if reign ing with him, and be ing glo ri fied Apocalypticae, 1851, p. 236). to gether, means to share with him, in reign - By writ ing “this Scripture Chro nol ogy” in ing and glory; then suf fer ing with him, the foot note, Elliott was ref er enc ing another means to share in the suffer ings. … If we Chronol ogy written in the 1820s by a Henry shall be faith ful to him who hath called Fynes Clinton. us; if we hold fast, firm unto the end, we Elliott wrote, “Mr. Fynes Clinton in his shall be made like him, ‘a royal priest- Essay on the Hebrew Chro nol ogy has greatly hood’; and hav ing been tried in all points,

20 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom we shall be able to sym pa thize with, and de liver those who shall be tempted in the fu ture dis pen sa tion.”—B. W. Keith, “Suf fer ing With Christ,” Herald of the Dunbar Isidore Heath Morn ing, Octo ber 1878. (1816-1888) Nel son Barbour and his asso ciate s con tin - Dunbar Isidore Heath was a Rev er end at Cambridge, ued their studies and uncovered further under- elected scholar in 1836, and again in 1843. As a recog - stand ings simi lar to this as well as more on time nized author ity on Egyp tology, he was one of the prophecy. It was through these studies that early trans la tors of the pa pyri in the British Mu seum. they formed their views on the paral lels, dou- In 1852 Heath wrote The Future Hu man Kingdom of bles, Jubilees, the 1,260, 1,290, and 1,335 Christ in which he distin guished the “saved nations days, as well as the Gentile Times prophecy from the glori fied saints” by outlin ing an early concept end ing in 1914. It was early in 1876 that Pas - of “the two salvations.” He was prose cuted for heresy tor Rus sell received Nel son Barbour’s paper, in 1861 by the Bishop of Winchester and sen tenced by The Herald of the Morning. the Court of Arches for publish ing these ideas. He Concern ing this maga zine, Pastor Russell would not recant and tried to appeal his sentence by at- wrote that he “learned from its con tents that tempting to defend his charac ter and doctrine from the the Edi tor was begin ning to get his eyes open Scriptures through the writing of several booklets. All on the subjects that for some years had so of this failed and as a result of this prose cu tion he suf- greatly rejoiced our hearts … that the object of fered not only the loss of his profes sion, but sus tained our Lord’s return is not to destroy, but to bless heavy fi nan cial losses as well. all the fami lies of the earth” (Reprints, p. 3822). He was so excited about seeing there were on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who oth ers who believed as he did that he, “Paid for the joy set before Him endured the cross, Mr. Barbour’s expenses to come to see me at despising the shame, and has sat down at the Phila del phia (where I had business engage- ments dur ing the sum mer of 1876), to show right hand of the throne of God. For con sider me fully and Scriptur ally, if he could, that the Him who has endured such hos til ity by sin ners prophe cies indicated 1874 as the date at which against Him self, so that you will not grow the Lord’s pres ence and ‘the harvest’ began. weary and lose heart. You have not yet resisted He came, and the evidence satis fied me.” (Re- to the point of shed ding blood in your striv ing prints, p. 3822). against sin.” (Hebrews 12:1-4, NASB). After this meet ing Pastor Rus sell started his We are part of this sanc tu ary class that is minis try and encouraged the true Church of still here today. Let us trust in the Lord who God to come out of “Bab y lon” (a bib li cal word protected and led all those who were his used to describe reli gious confu sion —see Rev- through the past ages, and who cleansed the e la tion 18:2-5). sanctu ary, the church, from the errors of the All of these things hap pened because this dark ages. was the time for the cleansing of the sanctu ary. We should consider that since our offer ing The errors from the Papal domin ion had de - to God has not yet cost us our lives, we must filed the church. But there was hope. It was keep pressing on and striving against sin; we not only proph e sied that this would hap pen, it can keep spreading these beauti ful truths that was also foretold that the sanc tu ary would be God has given to us, truths that we may take cleansed (Dan iel 8:14). for granted, but truths that we should make a We not only have examples of the Ancient part of our daily lives. Worthies (Hebrews 11:4-38) who were faith- “Are you will ing to fol low on to know the ful to God, but we have the examples of many Lord through evil and through good re - faithful Christians throughout the Gos pel age: port? Are you will ing to for sake all, to fol - “Therefor e, since we have so great a cloud of low as he may lead you by his Word?—to wit nesses sur round ing us, let us also lay aside ignore the wishes of friends, as well as your every encumbranc e and the sin which so easily own de sires? It is hoped that many … may entangles us, and let us run with endurance by it be so quickened to fresh zeal and fer- the race that is set before us, fixing our eyes vency of spirit, through a clearer ap pre hen-

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 21 sion of the di vine plan, that they will be E. B. Elliott able to say, ‘By the grace of God, I will fol- Six thousand years end in 1872, a mod i- low on to know and to serve the Lord, fied chro nol ogy from Henry Fynes Clinton. whatever may be the sacri fic e involved. ’ Like Elliott’s chro nol ogy drawn up and mod i - the no ble Bereans (Acts 17:11), let such fied slightly by Rev. C. Bowen. stu di ously set them selves to prove what has Jubilees end in 1874; Gen tile Times end been presented in the forego ing pages. in 1914. Prove it, not by the con flict ing tra di tions Nel son H. Barbour and creeds of men, but by the only cor rect Jew ish and Gospel Age Par al lels and and di vinely au tho rized stan dard—God’s Har vests, 1845 year dou bles. own Word.”—Charles T. Rus sell, The Publish ed idea of invisi ble presence in Di vine Plan of the Ages, pp. 347, 348. 1874 in his maga zine. Views concern ing the pro phetic time peri - ods taught by Pas tor Rus sell origi nated Sum mary with Barbour (1,260, 1,290, 1,335, 2,300 Henry Grew day-for-year time proph ecies) . No “immor tal soul.” No “hell-fire.” The dates, 1798-99, 1828, 1846, 1872, No trin ity. 1874, 1878, 1881, 1914. All men will be resur rected to judgment Taught six thou sand years end ing in 1872 George Storrs from E. B. Elliott. “Two salvations” B. W. Keith Church’s part in the instruct ing of men in Intro duced idea of invisi ble presence. righ teous ness dur ing the Mil len nium. Early concept s of “Sin Offer ing.” Henry Dunn Pas tor Charles Taze Russell Res to ra tion of both the nation of Israel First to com bine the ideas of time prophecy, and man kind. chro nol ogy, and the pur pose of the return of Church will judge men and angels in Mil- Christ to bless all mankind. Attributed his len nium. under stand ings to some of those listed above.

“Close your eyes for a moment to the scenes of misery and woe, degra da tion and sor row that yet pre vail on account of sin, and pic- ture before your mental vision the glory of the perfec t earth. Not a stain of sin mars the harm ony and peace of a perfec t society; not a bitter thought, not an unkind look or word; love, welling up from every heart, meets a kindred response in every other heart, and benevo lenc e marks every act. There sickness shall be no more; not an ache nor a pain, nor any evidenc e of decay—not even the fear of such things. Think of all the pic tures of com para tive health and beauty of human form and feature that you have ever seen, and know that perfec t humanity will be of still surpass ing loveli ness. The inward purity and mental and moral perfec tion will stamp and glorify every radiant counte nanc e. Such will earth’s society be; and weep ing bereaved ones will have their tears all wiped away, when thus they real ize the res ur rec tion work com plete.—Rev. 21:4” ——Charles Taze Russell , The Di vine Plan of the Ages, pp. 191, 192

22 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom A New Wine Bottle Nei ther do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bot tles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are pre- served.—Matthew 9:17 Brian Kutscher

uring the Refor ma tion many Christians Faith Re kin dled became convinc ed that the creeds of Jonas Wendell was the preacher of the day Dthe Dark Ages con tained er rors. The and, while at tracted to his thoughts on the sec - great re form ers and those that fol lowed in their ond ad vent, Charles Rus sell did not be lieve wake began restor ing the truths as taught in the that the Lord was com ing to burn up the Bi ble. world. He rea soned that “if Christ’s com ing Charles Taze Rus sell (1852-1916) was no was to end pro ba tion and bring ir re vo ca ble less a reformer than Martin Luther. Indeed his ruin upon ninety-nine of a hun dred of man - work went beyond that of Luther. Many Chris - kind, then it could scarcely be con sidered de - tians who were touched by his message claimed sirable, neither could we pray with proper that he was the special messen ger to the church spirit, ‘Come, Lord Je sus, Come quickly.’ ” of Laodicea (Reve la tion 3:14-22), though he As a result he joined in orga niz ing a Bible himself declined such a claim. study class in Al le gheny, Penn syl va nia. This introduc tion to Adventism at the Charles Rus sell made no claims to a spe cial hands of Jonas Wendell was suf ficient to con- rev e la tion from God. His only claim was that it vince Russell that the words of the apostles and was God’s due time for the Bible to be better the proph ets were “indis sol u bly linked.” It sent understood. Because he was fully conse crated him back to his Bible study with increased zeal to God and ready, able, and willing to serve and care. This study showed him that “great God, he was permit ted to have an understand - masses of Scripture spoke glad things of mil- ing of that plan and the priv i lege of trans mit - len nial glory and how bless ings would come ting it to oth ers. He wanted merely to com mu - out of it.” His con clu sion was that thus “though ni cate the beauty of God’s plan to other Adventism helped me to no sin gle truth, it did Chris tians. help me greatly in the unlearn ing of errors, and thus prepared me for the truth.” Old Truths Revived Rather than search out new truths, he revived The Love of God the great truths taught by the apostles, which From 1870 to 1875 the Al le gheny Bible study had been pre vi ously spo ken by the mouth of class “came to see some thing of the love of all God’s holy proph ets (Acts 3:21). Brought God, how it had made pro vi sion for all man - up as a Presby te rian, he conse crated his life to kind and how all must be awakened from the the Lord at an early age and became a mem- tomb in or der that God’s lov ing plan might be ber of the Congre ga tional Church as well as tes ti fied to them … as a re sult of Christ’s re- the Y.M.C.A. Unable to ac cept eternal torture demp tive work.” Then the will ing and obe di - and related creedal concepts, he tempo rarily ent of man kind might be “brought back into fell prey to the logic of in fidel ity and turned har mony with God. This we saw to be the res - his ener gies into the commer cial world, man- ti tu tion work of Acts 3:21.” aging his father’s haber dash ery business. Dur ing the early 1870s his contacts with In 1870 he came into contact with Ad - George Storrs and George Stet son, former co- ventism in what he described as “a dusty, dingy work ers with Wil liam Miller, led him to fully hall where I had heard religious services were appre ciate the Lord’s ran som work. This sup - held.” He stopped by “to see if the hand ful plied the nec es sary basis for the doctrine of res- who met there had any thing more sen si ble to ti tu tion. By 1873 it was clear to him and his offer than the creeds of the great churches.” group that res ti tu tion was for all in Adam, not

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 23 just those of suffi cien t age and men tal capac ity, now the Bible could be more clearly under- as he had previ ously thought. At the same stood, then these min is ters could use their time, they had their understand ing opened to influ ence to con vince their col leagues nation - the subject of natures being sep arate and dis- wide and worldwide, spreading the message tinct. through their pul pits to the peo ple. It was a remarkable meeting. About one third of the The Object and Manner of invited minis ters attended, but none agreed Our Lord’s Return with the concepts Rus sell pre sented. The failed expec ta tion of the Adven tists that He pre sented the scrip tural rea sons for be - the world would be burned up in 1873-1874 lieving that the Lord had returned and was in led Charles Rus sell in 1877 to write his first the pro cess of estab lish ing his king dom to bless pam phlet, “The Ob ject and Man ner of Our and uplift the world of man kind through res ti - Lord’s Return.” tu tion pro cesses, which were already under- After seven years of study, while attending a way. Among the first of these blessings was the dis play for his father’s business at the Cen ten - revealing of truths respecting the time period nial Exposi tion in Phila del phia in 1876, Rus- that man was enter ing into, the sev enth mil len - sell’s attention was drawn to a maga zine enti- nium. tled The Herald of the Morning , pub lished by These truths, however , held cer tain prob - Nel son H. Barbour. He arranged to meet Bar - lems for the assembled minis ters. The teach ing bour in Phila delphia and saw merit in Bar - of a future proba tion for the masses of human- ity did not square with their under stand ing of bour’s inter pre ta tion of chro nol ogy. the immortal soul and the fear of eternal torture Link ing this chronol ogy with the pre vi ously in hell. Future pro ba tion would remove this pub lished thoughts on the object and man ner power ful rule by fear. The res titu tion concept of the Lord’s return, Rus sell and Barbour con- of the Lord’s return could mark them as liars cluded that the Millen nium had begun and in the eyes of their parish io ners on these and that it would be a time of blessing for all man- other sub jects. Also it challenged their view on kind. judgment, for they antic ipated a judgment day The two entered into a publish ing arrange- of twenty-four hours, not a thou sand years. ment, with Barbour han dling the lion’s share of In addi tion, Charles Russell was not a Trin- the print ing and edit ing and Rus sell pro vid ing i tar ian. This shut him out from fur ther con- the fund ing, con trib ut ing arti cles, and serv ing sid er ation. The Evan gel i cal Alli ance of 1846 as a trav el ing lecturer to pro mote their new - had made accep tance of the Trinity one of the found beliefs. Although it was a wor thy paper, “essen tial” doc trines for mem ber ship. From The Herald of the Morning was not reach ing the very begin ning the Trin ity was not taught the masses and means were sought to increase in either the Watch Tower or in Nel son Bar - its cir cu la tion. bour’s Herald of the Morning. Later min isters were to imply Charles Rus - A Meeting of Minis ters sell was a business man for whom there was no By 1877 Charles Rus sell had be come an in- room in profes sional reli gion. Even today we flu en tial busi ness man, hav ing been a part ner hear people say, “I believe this because my in his father’s firm from the age of eleven. He min is ter told me. He went to school to learn all had gained the respect of the busi ness commu - about the Bible while I went to school to major nity and was ap par ently well known also by in another pro fes sion. He does n’t ques tion my the min isters of Pitts burgh. In 1877 he called pro fes sional judg ment, and I won’t ques tion a meeting of all the minis ters of the Pittsburgh his.” In a simi lar man ner the minis ters were and Alle gheny area to explain what light the sug gest ing that Rus sell keep his mind on sales Lord had opened to their Bi ble study group. figures and other busi ness work and leave the He wanted to spread these truths, letting the Bible and reli gion to them. estab lished churches carry the message of truth Whatever their reasons , they rejected the to all the people in a simi lar manner as had message presented that night in Allegheny. been done a half century earlier by Wil liam The Pastor realized that this was not the way Miller. He reasoned that if he could con vince the Lord wanted the work to go forth. He con - the min isters that there had been a digression cluded that the Lord did not want the new from the Bible’s teach ings in the past and that wine of Bible truth served through the old

24 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom wineskins of ecclesiasticism. There must be believed there would be a simulta neous rap - another way of get ting the truth to the lis ten ing ture. ears of the saints in the churches. Dif fi cul ties arose in the work ing rela tion ship of these two as Nel son Barbour began insert ing Con tro ver sies his “cor rec tions” as edi to rial com ments in Pas - Pastor Rus sell de cided to give up his earthly tor Rus sell’s arti cles. As co-edi tor, Rus sell felt busi ness in ter ests and to ded i cate him self that he had a right to have his com ments free of whole heart edly to the work of min is ter ing to inser tions from Barbour, all the more so since the saints. Dur ing the second half of 1878 he was pay ing the bills, even offer ing two- and the first half of 1879 he became more ac- month free sub scrip tions for the mag a zine to all tive in the work of writ ing for The Her ald of interested. The breaking point came when the Morning . Russell became convinc ed that Barbour was A con tro versy soon sprang up con cern ing deny ing the efficacy of Jesus’ blood, thus inval i - the change to heav enly glory of the saints. Rus - dat ing the concept of the ransom. sell and Barbour agreed that the res urrec tion of And so it was in the early part of 1879 that the dead saints was due to occur in 1878 but Pastor Rus sell decided to withdraw his finan- disagreed as to whether to expect a rap ture of cial and edito rial support from The Her ald of the saints liv ing at that time. Russell pre sented the Morning and begin pub lish ing the jour nal the thought that the dead (or sleep ing) saints Zion’s Watch Tower and Her ald of Christ’s would be raised in 1878 and that the liv ing Pres ence. The work rapidly grew and two ones would be changed instan ta neously as years later he establish ed the Watch Tower they died, no lon ger sleep ing in death. Barbour Tract Soci ety (Reprints, p. 214).

George Stetson (1814-1879) The first Stetsons from England arrived in 1634, fourteen years after the May flower and the Pilgrim s landing in America. For over forty years George Stet son followed in the footsteps of Christ and asso ci- ated with Henry Grew and George Storrs in his early min is try, and even later with Jonas Wendell and Charles Rus sell (Re prints, p. 3821). He was not only a minis ter, but also a school teacher, and phy - si cian. As a mem ber of the Advent Christian Church he and Wendell worked together in several churches throughout Pennsyl vania and Ohio in the early 1870s. They also wrote for George Storrs’ maga - zine The Her ald of Life and the Com ing Kingdom , and for other mag- azines such as The World’s Crisis . “He had been a faith ful undershepherd, ever holding before his hearers, as the great incen tive to holiness and purity of life, that which filled his own soul with joy and peace and helped him to live ‘above the world’—viz: The appear ing of the Heavenly Bridegroom—The King of Glory, and our gather ing together unto him. Our brother was a man of marked ability, and sur rendered bright pros- pects of worldly and polit i cal honors to be permi tted to preach Christ, when the glories and beauties of the word of God dawned upon his heart. The truth cost him much, yet he bought it gladly.” (Re prints, p. 46) For ten months during 1872 Stetson pastored the church in Pittsburgh where he met a young Charles Taze Rus sell. Then he led the Edinboro, Penn syl va nia, con gre ga tion for six years un til his death. His dy ing request was that Pastor Russell give his funeral sermon (Re prints, p. 46) where over twelve hundred attended and heard the good news of the kingdom of God.

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 25 The Harvest Movement Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bun dles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn.—Matthew 13:30 Charles Redeker n the latter part of the nineteenth century life … The near ness of the sec ond com ing the re li gious move ment known to day as the of Christ … The pur pose of the com ing to Bi ble Stu dents had its be gin ning. It was exalt the church and to set up God’s king- Iboth a succes sor to pre vious re form efforts and dom on earth. the source of fresh out pour ings of truth that On the other hand, the Evan gel i cal Alli - prov i den tially had be come due. ance had just been formed in Lon don. This The Ref or ma tion of the six teenth cen tury was an orga ni za tion of more than fifty ortho dox under Martin Luther and oth ers had struck a church groups that wanted to main tain the tra - bold blow against the medi eval church prac - di tional beliefs of evan gel i cal Prot es tants and tices and reestab lish ed the right ful place of to pro mote inter de nom i na tional unity. As such the Bible in its stead. This began a sweeping it is rec ognized as the early forerun ner of the work of doc trinal cleans ing with peri odic bursts mod ern ecu men i cal move ment. Among the of fervor in succeed ing years that was partic u - nine cardi nal points it stressed were: larly strong in the eigh teenth and nine teenth The Trin ity and the unity of the “God - centu ries. Especiall y in the United States the head” … The in car na tion of the Son of atmosphere of politi cal and religious freedom God (Christ ap pear ing in the first ad vent stimu lated the birth of independ ent reli gious as the God-man in the form of flesh) … movements that partic i pated in a further refin- The im mor tal ity of the soul … The res ur - ing pro cess and recovered addi tional lost rection of the body … The eter nal pun- truths. Per haps the most thor ough of all the ish ment of the wicked in hell fire … The reforms was brought about by the Millerite Christian minis try (clergy) as di vinely insti - movement, which attracted wide spread atten- tuted (exclu sive to their own group). tion to a literal expecta tion of Christ’s return. Thus some of the very doc trines that were Though end ing in keen dis ap point ment, it left being dis carded in the light of advanced Bible a sancti fy ing mark upon the believ ers and pre- study were given new emphasis and held up as pared the way for fresh rev e la tions of Bible the mark of ortho doxy. In this way the Alli ance truth. served to keep the large groups of “nomi nal” By the year 1846 two con trary forces were Christians shack led in Dark Age creedal mis - at work in the Protestant reli gious world. On concep tions and to sep a rate from them \the lit - the one hand, scat tered small groups of dedi - tle hand ful which had been “cleansed” of these cated believers had become sepa rated from the errors. And so, as the nine teenth cen tury pro - larger, establish ed bodies and were in agree- gressed beyond the midway mark, the stage ment on these basic points of Bible teach ing: was set for some unique additional develop - The Bible revered as God’s inspired word ments on the reli gious scene. and sole source of author ity … Sal va tion by faith in the aton ing sac ri fice of Christ … Early Be gin nings Sim plic ity of church orga ni za tion … The The birth of the Bi ble Stu dent move ment priesthoo d of believers and their equal ity in may be traced to the year 1876 when Charles God’s sight … Immortal ity as a gift of God Russell, a suc cess ful young busi ness man from con di tional upon faith ful ness, not inher ent Pitts burgh, Penn syl va nia, was elected pas tor in the soul … The dead sleeping peacefully of a small Bible study group that had been until the resur rec tion … Baptism by immer- meet ing in the north side of that city (then sion, a sym bol of full con se cra tion … The called Al le gheny). Hav ing been dis en chanted need for per sonal holi ness in the Chris tian with many of the or tho dox teach ings of the

26 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom larger churches, espe cially the belief that eter - in unlearn ing cer tain long-cher ished erro ne ous nal tor ture was the fate of all but the saints, views that had veiled its full appreci a tion . this group be gan an in de pend ent study of the Bible to deter mine what it revealed of the Ad vanc ing Light charac ter of God and of the divine purpose for Among the belief s that were grievous to Pas- man kind. It soon be came ev i dent to them that tor Rus sell and his as soci ates was the ex pec ta - the Bible as a whole had been badly misin ter - tion of Christ’s re turn in the flesh to be fol - preted: that the tradi tion al creeds of the faith, lowed by the end of the world—mean ing that though con tain ing some el e ments of truth, did the earth and all in it, except a few saints, not prop erly reflec t the great love of God to- would be burned up and destroyed. A string of failed time set tings for this event by a num- ward his cre ation, nor de pict his com pre hen - ber of sects, and accom pa nying crude ideas re- sive plan of redemption and bless ing. They lat ing to the sec ond ad vent, led Pas tor Rus sell also became convinc ed that they were living to write a pam phlet (in 1877) en ti tled “The somewhere near the close of the age when a Object and Manner of Our Lord’s Return” ; clearer unfol d ing of the Father’ s plans and it had an ini tial print ing of 50,000. The trea - pur poses was prom ised to the dil igent truth tise pointed out that Christ’s re turn would not seeker. This early period was a time of growth be in a vis i ble body as com monly be lieved, but in grace and in knowl edge and of lay ing a as a mighty in vis i ble spirit be ing to reign upon strong foun da tion for fresh light to fol low. the earth, to set up God’s long-promised king- For a time in his youth it seemed most un - dom, and to bring res ti tu tion bless ings to likely that Charles Russell would develop such earth’s teeming masses. an intense interest in the Bible or pursue the Even ear lier, in 1872, a clear view of the Christian minis try as his main focus. Although ran som doc trine had been gained, and its funda- born in 1852 of Chris tian par ents and brought mental importance in the program of redemp- up in the Presby te rian Church, and later join- tion appre ciated. Most Chris tians gave assent ing the Y.M.C.A. and the Con gre ga tional to the aton ing sac ri fice of Christ, but failed to Church, he was unable to defend the cate - understand either how it accomplish ed a satis - chism, espe cially the belief that a majority of faction of divine justice, or that it actually guar- mankind was predes tined to a hell of eternal anteed a full opportu nity for gaining everlast ing torment. In attempting to reclaim a friend to life. Pastor Rus sell rec ognized that Jesus’ ran - Chris tian ity he found him self over whelmed at som sac rific e affected every other Bible truth, the appar ent logic of infidel ity and soon as the hub of a wheel from which all other became a skeptic himself. Yet in short order, by spokes radi ated outward. Because all hope of God’s provi dence, he was led to see a distinc - future life and blessings of resti tu tion in the tion between the creeds of men and the true king dom were seen to depend upon it, the teachings of the Bible. This pro vided the moti - Ran som became the core doctrine of the move - vation to examine the Scriptures in depth to ment. deter mine if they held the secrets of God’s plan Early in his minis try the Pas tor’s atten tion with respect to humanity; and if they depicted was drawn to a Bible chro nol ogy first intro - a God who was wor thy of wor ship and devo - duced by Rev. Chris to pher Bowen of Eng land tion. (about 1830), which indi cated that the first six Pastor Rus sell freely acknowledged the in- thou sand years of man’s his tory would ter mi - fluence and assistance of other earnest students nate in the year 1872. This realiza tion , com- of the Word in help ing to shape his own bined with the pro phetic under stand ing gleaned thoughts and convic tions. The Adven tists were from Adventist sources that Christ had re - instru mental at a crit ical period in reestab lish - turned as Lord of the har vest, led him to ing his faith in the Bible, and subse quently in deduce that a gath ering and reaping work was empha siz ing the role of time prophecy in rela - then due among the Lord’s peo ple. This gave tion to other truths. In later years he gratefully the impetus to begin preaching with great ardor recalled the part that George Stetson and and enthu si asm the good tid ings of ran som and George Storrs (edi tor of The Bible Exam iner) res ti tu tion, two salva tions (heav enly and earth- had played in uncov er ing the broad out lines of ly), the return of Christ, and the near ness of God’s plan of salva tion and, equally important, the king dom. In har mony with the proph e cies

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 27 of Dan iel 12:12 and Luke 12:37, it was a time ness to Christ. The two fold objective was to of blessed ness as accumu lated errors of past awaken read ers to real ities of the new era, and centu ries pro gres sively gave way to a flood of “to assist them to put on the whole armor of scrip tural light and to clearer insights into the God, that they may be able to stand in the evil divine plan of the ages. day.” In so doing, Pastor Rus sell believed he was actively engaged in the grand work of reap- Con sol i dat ing the Work ing and gath er ing together the wheat in the As Pas tor Rus sell began trav el ing and preach - harvest (end period) of the age, prepa ratory to ing the new found truths, at first from New the full estab lish ment of the king dom. England to the Midwest, much inter est was The next effort was to organize Bible classes aroused. At the same time it came to be rec og- wherever interest in the truth message was nized that a monthly re li gious jour nal which shown. This was done in con cert with associ - fully reflec ted these truths would be helpful in ated believers by trav eling to those areas where hold ing and de vel op ing the new in ter est. This sub scrib ers to the Watch Tower mag a zine were led to the reissuance of Herald of the Morning , located. In the years 1879 and 1880 alone, a for mer Ad ven tist-ori ented pub li ca tion, in a about thirty con gre ga tions were founded in the co op er a tive ef fort with other early as so ci ates in states of Penn sylva nia, New Jersey, New the work (Nel son Barbour, J. H. Paton and York, Mas sa chu setts, Del a ware, Ohio, and others). It was followed in 1879 by an en tirely Mich i gan. Pas tor Rus sell him self vis ited these new pub li ca tion, Zion’s Watch Tower and classes and spent at least a day in intensive Her ald of Christ’s Pres ence, issued from Pitts - Bible study with each group, lectur ing and burgh with an ini tial print ing of six thou sand answer ing ques tions of inter est. The pur pose cop ies. Pas tor Rus sell him self be came ed i tor, was not to estab lish another denom i na tion but with five others orig inally listed as reg u lar con- to provid e for volun t ary associ a tion of Bible tri bu tors. For al most forty years the jour nal believ ers, unfettered by imposed creeds. was a main stay of the movement and was re- ceived eagerly by Bible students every where, In later years this proce dure of encourag ing reach ing a peak sub scrip tion of about fifty and serving the brethren at large became char - thou sand by 1915. ac ter is tic of Pas tor Rus sell’s min is try and The first words of the jour nal sig nifi cantly reflected his zeal for the Lord and love for the stated the object of its pub li ca tion: To fully “Truth peo ple.” Sub se quently hun dreds of awaken “the house hold of faith” … to the fact congre ga tions across the land sprang up and … “that we are living ‘in the last days’ … of elected him as their Pastor. (By 1916 there the Gospel age,” and pointed out that a new were twelve hundred such Bible classes world- day was dawn ing with the invis ible pres ence of wide.) They appreci ated his doc trine, his the Lord. It observed that not only was the end exemplary manner of life, and his warm, kind time becom ing “dis cern ible by the close stu - per son al ity. In trav el ing con stantly as a pub lic dent of the Word,” but also by the world at lecturer and reg ularly serving these many large through man ifes ta tion by many out ward classes, Pastor Rus sell later came to be known signs. Subse quent issues elabo rated on such as the “ubiqui tous (widely-traveled, omni-pres- signs as global prep a ra tions for war, the de - ent) preacher,” a phrase coined by the Lon- cline of spir i tu al ity, sci en tific and tech no log i cal don Press, which also said that he “had the advances of the new day, grow ing unrest of the world for his con gre ga tion.” masses, a drive for unity among the churches, One of his earli est sub stan tial works was a and renewed interest in regathering the Jews to com pre hen sive 64-page book let enti tled Food Pal es tine. for Thinking Christians, pub lished in 1881. It Coun ter bal anc ing the empha sis on pro phet - summa rized the main doc trinal views of the ic unfold ing of events were arti cles on Chris tian Bible Students and exposed some of the erro- life and doc trine to assist the believer in making ne ous beliefs of the nom i nally Chris tian prog ress in the way. These touched on vital churches. It also included a compre hen sive areas, such as the ran som sac rific e, the atone- “Chart of the Ages” with full expla na tion, ment, the sin offer ing, the three great cove nants illus trat ing the plan of God for devel op ing the and the develop ment of the fruits and graces of church, bless ing the world, and destroy ing the the spirit in order to gain greater char acter like - incor ri gi ble in sec ond death. More than a mil -

28 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom lion cop ies of the book let were dis trib uted free 300,000 replies, edit ing the Watch Tower of charge. The suc cess of this effort led to the maga zine, and extensive trav els at home and for ma tion of the Zion’s Watch Tower Tract abroad, he was still able to find time to produce Society (for mally changed to Watch Tower a vast number of tracts and other mate rials. Bible and Tract Society in 1896—Reprints, Some of the lead ing book lets he wrote were p. 2077) which there upon spe cial ized in the What Say the Scrip tures About Hell (1896, dis tri bu tion of books and tract mate ri als to fur - 3,000,000 cop ies), What Say the Scrip tures ther the work of the move ment. About Spir it ism (1897, 500,000 cop ies), The Parousia of our Lord (1898, 300,000 cop ies), Fur ther Out reach and The Bible Ver sus the Evolu tion The ory In 1881 the Soci ety put out a call for Chris- (1898, 400,000 copies). The high cir cula tion tian la bor ers, termed “col por teurs,” to of fer was achieved by door-to-door dis tri bu tion and Watch Tower sub scrip tions and dis trib ute var - by hand outs to church go ers on Sunday morn - ious tracts. By 1886 their number had grown ings. to some three hun dred work ers, mostly part- As the number of Bible Students increased time, and had becom e an in te gral part of the and the monthly cir cu la tion of the Watch minis try. Pas tor Rus sell urged any and all Tower mag a zine passed ten thou sand, reg u lar who had been reached by the truth message to conven tions were sched uled to build up the de vote what ever they could to sharing the breth ren spir itu ally. In 1893 the first national good tid ings with others by preach ing and conven tion was held in Chi cago for five days handing out liter a ture. Some from all walks of with an attendance of three hundred sixty. life, in this coun try and abroad, eagerly re- There were prayer meet ings, discourses (an sponded to the call, re flect ing the depth of hour and a half in length), ses sions devoted to their convic tions and the en thu si asm of their answer ing questions, and an immer sion service leader. in which seventy were bap tized. After 1898, As the light of truth contin ued to unfold, con ven tion gath er ings became more fre quent, Pastor Rus sell saw the need for putt ing forth a both regional and general, and were often com pre hen sive expo si tion of the inspired word timed to take advan tage of lower railroad rates that would har mo nize the entire Bible. He for Exposi tions or special events. Their fre - wanted a topi cal study that would delineate quency increased from about three per year in God’s prin ciples, laws, and prom ises as well early years such as 1899, to twenty regional as explain scrip tural types, sym bols, allego ries, gath er ings of three days or more in 1909. and proph e cies, all in their correct time set ting. These usu ally included special meet ings for the The result was a six-volume series under the public, which swelled the attendance even head ing of Millen nial Dawn (later changed to more, reach ing a thou sand in Asbury Park, Studies in the Scriptures ), written between New Jer sey, in 1906, two thou sand in Niag ara 1886 and 1904. To this day many consider it Falls in 1907, and over three thousand in the to be the foremost aid to Bible study ever pro- nation’s capi tal, Washing ton, D.C., in 1912. duced, revealing God’s majes tic plan for uplift- Outside the United States a conven tion in ing mankind. The series became another main- Toronto, Ontario, in 1903 drew eight hun - stay of the movement, partic u larly the first dred brethren and over a thousand public; vol ume, The Divine Plan of the Ages, which Kingston, Jamaica, in 1905 peaked at eight reached the phe nom e nal cir cu la tion of about hun dred; Lon don, in 1907, about five hun - 4.3 million in Pastor Rus sell’s own lifetime. dred fifty; and Glas gow, Scot land, in 1908 Pastor Russell’s prodi gious writings were numbered about eight hundred. Jo seph Frank lin Rutherford char acter ized by an easy flowing style that con- In 1894 another program was initi ated trasted sharply with the com plex theo logi cal to strengthen the move ment. Twenty mature treatises of his day and were well received. The associates were sent out on weekends from enthu siasts ranged from farm ers to busi ness - Pitts burgh to visit nearby con gre ga tions, both men, from prison ers to pas tors, and from con- to edify the breth ren and to con duct pub lic sci en tious objec tors to mil i tary gen er als. Despite meetings. This developed later into a full-time heavy demands, such as a growing staff of activ ity known as the “pil grim work.” It proved work ers at the headquar ters office in Alle- a valuable asset to main taining contact with gheny, cor re spon dence that some years topped the grow ing num ber of classes and to help

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 29 unify their think ing and beliefs. The pil grims denun cia tion of many of the ortho dox doc- were full-time preachers travel ing from one trines of churchianity. At first they attempted congre ga tion to another, spend ing a day or two to defend their beliefs in a series of public with each group. Their ser vice was greatly debates, such as the six-day encounter featur - appre ciated by the brethren at large, who con- ing Dr. E. L. Eaton at Pitts burgh’s Carne gie sidered it a priv ilege to entertain them and Hall, before record audi ences. But even the enjoy their fel low ship. The num ber of such pil - most skill ful of the minis ters could not effec - grims increased from just three in 1897 to tively meet the scrip tural arguments advanced twenty-five in 1905, and to nearly ninety in by Pastor Rus sell, result ing in contin ued loss 1916. of mem ber ship in many estab lished churches. This precip i tated a new line of attack: vicious Grow ing Pub lic Aware ness attempts were made to smear the per sonal Be gin ning in 1891, due to the grow ing in ter - char acter of the Pas tor and further, to portray est in Eu rope, Pastor Rus sell made his first him as the head of a cult that was not tru- trip abroad. For two months he and his party ly Chris tian. Though wholly unfounded, such toured Ire land, Scotland, Con ti nen tal Eu rope, criti cism stalked the movement, found accep - Pales tine, part of Russia, Egypt, and Eng land. tance among many evangel i cal groups, and has He was greatly encour aged by the enthu si asm per sisted to this day. for truth that he found in some places, such as Scan di na via, and es pe cially in Eng land, Ire- End-Time Em pha sis land, and Scot land, which he viewed as “fields Through out his min is try, Pas tor Rus sell ready and waiting to be harvested.” But in stressed that the bib li cal “end times” had be - Russia, Turkey, and Italy he saw little readi- gun, and he looked for var i ous prophet ic ful - ness for the message. After his re turn the fillments that were due. Among these were the Society be gan publish ing books in Ger man, re turn of God’s fa vor to the Jews and their French, Swed ish, Dan ish, Pol ish, and Greek. regathering back to Pal estine, the land of The first over seas branch of fice was opened prom ise, from all the coun tries in which they in Lon don in 1900. This was fol lowed by a had been scattered. But in stead of seek ing branch in Ger many in 1903 and an other in convert s from the Jew ish com mu nity, he coun - Aus tra lia in 1904. seled them to believe God’s prom ises that they Several other overseas trips culmi nated in would be restored as a na tion and eventu ally 1911-1912 with a round-the-world tour to exert a leading role in the earthly phase of China, Japan, Korea, the Philip pine Islands, God’s kingdom to bless all na tions. This sym - India, the Near East, Greece, Italy, France, pa thetic view and special message of comfort and England. There were sev eral objec tives: to to the Jews earned him the ti tle of “Chris tian ascer tain prev a lent social and reli gious condi - Zi on ist” and prompted in vi ta tions to speak tions, to evalu ate the methods and results of befor e large Jew ish audi ences , such as the four conduct ing for eign mis sions by the estab lished thou sand at the Hip po drome in New York churches, and to draw inter na tional at ten tion City in 1910. to the “Truth move ment” and its unique mes - The year 1914 figured promi nently in Bible sage of the harvest time. It gave tremen dous Stu dent pro phetic expec ta tions and car ried momen tum to yet another effort that had with it some dis ap point ment and grief. That opened up—the syn di cated pub lish ing of Pas - year was thought to mark not only the turn ing tor Rus sell’s weekly ser mons in news pa pers point of God’s deal ings with the nations (the in the United States, Canada, and Europe. end ing of the “Times of the Gen tiles” proph - These appeared regu larly in over two thou sand ecy), but the com ple tion of the church and news pa pers with a com bined cir cu la tion of over inau gu ra tion of the king dom as well. Though fif teen mil lion. these latter expecta tions did not come to pass, Pas tor Rus sell’s increas ing pop u lar ity and they stim ulated an intensive worldwide preach- the remarkable growth of the movement were ing effort begin ning in 1909 that was extraor - not with out oppo si tion. Despite his favor with dinary by any measure. Colpor teurs and other the gen eral pub lic, his work aroused vigor ous volun teers gave zealously of their time and resis tance from many of the clergy. They effort to preach. Mil lions of cop ies of a new frowned on his lack of sem i nary cre den tials, series of tracts called “People’s Pulpit,” “Every- de-empha sis of church orga ni za tion, and his body’s Paper,” and “The Bible Stu dents

30 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom Monthly” were dis trib uted, in addi tion to the son. Further, that he was the sev enth and last usual pam phlets and books. Each month a new mes sen ger to the Church dur ing its his tor i cal message was aimed at clari fy ing a basic teach- course of develop ment, spe cially noted as Jesus’ ing of Scrip ture and expos ing false doctrines of mouth piece to Laodicea (Rev e la tion 1:16; “ortho dox” reli gion. Also a “class exten sion” 3:14). activity opened up in 1911 that was directed The movement, seldom correctly assessed as speciall y toward the public. In that year alone to its over all influence due to strong clergy over twelve thou sand public and semi-public oppo si tion, made a sig nif i cant impact and pro - lectures were given, mostly by a group of fifty- vided a clear alterna tive to tradi tion al “main- eight qual i fied speak ers. stream” beliefs. The Creator, instead of being The climax of these energetic activi ties was cast as a wrathful and vindic tive God, was por- reached in 1914 with The Photo-Drama of trayed as lov ing, wise, just, and pow er ful, Cre ation, a unique state-of-the-art audio-visual deeply inter ested in humanity and its eternal pro duc tion depict ing God’s plan of the ages sal va tion. The church, rather than bask ing in from earth’s cre ation to its per fec tion in the heav enly bliss in mansions of gold, was pic- thousand-year reign of Christ. It required two tured as being des tined to reign with Christ to full years and $300,000 to complete, and con- bless the remainder of man kind. The masses of sisted of hand-colored slides and mov ing pic- humanity were seen, not as predes ti nated for tures syn chro nized with pho no graph records torment, but as being given a full and fair op - of voice and music. The show ings were put por tu nity for ever last ing life upon earth in the on with out charg ing admis sion (“Seats Free— Millen nia l Kingdom. The incorri gi ble, after an No Collec ti on”), aroused consid er a ble inter - ade quate trial period, would eventu ally be est, and were enthusi as ti cally received. Due to destroyed by second death, and none would the extraor dinary eight-hour length, the presen - suf fer ever last ing tor ture. ta tion was shown on four succes sive nights. It The Dark Age dogmas of immortal ity of was a pow er ful wit ness, given to over ten mil - the soul, hell fire, and Trinity, were exposed lion people in major cit ies at home and abroad, as pagan con cepts with out bib li cal author ity. from 1914 to 1916. There was a new emphasis upon the bibli cal end times that called for not doom and super - Eval ua tion and Leg acy of the Early Days natu ral destruc tion, but an expecta tion of grand When Pastor Rus sell died in 1916 at the age pro phetic fulfillments. These spoke of a new of 64, it brought great sad ness to the Bi ble day that had dawned in earth’s history and Students. No doubt his great dedi ca tion to heralded Christ’s invis ible pres ence, and the the work and the stress of ceaseless labors with - immi nent estab lish ment of God’s long-prom - out ade quate rest contrib uted to his demise. ised king dom. Res ti tu tion bless ings, the end of Through out his min is try he made no claim of war and death, and the res to ra tion to the orig i - di rect rev e la tion from God, and con sid ered nal perfec tion lost in Eden were all seen as him self more in the role of com piler of lines near at hand. of truth from vari ous Christian sources rather This was the unique leg acy of the Bible Stu- than as the discov erer. In a sketch of the early dent movement, an altogether differ ent mark days of the movement, the Pastor descri bed than that left by tradi tion al churchianity. It re - himself simply as “an index fin ger” used of vived the pure doctrine of the early church, the God to help others trace “the won der ful plan “faith once deliv ered unto the saints”—a faith of God” as recorded in the sacred pages of which had almost been extermi nated by a suc - Scrip ture. He said further, “Neither is this ces sive series of sec u lar phi los o phies. A world - clear unfold ing of truth due to any hu man in - wide wit ness was given, the work of gath er ing genu ity or acute ness of percep tion, but to the the wheat almost completed, and the hearts of simple fact that God’s due time had come.” faith ful believers greatly refreshed. Many are A major ity of his fol low ers, how ever, were convinced that the Pas tor’s minis try rep re- con vinced that he had fulfill ed a spe cial role in sented a major thrust of our Lord’s commis sion God’s sight: that he held the scrip tural office of for the “last days”: “This gos pel of the king - that “wise and faithful servant” of Matthew dom shall be preached in all the world for a 24:45 and was given a charge over the house - wit ness unto all nations; and then shall the end hold of faith to serve spiri tual meat in due sea- come” (Mat thew 24:14).

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 31 1916-1918 Troubled Years James Par kin son s 1916 began, Christ’s ransom and .the Rutherford, Dr. John Edgar.” The decla ra tion res ti tu tion hope for man kind were of “five” names, fol lowed by six names, could ..being preached far and wide. About pos si bly be because John Edgar (of Scot land) Aeight mil lion volumes of Studies in the Scrip- had died (although seemingly Rutherford’s tures had already been circu lated worldwide, name should have appeared after Edgar’s, if col por teurs were dis trib ut ing them on ev ery that were an added codi cil) , or because, as con ti nent, and Pas tor Rus sell’s ser mons were keeper of the will, he had added his own name. publish ed weekly in over a thousand newspa - (It is said that Rutherford denied all requests pers. But over seas work was be ing impeded by to see the will.) Rutherford was added to the the war in Europe. Pastor Russell made no Edi to rial Com mit tee. trips abroad that year. He was slight ly ill as he At the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Soci - began what turned out to be his last railroad ety’s next annual meet ing on Janu ary 6, 1917, trip, with des ti na tion Los An geles. His dis - Rutherford insisted that some new by-laws course in that city was deliv ered with a weak needed to be passed to continue Watch Tower voice and while seated, rather than with his oper a tions, though he did not allow the new usual am bu la tory pre sen ta tion. Af ter ward Joe by-laws to be read to the elders’ meet ing or the Brown drove him and Menta Stur geon to the member ship meeting. Among the by-laws were rail road sta tion for the re turn trip. On Octo ber pro vi sions that votes for offi cers of the Watch 31 on the train near Pampa, Texas, the pastor Tower board would be counted only for those died. The body was re moved from the train in nomi nated, and that election as presi dent of Oklahoma. A Pres by te rian min is ter of fered his the Peo ples Pulpit subsid iary would be for a home for the view ing of the body, al though it life term.2 At the annual meeting A. H. was taken to the only mor tu ary in town. Helen Noah (later Williams, Swanson) and her car- MacMillan was chairman; for election as presi - load were the first on the scene a few hours dent he rec og nized only those who would nom - later. i nate or sec ond for J. F. Rutherford, and then Menta Sturgeon wired his wife that Pastor those who moved and sec onded that all votes Rus sell had died. A. H. MacMillan inter- be cast for him. Ruther ford’s asser tion in the cepted the telegram at the Brooklyn Bethel Jan u ary 15 Watch Tower that “There being no home and wired J. F. Rutherford, then at a fur ther nom i na tions … Brother Rutherford conven tion in Oak land, Mary land: “The old was declared the unani mous choice of the con- man is dead.”1 Rutherford came immedi ately ven tion as Pres i dent of the Soci ety for the com - to Brook lyn and took over. ing year,” hardly seems to epito mize the mat- Pastor Rus sell’s will had des ignated a five- ter. mem ber Edi to rial Com mit tee: Wm. E. Page, Pastor Rus sell’s last will and tes ta ment left Wm. E. VanAmburgh, H. Clay Rockwell, E. “all my vot ing shares … in the hands of five W. Brenneisen, and F. H. Robison. Then, Trust ees, as follows: Sr. E. Lou ise Ham ilton, “The names of the five whom I suggest as pos - Sr. Almeta M. Nation Robison, Sr. J. G. si bly amongst the most suit able from which to Herr, Sr. C. Tomlins, Sr. Alice G. James. fill vacan cies in the Edito rial Commit tee are as J. F. Rutherford convinced these five that it fol lows: A. E. Burgess, Robert Hirsh, Isaac was con trary to law for them to vote those Hos kins, George H. Fisher (Scranton), J. F. shares (which con sti tuted a major ity of all

1. It is per haps pos si ble the word ing was a coded mes sage, rather than sim ply dis re spect ful. 2. J. F. Rutherford was the only one seek ing that of fice. (The Watch Tower Bi ble and Tract So ciety was a Penn syl va nia cor po ra tion; the Peo ples Pul pit As so ci a tion was a New York sub sid iary, in cor po rated to do busi ness in that state when Watch Tower of fices were moved to Brooklyn, New York.)

32 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom shares). It is unclear whether Rutherford then Hotel. A Commit tee of Seven was elected to proceeded in the name of the Watch Tower to carry on work out side the Watch Tower and vote those shares him self, as he did in subse - IBSA (Inter na tional Bible Stu dents Asso ci a- quent elec tions. tion, as a vol un tary asso cia tion, not the Brit ish Rutherford’s efforts to estab lish control met cor po ra tion of the same name). The first con - increasing resistance from the major ity of the ven tion sched uled out side the IBSA was held board. On July 17, 1917, Rutherford claimed on July 26-29, 1918, at Asbury Park, New the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Soci ety Jersey. Two or three hun dred attended the char ter pro vided for the election of direc tors Prov i dence, Rhode Island, con ven tion on annu ally; thus only the three officers of the November 8-10, where it was resolved to form board (elected Janu ary 6) were “legally” mem- the Pasto ral Bible Insti tute (PBI). The first bers of the board. So he appointed A. H. board of directors consisted of J. D. Wright, Mac Millan, G. H. Fisher, J. A. Bohnet, and chairman; Ingram I. Margeson, vice-chairman; W. E. Spill to replace Ritchie, Wright, Hos- I. F. Hoskins, sec re tary; P. L. Greiner, trea- kins, and Hirsh.1 The board major ity, joined surer; H. C. Rockwell; F. H. McGee; and E. by F. H. McGee, coun tered that offi cers of the J. Prit chard. (The Commit tee of Seven was board cannot be elected unless they are first dis solved.) The Her ald of Christ’s King dom members of the board; therefor e, there are (The Her ald) jour nal com menced pub li ca tion either seven members or no mem bers. Both in December under an Edi torial Commit tee sides pur chased legal opin ions to support their of I. F. Hoskins, Randolph Elwood Streeter claims. The ousted members decided not to (Prov i dence, Rhode Island), I. I. Margeson insti tute legal pro ceed ings, fol low ing 1 Corin- (West wood, Mas sa chu setts), H. C. Rockwell, thi ans 6:6,7. and Dr. S. N. Wiley (Phil a del phia, Penn syl - A series of publi ca tions ensued from vari ous va nia). PBI offices were in Brook lyn, New sides, including: York. w Har vest Siftings (Au gust 1917, by When P.S.L. Johnson, Ray mond Grant Rutherford) Jolly, and Robert Hirsh were not re-elected to w Light Af ter Darkness (Sep tem ber 1917, the Com mit tee of Seven, they, with most of the by the ousted board mem bers) Phil a del phia church, sev ered asso ci a tion with the Com mit tee. John son began pub lish ing The Harvest Siftings No. 2 (Oc to ber 1917, w Pres ent Truth and Her ald of Christ’s Epiph any by Rutherford) in December, 1918. The Lay men’s Home w Harvest Siftings Reviewed (No vem ber Mis sion ary Move ment (L.H.M.M.) was orga - 1917, by P. S. L. John son) nized in 1920 and The Her ald of the Epiph any w Facts for Share hold ers (No vem ber 1917, issued reg u larly for public witness work. (In by the ousted board mem bers) 1952 the name was changed to The Bible The Watch Tower prox ies for the Jan u ary Standard .) The L.H.M.M. calls Pastor Rus - 5, 1918, annual meet ing were solicited with sell the Parousia Mes sen ger, and P.S.L. John- Power of Attor ney (grant ing the proxy holder son the Epiph any Mes sen ger. the right to over ride the des ignated vote). When the so-called “sev enth vol ume” of About 13% of the votes recorded were for M. Studies in the Scriptures was pub lished in July Stur geon, A. I. Ritchie, H. C. Rockwell, I. F. 1917, suggest ing that the Gos pel age har vest Hoskins, R. H. Hirsh, J. D. Wright, and W. period was to end in the spring of 1918, the J. Hollister.2 The con ven tion then voted to ask IBSA classes in the Pacific Northwest backed R. H. Hirsh to resign from the Edito rial Com- it all the way. But C. E. Heard, of Van couver, mit tee. and many others felt Rutherford’s recom men - There upon sev eral withdrew to a hastily- da tion in the spring of 1918 to buy war bonds convoked mini-con ven tion at the Fort Pitt was cow ard ice, and sac ri le giously per pet u at ing

1. The simul ta neous release of “The Finished Mystery,” adver tised as the “sev enth vol ume” of Stud ies in the Scrip tures, appears to have been ir rel e vant to the ar gu ing that followed this move. 2. If the shares C. T. Rus sell had con trib uted to the Watch Tower were ex cluded, this per cent age might have been closer to 16%. Had Power of At torney not been ex er cised, it is un known how much higher it would have been.

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 33 harvest work. The Stand Fast Bible Students Guy of Forest Gate (Lon don east side), Wil- Asso ci a tion was orga nized on Decem ber 1, liam Seager of Ipswich; and George B. 1918, at Portland, Ore gon. It published Old Thar ratt of Bish ops Stortford. (The Com mit - Corn Gems (Joshua 5:11,12) monthly, and tee was dissolved in 1945.) Edgell began pub - orga nized many con ven tions in the Northwest lish ing Fel low ship in 1923. Shearn began pub - and even in the Mid western states. Perhaps lish ing the B.S.C. Monthly (then Bible 40% of the Watch Tower adher ents in the Stu dents Monthly until 1951, now Bible Study North west left in favor of the Stand Fasts. Month ly) in 1924. Crawford com menced The Many (non-doc trinal) divi sions fol lowed a Old Paths in 1925 (contin u ing to 1961). Seat tle conven tion in July 25-27, 1919. In Austra lia, R. E. B. Nicholson rejected In 1922 John A. Hardeson and C. D. Mc- the “Sev enth Vol ume” and in 1918 formed Cray orga nized the Eli jah Voice Society for an the Berean Bible Institute in Melbourn e; it ambitious regathering and wit ness work. They began pub lish ing Peoples Paper which contin - pub lished the Elijah Voice Monthly, and ues today. became the most prom i nent “Sev enth Vol ume” In India, S. P. Devasahayam (“Davey”) group. from near Nagercoil had begun the work in In 1923 Ian C. Edwards and C. E. Heard 1912, including the trans la tion of Studies in orga nized the Stand Fasts into the Star Con - the Scrip tures, vol. 1, into Tamil and then struc tion Com pany in Vic to ria, Brit ish Co lum - Malayalam. After Pastor Russell’ s death, con- bia, although Heard was persuaded by his wife tact with the Watch Tower was lost for many to stay in Vancou ver. Fearing the prophe sied years, but contact with the PBI was quickly time of trou ble, Edwards in 1924 took the estab lished.2 Davey appointed V. Devasando - com pany of more than three hun dred to Sooke sham to succeed him around 1920, and he and the Gordon River on the south west part of organized the Associ ated Bible Stu dents Vancou ver Island. Because the busi ness failed (later, India Bible Stu dents Asso cia tion ) and in 1927, most packed up and went home. centered the work in Madras. From twelve hundred adherents in 1919 In Germany and Switzer land, Samuel Lau- in the North west and near Wis consin, these per pub lished Herold des Königreiches Christi, “Sev ent h Volume ” moveme nts have dwindl ed which was the German Her ald of Christ’s to near van ish ing. King dom. He also publish ed a German trans- Over seas, Alex an der Freytag started the la tion of R. E. Streeter’s two Rev e la tion vol - largest movement to break with the IBSA: the umes. Man’s Friends group (or Philan thropic Soci- Pol ish activ ity out side the Soci ety began ety). They numbered several thousand until with the jour nals Strasz [Watchman] in 1923, the French and Swiss groups divided. edited by R. H. Oleszynski, and Bzask Nowej In Great Britain, Jesse Hemery was pro- Ery [Dawn of a New Era] in 1930. Oleszyn- gres sively cen tral iz ing power in him self,1 but ski also trans lated the six volumes and Taber- was opposed by Henry J. Shearn and Wm. na cle Shad ows into Pol ish. Crawford. P. S. L. Johnson was sent by J. F. Prob a bly a few thou sand left the IBSA in Rutherford to Eng land, where he expelled the U.S. and Canada at this time, and many Shearn and Crawford. Secession from Hemery thou sands over seas. Of the sev eral groups, all and the Watch Tower Soci ety progressed rap- con tin ued to stress Ran som and Res ti tu tion. idly after World War I ended. The Bible Stu- While the Stand Fasts, Eli jah Voice Soci ety, dents Com mittee was consti tuted on April 5, P. S. L. Johnson, and A. Frey tag all believed 1919, in London to coordi nate pub lish ing, the door to the high call ing was now closed and pilgrim ser vice, etc., out side the IBSA. Its that the hope of new com ers would be res ti tu - seven initial members were H. J. Shearn, W. tion on earth, John son rejected The Finished Crawford, and Frank B. Edgell of Lon don Mys tery as the “sev enth vol ume” of Stud ies in (west side); Fred G. Guard, Sr. and Alex the Scrip tures, and hence was not associ ated

1. Hemery later pub lished Fu tur ist inter pre ta tions of Reve lation, but he could not be forced out of the Lon don Bethel home be cause of a life time con tract with the IBSA. 2. A letter from S. P. Davey of S. Traven core appears already in The Her ald of Decem ber 15, 1918.

34 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom with the other two groups. Freytag’s claims to (MacMillan did not get along well with A. I. direct divine reve la tions were a concern to Ritchie and several others at the Bethel home.) those out side his group. He apparently was given charge of the Brook - The PBI, Bible Students Com mittee [Eng- lyn Bethel, home for the Watch Tower work - land], and simi lar commit tees on the European ers, in 1916. conti nent (also in India), and the Berean Bible Wil liam E. VanAmburgh (d. 1947, age Insti tute (Austra lia), all stressed that the high 83): Secre tary/Tr ea surer of the Watch Tower. [heav enly] call ing remained open (though the Orig inally from South Dakota. A man of called, cho sen, and faithful were getting fewer), finan cial integ rity. Some gift for writ ing, that Christ’s second pres ence had occurred, includ ing poetry. Israel was to return to her land, and the end of the pres ent evil world would occur soon. It Joseph Franklin Rutherford (1861- seems a majority of those with the heavenly 1942): From a large Calvin ist fam ily; formerly a small-town law yer in Missouri ; at least once hope even tu ally left the IBSA, though not all for the same reason. appointed to serve as judge in a case; polit ically active in Dem o cratic pol i tics. Cus to dian of In the 1920s F. H. Robison contact ed Pastor Rus sell’s last will and tes ta ment. Ap - Adolph Ernst Knoch of the Con cor dant Pub - par ently dis missed from Bethel in early 1915, lish ing Con cern, then in Los Angeles, and was liv ing in Monrovia near Los Angeles, work ing con verted to uni ver sal rec on cil i a tion. He soon as a lawyer for a depart ment store in Los per suaded Menta Stur geon, O. L. Sullivan, Angeles. Forceful in dispo sition and per sua - Wal ter H. Bundy, W. T. Hooper, and most sive. Debated Rev. John H. Troy at First Bap- of the ex- Bible Students in Finland and IBSA tist Church in Glen dale, Cal ifor nia, April 21- Swe den to go with him. 24, 1915. Of Pastor Rus sell’s nieces and neph ews, Alice Land William son was sister-in-l aw to Clay ton Woodworth (d. 1951, age 81): A. Ed. William son, a leader in the 1909 New A bright idea-man, liv ing in Scranton, Penn - Cove nant movement; Ada Land White, in syl va nia. In 1907 he had assem bled a Bible Kan sas, fol lowed P. S. L. John son; May F. com men tary from Watch Tower pub li ca tions, (“Thelma”) Land Kend all, in Florida, and called the Berean Comments . Joseph Rus sell Land, in Atascadero, Cal i for- James Den nis Wright (d. circa 1920): nia, favored the Dawn Bible Students’ Asso- Elderly, of gen tle manner. The senior member ci a tion. None stayed with Rutherford. of the Watch Tower board of direc tors. Isaac F. Hoskins (d. 1957): An able Prom i nent Per son nel jour nal ist. Often had a sharp tongue for those Many who had been with Pastor Russell were who dif fered with him. One of many Hoskins well known to Bi ble Stu dents around the U. S. brothers and sis ters in the IBSA. A Watch and Canada, and some overseas also. All Tower direc tor. were well versed in Scrip ture. Paul Sam uel Leo (formerly Levitsky) Alfred I. Ritchie (1871-1946): Watch John son (1873-1950): A converted Jew, Tower Vice-Pres i dent. The prin ci pal admin is- then Lutheran pas tor, and then one of Pas tor tra tor of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Rus sell’s per sonal sec re tar ies and Watch Society, includ ing its main office and pub lish - Tower pilgrim. A bril liant man, delved heavily ing plant. Origi nally from Nova Scotia. A into Bible types. A strong leader, though con- capa ble admin is tra tor, though not gifted as a tro ver sial. leader. Rob ert H. Hirsh (d. 1949): An able Alex Hugh MacMillan (b. 1877): The journal ist. greatest orator the IBSA had. Widely known for his Septem ber 1914 dis course, “I Am Fredrik Homer Robison (1885-1932): Ready to Be Offered,” in which he said, “This For merly Dis ciples of Christ, later a per sonal is posi tively my last public address on this side secre tary to Pas tor Rus sell. Perhaps the most of the veil [mean ing in this life].” But Pas tor schol arly in the Watch Tower office. Russell then persuaded him to speak at the Menta Sturgeon (d. 1935): An able New York Tem ple the follow ing Sunday. speaker. Older than most of the others. Was

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 35 Pas tor Rus sell’s per sonal atten dant on his final R. Hipolit Oleszynski (1857-1930): train trip to and from Los Angeles. Polish immigrant to Chi cago. Active in Watch John G. Kuehn: Had a large Ohio fam- Tower work in the USA since 1891, and inter - ily, all in the IBSA. Managed the extensive mit tently in Poland since 1894. Watch Tower pilgrim work. Jesse Hemery (b. circa 1863, d. 1963): Henry Clay Rockwell (d. 1950): On Manager of the IBSA (the Brit ish sub sid iary the Edi to rial Com mit tee, but a rel a tively new corpo ra tion of the Watch Tower) in Lon don, mem ber of the Watch Tower board of direc- Eng land. tors. Henry J. Shearn (d. 1946): Secre tary of Francis H. McGee: A lawyer in Free- the IBSA in Lon don. hold, New Jersey. Assistant to the Attorney Wil liam Crawford (d. 1957): From General of the State of New Jersey. Scot land. Treasurer of the IBSA in Lon don. Charles E. Heard: A Watch Tower pil - R. E. B. Nicholson (d. 1955): For mer grim from Vancou ver, British Columbia. col por teur. Man ager of the Aus tra lian branch George H. Fisher (d. 1926): Another in of the Watch Tower since 1909. Scranton, Pennsyl va nia. Active also in the Alex an der Freytag (1870-1947): Man - German Watch Tower. (In 1926 urged the ager of the Watch Tower office in Swit zer land. German classes to disfellowship J. F. Ruther - Capable in the French language, but also in ford.) German and English .

Truth, like a mod est little flower in the wilder ness of life, is sur - rounded and almost choked by the luxu ri ant growth of the weeds of error. If you would find it you must be ever on the lookout. If you would see its beauty you must brush aside the weeds of error and the bram bles of bigotry. If you would possess it you must stoop to get it. Be not content with one flower of truth. Had one been suf- ficie nt there would have been no more. Gather ever, seek for more. Weave them together as a gar- land—“Bind them on thee as a bride doeth.” “Bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart: so shalt thou find favor and good understand - ing in the sight of God and man.” Prov erbs 3:3. —Charles Taze Russell , Re prints, p. 9.

36 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom 1917-Pres ent Regathering Carl Hagensick is cour age ment, dis il lu sion ment, and was cho sen to em pha size “stand ing fast” confu sion reigned among the Bi ble against the purchas e of Liberty Bonds, a posi - Students af ter the death of their be - tion then cham pi oned by the So ciety . The Dloved Pas tor in 1916. The bit ter suc cession movement has since died out. battle that saw the question able elec tion of In 1922 a young brother, John Herderson, “Judge” Jo seph Rutherford, with its charges became convinced that Bible Stu dents should and counter-char ges, left many breth ren disen - become active in wit ness ing and preach ing the chanted and at a loss for di rec tion. The un cer - impend ing doom of Bab y lon. After he failed to tainty was further heightened as the offi cial convince the Stand Fast com mu nity as a or ga ni za tion in tro duced change af ter change whole, he and C. D. McCray, formed the Eli - to the his toric be liefs that the Pas tor had el o- jah Voice Soci ety within the Stand Fast move - quently espoused, and changed the empha sis ment to imple ment that mis sion. For the larger from char ac ter de vel op ment to mar ket ing. num ber of dissent ers, the words “Stand Fast” In reaction to the new cir cum stances within took on the mean ing, “Patiently stand fast in the Society, vari ous groups were formed to try Bible study … until Christ’s kingdom would to recap ture the vision of Pas tor Rus sell. be establish ed.” Three of the first to form, all in 1918, were the Stand Fast Bible Stu dents Asso cia tion , the Je ho vah’s Wit nesses Pasto ral Bible Insti tute, and the Laymen’s When Rutherford’s expec ta tion that the an - Home Mis sion ary Move ment. cient worthies would be raised in 1925 failed, he admit ted to no mistake. In stead he changed the teach ings, a few each year, and demanded The Finished Mystery that oth ers “Keep up with the new light!” In The breaking point for many came with 1931 at a con ven tion in Co lum bus, Ohio, he Rutherford’s ouster of a ma jor ity of the board had the descri p tive name of those aligned with of di rec tors, and, sec ond arily, with the pub li - the So ciety changed to “Je ho vah’s Wit nesses.” ca tion of The Fin ished Mys tery in 1917 and Then he progres sively seized con trol of local its sub se quent par tial re nun ci a tion by the classes, styl ing the re sult “God’s Theo cra tic Watch Tower So ciety in 1918. Pur port ing to Or ga ni za tion.” Oth ers called it a ruth less take- be the post hu mous work of Pastor Rus sell, over. this so-called “Seventh Volume” was an expo - To dis agree with the orga ni za tion, or with si tion on the books of Rev e la tion, Ezekiel, and him, became tanta mount to treason against the Song of Sol omon; it was co-authored by Clay ton Wood worth and George Fisher at the di rection of Rutherford. Its ex e ge sis on Reve - la tion was deemed spec u la tive if not out right bizarre in places, by many in the move ment. The last, greatly ed ited, edi tion of this book was pub lished in 1927.

The Stand Fast Bible Students When parts of the “Sev enth Vol ume” were of - ficially re nounced by the So ciety in 1918, a few thou sand, who felt the orig i nal anti-gov - ern ment po si tion that was re moved from the book should have re mained, left that or ga ni za - tion and some formed the Stand Fast Bi ble Stu dents As so ci a tion. The name “Stand Fast” Jo seph Frank lin Rutherford

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 37 Jeho vah God him self. Those who left or were 1962 the Laodicean Home Mis sionary Move - disfellow shipped were not allowed further con- ment in Phila del phia and pub lished a journal tact, and were to be shown no mercy. entitl ed The Pres ent Truth of the Apocalypsis. A year later John Hoefle of Mount Dora, The Laymen’ s Home Mission ary Movement Florida, also had his creden tials withdrawn; P. S. L. Johnson had been a prom i nent pil - he formed the Epiph any Bible Stu dents Asso - grim under Pas tor Rus sell. When his inter pre - ci a tion. Hoefle taught that the door to the ta tions of the sep a ra tion of Eli jah and Elisha, high calling had closed at a date later than the and of “that evil ser vant,” caused him to be L.H.M.M. taught. He publish ed a monthly rejected from the ed i to rial com mit tee of the news let ter that has been con tin ued by his planned new journal at the Asbury Park, New widow. Jer sey, con ven tion in 1918, he, Ray mond Grant Jolly, R. H. Hirsh, and most of the Phila delphia brethren left. They formed the The Pas to ral Bi ble In sti tute Laymen’ s Home Missi onary Moveme nt, and After a new commit tee to provide spir itual their intense wit ness ing efforts gath ered a size - food for the brethren was selected at a July, able group of mostly former mem bers of the 1918, Asbury Park, New Jersey, conven tion, Soci ety as adher ents. They held Pastor Rus- the commit tee adopted the name Pas to ral Bi - sell in high esteem. A pro di gious writer, John- ble In sti tute (PBI) for the corpo ra tion formed son pro duced a series of seven teen books there. The commit tee then called for a general under the gen eral title of Epiph any Stud ies conven tion to be held in Prov i dence, Rhode in the Scriptures. Abound ing in typology, the Island, on Octo ber 18-20, later post poned to L.H.M.M. cat e go rized both prom i nent ones No vem ber 8-10, to “calmly and so berly con - involved in their work, as well as those who sider matters of vital impor tance to the New differed with them, under vari ous symboli c Creation , and take counsel together as to the names. Teach ing that the door to the High best meth ods of con duct ing them selves and the Call ing was closed, they claimed Paul Johnson work of the min istry dur ing this stormy time” was the last member of the Church and his (quo ta tion from the Com mit tee Bul le tin, Sep - succes sor, Raymond Jolly, was the last mem - tem ber, 1918). A sim i lar con ven tion was ber of the Great Com pany. Their two peri - scheduled for the Mid west in St. Louis, Mis- odicals The Bi ble Stan dard and Pres ent Truth souri, from Decem ber 6 to 8. continue to be pub lished to day. The business meet ing formally endorsed the Two smaller groups split off from the legal incor po ra tion under the laws of the State L.H.M.M. In 1955, Raymond Jolly withdrew of New York and empowered the direc tors of the cre den tials as a pil grim from John Krewson the PBI to publish a journal under the guid- after Krewson cir cu lated an oppo si tion paper. ance of an edi torial commit tee headed by Isaac Krewson formed what came to be called in F. Hoskins and Randolph E. Streeter. The first issue of The Her ald of Christ’s King dom appeared in December of that year. In addition to the maga zine, the PBI also opened an exten- sive pil grim ser vice serv ing isolated breth ren and pro vided free lit er a ture for pub lic dis tri bu - tion. Hor ace Hollister, P. L. Read, Paul Thomson, and Will Siekman were also active in this effort. The out reach of the PBI, while designed for the general public, was partic u larly aimed at reach ing disheart ened members of the Watch Tower Society. As a result it became an um- brella group for brethren with a wide range of views on the Scrip tures. This “open door” pol - icy was distress ing to many who felt it encour - aged devia tion from the truths they had learned P. S. L. Johnson from the minis try of Pastor Rus sell.

38 The Her ald of Christ's King dom While main tain ing an edi to rial view that mir rored the Pas tor’s his tor i cal view points in the pages of its maga zine, it simul ta neously stood in defense of the lib erty of other breth ren to hold a broad vari ety of differ ing inter pre ta - tions; some of the PBI’s pilgrims also espoused diverse ideas. Three notable teach ings were R. E. questioned by several: the doc trine of the Lord’s invisi ble return, the church having a Streeter share in the sin offer ing [though not in the ran - (1847-1924) som merit], and the time and scope of the New R. E. Streeter was one of the founding fathers Cove nant. In the 1990s the Insti tute returned of the Pasto ral Bible Insti tute and an origi nal The Her ald to the his toric Bible Stu dent posi - mem ber of the edi to rial board of The Herald tions expressed in the writ ings of Pas tor Rus - sell. maga zine. He be came a Chris tian in 1877 and orig i nally as so ci ated with the Free Bap tist Watch ers of the Morning church. Find ing de nom i na tional re stric tions At its annual meeting in 1936, the openness too binding, he left that fellow ship and joined of the PBI’s doc trinal pol icy came into ques - the Evangel i cal Advent church. He first re- tion. The di rec tors who were di vided on the ceived The Divine Plan of the Ages in 1896 but sub ject, as well as the style of Hoskin’s leader - re jected it as a false teach ing. The fol low ing ship, placed two compet ing slates of candi - year he was sent on a suc cess ful mission ary dates before the member ship. When the votes as signment to South Amer ica and the West In- were tallied, a major ity voted to retain the lib- dies where he received another copy of that eral po si tion. The di rec tors who ad vo cated book and read it on his re turn journey. This changing to a more re strictive pol icy then sev - time he accepted its mes sage. ered connec tions with the PBI and began to pub lish their own jour nal, Watchers of the As ed itor begin ning in 1892 of a small jour- Morn ing, un der the ed i to rial di rec tion of Isaac nal, The Tes timony of Je sus, he contin ued its Hoskins. This maga zine remained in publi ca - publi ca tion and presented to his readers the tion un til Hoskins’ death in 1957. new views he was learning. Eventu ally he dis- contin ued the maga zine and in 1902 entered Re union Con ven tions the pil grim min is try un der Pas tor Charles Taze In a con tin u ing ef fort to reach out to all who Rus sell. had left the So ciety , a Re union Con ven tion He was a mem ber of The Her ald’s ed i to rial was hast ily or ganized at the old Bi ble House commi ttee begin ning in 1918 and was elected in Al le gheny, Penn syl va nia, No vem ber 1-3, a trustee of the Pas toral Bible Insti tute in 1923, 1929. This gather ing at tracted as many as 375 serv ing in that capac ity un til his death the fol- at tendees and contin ued as an annual event lowing year. He was a deep student of proph- for ten years. Speakers in the early confer ences ecy and was the author of Dan iel, the Beloved included George Wilson, J. G. Kuehn, Rob - ert Lee Smith, Isaac Hoskins, A. L. Muir, of Jehovah and The Rev e la tion of Je sus Christ. J. J. Blackburn, Ernest Wylam, and H. A. Friese. scripts and Woodworth would deliver them. When Wood worth ob jected to that ap proach, The Ra dio Work he was summarily evicted from the Watch Nor man Woodworth, with John Dawson, cre - Tower Bethel Home. ated the first radio program for the Soci ety in He and Dawson left the Society in 1928 1927. It was in the form of a dia log between and associ ated with the Bible Stu dents of “Frank [Fact Finder] and Earnest [Truth greater New York. By 1931 the idea was pro - Seeker].” After airing a number of programs posed to restart the “Frank and Ear nest” pro - fea tur ing the truths taught by Pas tor Rus sell, gram under the auspices of the New York con - “Judge” Rutherford in formed Woodworth gre ga tion and the first program aired over the that hence forth Rutherford would write the pow er ful WOR radio sta tion on April 12 of

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 39 The Dawn Bi ble Stu dents’ As so ci a tion The ra dio work led to the for ma tion of a new ser vice or ga ni za tion, the Dawn Bi ble Stu dents As so ci a tion, orig i nally known as “Dawn Pub - lish ers.” Orig i nally head quar tered in Brook- lyn, it later moved its facil i ties to larger quar - ters in East Rutherford, New Jersey. George Wilson, Don Copeland, G. Rus sell Pollock, and Edward Fay were also ac tive in the radio W. Norman work. Woodworth Driven by a vision to spread the good news of God’s plan, the Dawn soon expanded its (1891-1976) activi ties into other fields. A variety of tracts W. Nor man Woodworth devoted his life to his convic - and booklets was pro duced; the six volumes of tions. Af ter he served for sev eral years as a col por teur Studies in the Scriptures were reprinted; an in the mari tim e provinces of Canada and the state of active pilgrim ser vice was ini tiated; and adver - Maine, Pastor Russell asked him to come to Bethel to tising campaigns were carried out in newspa - learn to oper ate a movie projector and assist in the pers and maga zines, includ ing such illustri ous developmental work of The Photo Drama of Creation . journals as Read ers’ Digest and National Geo - He pre sented the Drama in sev eral Ohio cit ies, then in graphic. In an attempt to encourage personal Chicago where his first day’s au dience was 1,500 in the fol low-up, a program was inaugu rated with after noon and 3,500 in the eve ning. small post card tracts called “King dom Cards” He re mained with the So ciety af ter the death of Pas tor with addresses encoded so the ones dis trib ut ing Rus sell until 1928 when he left because of a seri ous dis - the tracts would receive any response to enable agreement with Rutherford. He helped revive a radio them to follow through with a visit, phone call, pro gram called “Frank and Ernest” and wrote a small or letter. pam phlet, Ra dio Echoes to send to in ter ested lis ten ers. This even tu ally be came The Dawn mag a zine. Bro. Gen eral Con ven tions Woodworth remai ned the edi tor of that journal and The fello wshi p and spiri tual refresh ment were wrote many of its ar ticles until his death in 1976. so great at a 1937 conven tion in Au rora, Illi - nois, that it was decided to hold a gen eral convention un der the joint-spon sor ship of the Aurora, Chi cago, Min ne ap o lis, and Stevens that year. Success was so grat ify ing that the Point, Wis con sin, con gre ga tions from July 2-4, class made the deci sion to con tinue broad cast - 1938, at a Method ist camp ground in Wau- ing as long as finances per mit ted. paca, Wis con sin. As the radio work expanded beyond the The next year the Pittsburgh and Chi cago New York area, the “Dawn Radio Commit - con gre ga tions spon sored a five-day con ven tion tee” was formed in the Greater New York con- at Epworth Forest at Lake Webster, Indiana. gre ga tion. Need ing lit er a ture on a reg u lar basis The fol low ing year it moved to the Miami to send to those who responded to the radio Valley Chautauqua campgroun d near Dayton, messages, a small press was purchas ed and Ohio, where it contin ued to be held until Woodworth wrote scripts, recorded the broad - 1944. After a three-year hiatus because of casts, wrote a small journal, set the type, and World War II, it resumed in 1947 in Brook - printed it. The jour nal was origi nally enti tled lyn, New York, as a self-support ing conven - “Radio Echoes” and in 1932 was expanded tion. It has been held annually at vari ous ven - and the name changed to “The Dawn.” ues ever since. Peak attendance, during the Woodworth actively promoted the radio 1950s, was about a thou sand. pro ject on numerous pil grim trips for the PBI. When some PBI direc tors and mem bers ob- A New Schism jected that wit ness work was a diversion from The early general conven tion s featured speak- the pas to ral work for which the Insti tute had ers holding a wide va riety of scriptural in ter - been formed, the two activi ties were sep a rated. pre ta tions. The PBI tended to spon sor pil-

40 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom grims and conven tion speak ers with differ ing The Divine Plan Movement doc trinal view points, par tic u larly on the sec - In the early 1950s dis sen sion rose again. ond pres ence of Christ, the cov e nants, and the There were multi ple causes for the new divi - church’s part in the sin of fer ing, while the sions. The Dawn lead er ship and pil grims Dawn held to a more rigid doc trinal stan dard. were perceived as present ing other view points As a re sult, con sid er able fric tion de vel oped. In on jus ti fica tion, the role of Is rael in Christ’s 1941, when the spon sors of the gen eral con - king dom, the be gin ning date for the times of ven tion voted to have only speak ers that held res ti tu tion and the mil len nial reign, and the to the his toric truths pro claimed by Pas tor chro no log i cal con cepts of the ju bi lee. Some Rus sell, breth ren who held the PBI po si tion felt that the work of publish ing and wit ness felt dis en fran chised and started their own con - projects had become too cen tralized. Af ter ven tion, initiall y in North Webster , Indi ana, years of disagree ment, a number of brethren in 1950, with an atten dance of 250. This de - or ga nized a new gen eral conven tion in Fort vel oped into the Berean Chris tian Con fer ence, Col lins, Col o rado (later re lo cated to Den ver). currently held in Grove City, Pennsyl va nia. The Fort Col lins con ven tion elders ini ti ated Many classes also divided over the same a num ber of class-sponsored pro jects. Nota ble issue with so-called “ ” and “Dawn” among them was the deci sion to publish a non- PBI doc trinal jour nal to keep the breth ren informed groups meeting sepa rately in a number of cit- of activ i ties, bap tisms, deaths, con ven tions, and ies. Two later attempts to recon cile the differ - other news of inter est to the fel low ship. The ences and reunite the classes met with lit tle or orig i nal edi tors of The Bible Stu dents News let - no success. ter were Stan ley Gorgas, Alvin Raffel, and Gilbert Rice. This peri od ical was shortly trans ferred to the Day ton (now Miami Val - Net work Broad cast ing The Frank and Ear nest ra dio minis try had ley), Ohio, ongregation. grown from one sta tion to an av er age of sev - In 1974 this con ven tion was dis banded in enty sta tions prior to the Sec ond World War. favor of one in the Mid west under the joint- With the end ing of hos til i ties, the Bi ble Stu - sponsor ship of several classes in Indi ana and dents consid ered a broader out reach. At the Ohio. This confer ence has contin ued annu ally 1949 General Conven tion a mo tion was made at a number of loca tions, with a current atten- to take up Good Hopes pledges to de termine dance of about 150. The platform of speak ers if suf ficien t funds would be available to broad- is cho sen based on a strict adher ence to doc - cast the Frank and Earnest pro gram nation - trinal view points per ceived to be the his toric wide. The pro posal met with unan i mous ap - posi tion of the Bible Stu dent move ment. proval, and the pro grams be gan broad cast ing Decentral iza tion resulted in a number of weekly over 174 sta tions on the ABC net work. print ing activ i ties by dif fer ent classes: New After a few years, the programs were Bruns wick, Chi cago, Water bury, Lou is ville switched to the Mutual Broadcast ing System. (New Albany), Piqua, Oakland County Responses began flood ing in to the Dawn and Mich igan, and other places produced public the need was felt to follow up on the interested wit ness lit er a ture. names. Christian Zahnow and John MacAul- In the 1960s, exploratory endeavors were ey, Dawn pilgrims, began travel ing to areas made to investi gate the feasi bil ity of a work in where there were a num ber of names and be - Japan. Robert Alexan der and others organized gan organiz ing new classes where there were The Divine Plan Foun da tion for the pur pose. enough inter ested to do so. As the Japa nese effort decreased in size, the The radio has also been used as a medium Foun da tion turned its focus to fund ing sev eral for their mes sage by the Fort Worth Bible Stu - class-sponsored pro jects in other places. dents and the Winni peg Bible Students. In George Wilmott of Fort Worth, Texas, be - recent years a radio call-in talk show, “Chris- gan an extensive minis try in the prepa ra tion tian Ques tions,” featur ing Rick Suraci and and air ing of radio and tele vi sion pro grams Jon a than Benson, has been air ing weekly in under the name The Divine Plan programs. Connect i cut. There is also a call-in talk show To fol low-up with the responses, he began the on tele vi sion from Tuc son, Ari zona, with John monthly Divine Plan Jour nal. He also re- Har ris. printed the Divine Plan of the Ages in a mag a-

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 41 zine format and the six vol umes of Stud ies in In ter na tional Con ven tions the Scrip tures plus Taber na cle Shad ows in a In 1981 a commit tee was formed to orga nize single, hard-cover edi tion. an In ter na tional Con ven tion of Bi ble Stu- dents, which was held the follow ing year in Kufstein, Aus tria. The or ga niz ing com mit tee Re print ing Pas tor Rus sell’s Writ ings An other activ ity, also begun in the 1960s, was in cluded Adolphe Debski of France, Hercu les the re print ing of all the known writ ings of Pas - Gonos of Greece, Carl Hagensick of the tor Rus sell. Over twenty books have been pro - United States, Bob Rob in son of Eng land, duced and have en joyed a steady demand over Lutz Ruthman of Ger many, and Adam Zie- the years. minski of Poland. This conven tion con tin ues to be held every Other congre ga tions and individ u als also two years in var ious locations and has grown print books for the move ment. The Port land from an attendance of three hundred to about a Area Bible Students publish es the works of thousand. After being held in vari ous ven ues John and Mor ton Edgar, Benjamin Barton, in Austria, Ger many, Holland, France, and and Anton Frey. The New Brunswick , New Hun gary, it has been held in Poland since Jer sey, con gre ga tion printed two edi tions of 2000. Studies in the Scriptures that are thought to include the lat est revi sions of Pas tor Rus sell, Bi ble Stu dents’ Re tire ment Cen ter discov ered after his death, as well as a compre - Timo thy Krupa en vision ed the idea of a Bible hensi ve topi cal index. Waterb ury, Conn ecti c ut, Student Retire ment Center and orga n ized a pub lishes the notes of Lud low Loomis. New board of di rec tors to ex am ine the fea si bil ity of Albany, Indiana, has printed exten sive notes such a plan. As a result, a tract of land with a on Reve la tio n and Hebrews. Other indiv idu als stately house in a Portland, Ore gon, suburb produce and publish treatises from time to was pur chased with the help of gifts from time. many breth ren. The Cen ter be gan op er a tion Although the writ ings of Pastor Rus sell re - in 1985 and even tu ally twenty-eight liv ing pub lished by the Chi cago Bible Stu dents are units were con structed. The Center provides now produced com mer cially, the first set of both a pleasant physi cal and rich spiri tual en- Watch Tower Reprints was printed by breth - viron ment. Today it is filled to capac ity and ren on a press bought by George Tabac. This main tains a wait ing list. was formally orga nized as Bible Stu dents’ Pub li ca tions, and con tin ues to pro duce mate ri- Work in Other Lands als for dozens of classes, as well as The Her ald For years the Dawn has had its maga zine trans- maga zine, and many items for the Dawn Bible lated into many lan guages, as well as provid - Stu dents Asso ci a tion. ing trans la tions of other Bi ble Stu dent ma te - rial, and the sponsor ship of its ra dio min is try. It has also pro vided travel ing pilgrims around Youth Camps the world. Annual camps for young Bible students began in 1965 in Peters burg, Ontario. After two From the early 1940s, the Northwest Com- years in Canada, they were moved to vari ous mit tee for India has provided logisti cal sup port sites in Mich i gan. A sec ond camp soon for the breth ren liv ing in India. The work of started in the Pocono Moun tains of Pennsyl - that commit tee has been largely taken over by va nia. This evolved into the Midwest Youth a new commit tee, appropri ately called “The Camp, which presently serves about a hun- Friends of India.” Also active in pro vid ing dred young peo ple. A commit tee of parents, assistance to that sub-conti nent is the Oak land as well as other inter ested breth ren, plans this County [Mich i gan] Bible Stu dents and, re - camp. Other camps have in cluded ones in the cently the min is try of Global Solu tions started North east, in Chi cago, in the North west, the by Larry Davis of Romania, formerly of Den- South west, and in Jack son, Mich i gan. The ver. This minis try is also active in Africa, spe - “Free Bi ble Student” movement also oper ates cif ically Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Ghana. a series of camps at their own center at Camp The elders’ meet ing at the Fort Col lins con- Blessing near Wausau, Wis con sin, and at lo- ven tion in 1971 autho rized an explor atory trip ca tions in Ver mont and Cal i for nia. by Carl Hagensick to see if it would be feasi ble

42 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom to arrange for a follow-up activity in Africa. As pro grams pro duced in Colum bus, Ohio: The a result of an encourag ing report, the Bible Great Pyr a mid: Mod ern Won der, Ancient Students’ Commit tee for Africa was organized Mys tery; and Mes siah, based on Han del’s and has found a steady growth of inter est, not clas si cal mas ter piece. only in Nige ria, but in Ghana and other coun - Israel: In the 1990s Ken neth Raw son and tries as well. the New Bruns wick congre ga tion began an in - Robert Alexan der broached the idea of ten sive min is try for the Jew ish peo ple, not only expanding Bible Stu dent activi ties to Japan. those in Israel but those resid ing around the He, with Owen Kindig of Colum bus, Ohio, world. This wit ness centered around the audio- became active in maintain ing contact with visual pre sen ta tion Israel: Appoint ment with brethren there. Today there is still a small Des tiny, which was soon trans lated into a num - num ber of Jap a nese breth ren. ber of lan guages and enthu si as ti cally received The class in Win nipeg, Man itoba, has by Jew ish audi ences at exhi bi tions in syn a - given trans la tion and lit er a ture sup port, as gogues and audito ri ums throughout the world. well as arrang ing regu lar pil grim trips, to the The presen ta tion was supple mented by a num- brethren in Ukraine. A commit tee has also ber of rel e vant book lets. Recently a sec ond pro - been estab lished by breth ren in Ohio to sup - gram directed toward Evan gel ical Christians port activ ities in Roma nia. has been completed. Internet: The Internet has been effectively New Wit ness Effort s used by the Bible Stu dent com mu nity world - The vari ous classes around the coun try have wide. Dif fer ent classes, ser vice orga ni za tions, tried many forms of outreach to spread the and indi vid u als within the fel low ship have gos pel to those around them. While the num - estab lished approx imately fifty web sites. Most ber of these pro jects far exceeds the space are located in America, Poland, Germany, available here, a few seem espe cially worthy of France, Eng land, Spain, Hol land, Roma nia, men tion. and Austra lia. One site fea tures the Divine Televi s ion: After a trial effort in Grand Plan of the Ages in more than thirty dif fer ent Rap ids, Michi gan, in 1952, the devel op ment lan guages and is profusely illus trated. Two of TV program ming was pio neered in Chi cago other sites, designed by Jordan Gray of Colum - under the direction of Alfred Burns. After an bus, Ohio, are advertised on major internet initial thirteen programs plus the half-hour search engines and produce numerous requests color pre sen ta tion King of Kings, and Lord of for free liter a ture every month. Lords, The Dawn took up the pro ject and pro - The computer has also been used as a duced a number of televi sion programs. When means to con nect the brethren through internet broad cast ing costs became pro hib i tive, the ser - stud ies, with at least seven such stud ies being vice of Modern Talking Pictures was secured held each week. After Allen Springer of Ohio to place the pro grams in schools, churches, and (now of Romania) spearheaded a project to other orga ni za tions. The Fort Worth Bible com put er ize the six vol umes of Stud ies in the Students and the class in Winni peg, Man i- Scrip tures and the Watch Tower Reprints, sev - toba, also pro duced tele vi sion pro gram ming. In eral com puter programs of Pastor Rus sell’s more recent years it has been found more cost- writ ings and other Bible helps have been pro - effec tive to use spot announcements on televi - duced. Since then, others have used his work sion. and fur ther expanded on it, includ ing the work Audio-Video: Ken Wade Bordes, Frank of Jeff Mezera in his vast collec tion of material Shallieu, and August Tornquist developed a in the Bible Stu dents Library and the assimi la - three-screen multi-media pre sen ta tion, The tion of Bible Stu dent writ ings with the pop u lar Third Temple , in the early 1970s. A few years On-Line Bible pro gram, a work initi ated by later, George Tabac of Chi cago produce d a Peter Hill of Austra lia and completed by three-screen ste reo phonic pre sen ta tion, For Mezera. This Cause, that drew audiences of hun dreds to many of its show ings. This pro gram along New Cov e nant Fel low ship with sev eral tele vi sion pro grams was even tu ally In 1909 a divi sion occurred in the Bi ble Stu - placed on video and, in 2004, on dig ital video dent movement between M. L. McPhail and discs. Also widely dis trib uted were two other Pastor Rus sell over their un der stand ing of the

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 43 cov e nants and sin of fer ing. McPhail and E. themselves “Free Bible Students,” emphasiz - C. Henninges of Austra lia formed the New ing their claim to be free of all sectar ian bond- Cre ation Fel low ship. They pub lished a jour - age. nal, The Kingdom Scribe. Over the years that The Chris tian Mil len nial Fel low ship was movement has evolved into vari ous sepa rate formed in 1928 and was formerly a part of the but paral lel groups. Two of these are perhaps Ital ian Bible Stu dents Asso ci a tion. Gaetano the most prom i nent in the United States. Boccacio was the editor of their mag a zine, The The Berean Bible Students was organized New Cre ation, and was succeeded as editor by in 1926 when the expected resur rec tion of the Elmer Weeks of New Jersey. Ancient Worthies failed to take place. It was Two “gen eral” con ven tions are held annu al - an out growth of the Ukrai nian Bible Stu dents, ly by these groups, the Berean Christian Con- later joined by sev eral young people from the ference in Grove City, Penn sylva nia, and the Pol ish Bible Stu dents in the Chi cago sub urb Chris tian Believ ers Con fer ence near Boston, of Cicero (now meet ing in Lombard). Their Mas sa chu setts. stand for Chris tian liberty has resulted in a With all of its offshoots, the Bible Stu dent wide vari ety of scrip tural inter pre ta tions. Be- move ment today num bers in excess of ten thou - cause of this open approach, they often term sand spread over forty or more countries.

Isaac Newton: Bible Student and Scientist* saac New ton (1642-1727) was born in Lincolnshire on Christmas day nearly two months prema ture, and post - humous to his fa ther. In the super sti tion of the day, all three of these cir cum stances of his birth were considered to portend a child of excep tional abil ities, and so he was to prove. He was born in the last year a witch was publicly Iburned at the stake in Eng land. When he went to his grave at age 85, he was and still is remembered as one of the greatest scien tists of all time. But the advo cates of ratio nal thought were invent ing a fic tion, for first and fore most New ton was a man of faith. This com mu nity has long ignored or belit tled New ton’s strong com mit ment to Chris tian ity and ear nest non-con form - ing Bible study. Although it is easy to take exception with a num ber of the details in his interpre ta tions, his keenness of mind per mit ted him to see truths that we might believe were lit tle-known until the time of the har vest. Nearly one mil lion words, mostly unpub lished even today, range over bib li cal proph ecy, the Times of Res ti tution, trans la tion and manu script errors, chro nol ogy, the mea sure ments of Ezekiel’s tem ple com pared against the New Jeru sa lem, and the Great Pyr a mid and its mea surements as a wit ness, to name but a few. Newton’s public anti-Trini tar ian positions and writings contin u ally created diffi cul ties for his patrons. These kept him out of the Royal society and required special royal dispen sa tion for him to hold a post as profes sor, ironi cally enough, at Trinity College, Cambridge. Most signif i cantly, he is responsi ble for the scholar ship that challenged the spuri ous acceptance of 1 John 5:7 into the Greek New Testa ment. In Of the World to Come New ton shows a clear grasp of the heav enly sal va tion, the earthly sal va tion, and the “lit tle season.” He dismisses eternal torment with this opening salvo: “So then the mystery of this resti tu tion of all things is to be found in all the prophets; which makes me wonder with great admira tion that so few Christians of our age can find it there. For they understand not that the final return of the Jews from cap tiv ity … and the set ting up of a peace - able, righ teous, and flourish ing king dom at the Day of Judg ment is this mys tery … First, the earth shall con tinue to be inhab ited by mor tals after the day of Judg ment and not only for a 1,000 years, but even for ever … And that the cit i - zens of this city are not the saints raised from the dead, but a race of mor tal men like the nations over whom they reign … [That after the judg ment of Isa iah 66] the sav ing in these and such like places of Scrip ture is of mor tals at the last day from both mis ery and death both tem poral and eter nal. … [for] the rest of his king dom are the nations that have been saved; and they are mor tals remain ing on earth.” Although he publish ed several semi nal scien tific works within his lifetime, when Newton died unmarried, the exec u tors of his estate largely found his religious writ ings to be an embar rass ment. They kept all but four sequestered where they remained unread until the twenti eth cen tury.

* This syn op sis is based on the highly rec om mended The Reli gion of Isaac New ton by Frank E. Manuel, Oxford (1974). See also H. MacLachlen, Isaac New ton (1950).

44 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom Other Lands “His Pulpit was the World” And … Paul said unto Barna bas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord, and see how they do.—Acts 15:36 Carl Hagensick

as tor Charles Taze Rus sell’s annual Over seas Trav els trav els overseas kept him in reg u lar con- The London Press, because of the frequenc y tact with the adher ents of his mes sage in of Pastor Rus sell’s trav els across the At lan tic, Pscores of countries, as well as offer ing numer - coined the ti tle of “the ubiq ui tous preacher.” ous evan ge lis tic op por tu ni ties to preach “pres- His first such journey was in 1891 to the Brit- ent truth” to thou sands of en thu si as tic lis ten ers. ish Isles, where the popu lar ity of his message On one such oc ca sion, in a pub lic lec ture at the reached such pro por tions that he be gan mak - vast Royal Al bert Hall in Lon don (ca pac ity, ing an nual trips to oversee the activ i ties there. 5,222), the crowds were so large that ush ers It was not long before these treks were were posted at all the doors to pro hibit fur ther extended into con ti nen tal Europe, includ ing en try. Eastern Europe and Scandi na via. In 1912 Pastor Rus sell and six other promi nent Bible Trans la tion into Many Languages Students traveled by ship to countries around In 1883, only four years after be gin ning the the world, includ ing Japan, the Phil ip pines, Watch Tower publi ca tion , a poll was taken as India, Egypt, Israel, and Greece among their to which lan guage group had the most in ter est ports of call. in hav ing it trans lated into their tongue. The The bur geon ing inter est in his writ ings soon winner was Swed ish, with Ger man fol low ing resulted in ten main branch offices being set up not far be hind. Even tu ally the semi-monthly to more effi ciently han dle dis tri bu tion of lit er a - journal was issued in five languages. ture in Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Nor- Two pop u lar monthly tracts, People’s Pul - way, Swe den, Den mark, Swit zer land, France, pit and Every body’s Paper, each con sist ing of South Africa, and Austra lia. Other smaller four newspa per-size pages, were produced in offices were also set up. thirty-one dif ferent languages. Some parts of The tumul tu ous years from 1916-1918 Pastor Rus sell’s mes sages had been trans lated divided the Bible Stu dent move ment into a and publish ed in thirty-five to forty languages num ber of segments. Most notable were the before his death in 1916. The cir cu la tion of Pasto ral Bible Insti tute and the Laymen’s these tracts in 1912 had reached 848,000 in Home Mis sion ary Move ment, formed from lan guages other than Eng lish. A par tial report those who left the Watch Tower Bible and in 1914 indicated these figures had grown dra - Tract Society. Another large movement was mati cally as follows: the Phil an thropic Society in Europe, 50,000 United States, Canada [est.] 47,610,000 strong. Great Britain 15,806,301 In Great Brit ain, Jesse Hemery was pro - gres sively cen tral iz ing power in him self. Seces- Germany 5,247,225 sion from Hemery, J. F. Rutherford and the Australasia 1,138,074 Watch Tower Society pro gressed rap idly after Sweden 816,323 World War I ended. The Bible Students Fin land 596,653 Com mit tee was con sti tuted in Lon don on Suisse-German 320,749 April 5, 1919 to coordi nate publish ing, pil- grim ser vice, etc., outside the Soci ety. South Africa 106,030 The B.S.C. Monthly (1924-1927), Bible Stu dents Monthly (1927-1951), was pub- lished by the Bible Fel low ship Union (BFU) under the orig i nal edi tor ship of E. Housden.

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 45 In August 1951 the name was changed to In India, S. P. Devasahayam (“Davey”), Bible Study Monthly, and A. O. from near Nagercoil, had begun the work in Hud son served as editor until his 1912, includ ing trans la tion of Studies in the death in 2000 at the age of 101. Scrip tures, vol ume 1, into Tamil and then He was suc ceeded by Derrick Malayalam. After Pastor Russell’ s death, con- Nadal. The BFU coop er ates tact with the Watch Tower was lost for many with the PBI in the U.S. Sepa - years, but contact with the PBI was later estab- rate from the BFU William lished. Davey became physi cally weak about Crawford (d. 1957) com- 1920 and thence forth invol un tarily inac tive menced The Old Paths in 1925, until his death in 1936. Then, also, many which con tin ued pub li ca tion associ ates left the Soci ety en masse. through 1961. Crawford was Davey appointed V. Devasandosham to strict in doctrine and felt the succeed him circa 1920. A capable organizer , har vest was essen tially over. Frank Edgell began pub lish ing Devasandosham organized the “Asso ciated Fellow ship in 1923. Fred er ick Bible Students” (later India Bible Stu dents Lardent was pub lishing Glean- Asso cia tion) and cen tered the work in Ma - ings. Jesse Hemery, departing dras. Tamil pub li ca tions included “Bab y lon Albert O. Hudson from the Society later than the and her Daughters,” “Is Sat urday the Sab bath oth ers, estab lished Goshen Fel - of the Chris tians?,” and “The True Bible Cat - low ship and pub lished futur ist inter pre ta tions e chism.” Later, he suggested 2520+30 years of Rev ela tion which have some adherents might signify the end in 1944; after 1939 today. A monthly publi ca tion, Pyramidology, many sold every thing for the sake of the Chris - by Dr. Adam Rutherford of Newcas tle, began tian work, which afterwards led to serious in 1941. The For est Gate Church (London) prob lems. Bible Monthly was pub lished 1936-1985. Orig i nally from Sin ga pore, Bro. Pakian Phillys Stracy com piled an eve ning devo tional (of poor health) bought a small print ing press book, Songs in the Night. A Dawn office was in Madras, 1920-1924. Pakian Press printed estab lished in Eng land shortly after World many Tamil tracts, and a monthly maga zine War II. The annual Con way Hall/Lon don (since 1922) for the Associ ated Bible Stu - conven tion (1931-1970), sponsored by four dents. After Devasandosham’s death, the press ecclesias, was Great Brit ain’s largest. An was moved to Coimbatore, in 1966 (with a annual conven tion was held in Portrush, press bought by the Dawn) to Madurai, and in North ern Ire land (1950-1980) [which corre - 1974 to Trichy (Tiruchiripali, where there were sponded roughly to the U.S. Gen eral Con ven- about three hundred in the class). Sr. Ryer tion, though pro por tion ately much smaller]. Pillai gave a trim ming machine for books circa The annual Maranatha [Our Lord Cometh] 1960. Conference (1950-1980) corre sponded approx i- As head of the India Bible Students Asso ci- mately to the Berean (Grove City, Pennsyl va - a tion, Devasandosham (1920-1944) was suc- nia) Con fer ence in the U.S. ceeded by T. C. Devakannu (“TCD” 1944- In Aus tra lia, R.E.B. Nichol son rejected 1970), by S. Rathansami (1967-1975) of the “sev enth vol ume” in 1918 and thence Tiruchiripali, and Sebastian (1975- ). The formed the Berean Bible Insti tute which has India Bible Stu dents Asso cia tion [Tamil lan- con tin u ously pub lished Peoples Paper in Mel- guage] con ven tion has been held annu ally bourne since 1918 (edited by E. E. Mar tin, since 1921. Currently it lasts about three days, circa 1926-1988). The Institute rep re sents attracts as many as five hun dred, and from both the PBI and the Dawn in that coun try. year-to-year rotates among a few cities. The There are several asso ciated Berean Bible Stu - Bible Stu dents Press publishes a monthly dent classes (includ ing Polish) in Austra lia maga zine in the Tamil lan guage. Several hun - and also a few in New Zealand. At the same dred Bible Students are scat tered throughout time Henninges in Mel bourne con tin ued pub - India, but are primar ily in the south. lish ing New Cove nant Advocate and King dom Sundar Raj Gilbert left an engineer ing Her ald from April 1909 to March 1943. It career to begin his activity. His outreach was later resumed by H. S. Winbush. beyond the Tamil state began in 1940. Sol o-

46 The Her ald of Christ’s King dom mon Subamangalam and Bro. George by 1930. S. F. Taba czynski, Jan Jezuit, W. O. chance found a small Dawn book let at Madras Wnorowski and Anthony E. Bogdanczik were and wrote for free lit era ture early in 1946. In also energetic. The general 1947 Subamangalam gave some of it to Sun - conven tion in Poland is held dar Raj Gilbert. Then corre spon dence be- every two years and can tween H. A. Livermore of Portland, Oregon, attract over two thousand. and Sundar Raj Gilbert led to foreign sup port Roughly three thou sand of the India work begin ning in 1947. The have regis tered with the gov- Northwest India Commit tee (in Amer ica later ernment as Bible Students. renamed Northwest Commit tee for India, and Na Strazy [On the Watch] now Friends of India) receives coop er a tion began pub li ca tion in War- from several classes and individ u als in the U.S. saw in 1958. A group for- and Canada. The South India Bible Stu dents merly coop er at ing with the Commit tee was formed in 1965 (in conjunc - Lay men’s Home Mis sion ary tion with G. R. Pollock’s visit) to pub lish lit er - Move ment in the U.S. a ture also in the other native languages includ - began pub lish ing Swit ing Telugu, Kanada (Canarese), Malayalam, [Day break] in 1958. Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, The French Dawn, R. H. Oleszynski and Oriya. The Bible Students Press has a Aurore, began pub li ca tion work ing agreement with the Dawn in Amer ica. circa 1951. Jour nal de Sion began near Lille, In Germany and Swit zerland, Sam uel France, in 1956 and publish es translated writ- Lau per (d. 1938) pub lished Heroldes des ings of Pas tor Rus sell and some cur rent arti - Köni greiches Christi, which was the Ger man cles. The Pol ish con sti tute the larg est pro por - Her ald of Christ’s King dom. Lauper also pub - tion of Bible Stu dents in France. Along a lished a German transla tion of Streeter’s dif fer ent line, Alex an der Freytag formed Revelation vol umes. Ewald Vorsteher pub lished the Man’s Friends (or Phil an thropic Society ) Wahrheits freund [Friend of Truth] in the group in 1920. Freytag claimed special reve la - 1920s. Conrad C. Binkele began pub lish ing tions and looked for Christ’s Second Com ing Der Pilgrim ca. 1930. These efforts were all in the future. The Swiss and the French suspended around the advent of the Hitler groups are divided now and publish their own regime. After the war Bible Students were journals. They claim an earthly hope and en- again able to receive Watchtower lit era ture (for deavor to do many good works. the first time in over a decade) and forthwith The New York Greek con gre ga tion was many left the Society. Joseph Huber began Die estab lished in 1933 and in 1934 began pub - Brennende Lampe [The Burning Lamp], sim- lish ing a Greek Dawn, He Haravgi. Frouros ilar to the Amer i can Her ald and Dawn (though [Watcher] was a doc tri naire pub li ca tion by more Fu tur ist). Alex an der Freytag pub lished George Loum bardas in Toronto. In Greece Jeder mannsblatt [Every body’s Paper]. Emil most of the Bible Stu dent activ ity is in Ath ens. Sad lac of Kirch lengern began Christliche Activity in Greece was often hampered by anti- Warte [Chris tian Watch tower] in 1949, which pros e ly tiz ing laws. offers a pre-har vest theol ogy. The Ger man A pub li ca tion in the Ital ian lan guage, Tagesan bruch [Daybreak, the German Dawn], L’Aurora Millenniale [The Dawn of the Mil - began in Berlin around 1950 and later moved lennium] was attempted in Hartford, Connect - to Freiburg. The German general conven tion icut, beginning ca. 1933. The Ital ian Dawn, began in 1955 and now typ ically hosts two Aurora, began pub li ca tion in 1953. hundred. There are Bible Students in the Prom i nent among Scan di na vians who left former East Germany also. They pub lished the Soci ety was (Count) Carl Lüttichau of Christliche Verantwortung [Chris tian Respon si - Copen ha gen. The Dano-Nor we gian Dawn, bility] for two years circa 1950. Daggry Forlaget, began pub lica tion ca. 1951. Pol ish activity outside the Soci ety began Swed ish efforts outside the IBSA com- with the jour nals Straz [Watchman] in 1923, menced about 1920, with Mr. Mellinder of edited by R. H. Oleszynski (1857-1930), and Harnosand and Axel Sjo prom i nent. A 1922 Brzask Nowej Ery [Dawn of a New Era] in

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 47 win ter con ven tion in Stock holm was attended The In ter na tional Con ven tion by nearly one hundred. (A few years later most Although there were Bible Stu dents in many of these turned to univer sal ism. ) Anders Kar - coun tries of the world, there often was lit tle len stressed the divine plan in the Great Pyra - com mu ni ca tion and co-op er a tion be tween mid of Egypt. A Swed ish Dawn, Dagnigen, them. It was largely to facil i tate such col labo - was pub lished 1951-1960. ra tion that the In ter na tional Con ven tion of Bi - ble Stu dents was or ga nized in 1982. A com- Finn ish efforts apart from the IBSA com - mit tee of rep re sen ta tives from Po land, France, menced early in 1921. A year later a Finnish Germany, Greece, England and the United jour nal had fif teen hun dred sub scrip tions, five States was formed to make the arrange ments. hun dred attended a con ven tion in Hel sinki The first conven tion was such a success that (one hun dred fifty spoke Swed ish), and a the gathered brethren voted to become self- thousand attended public meet ings. Mr. Nor- spon sor ing with an in ter na tional com mit tee tamo was a full-time pil grim, and W. Berghäll and meet every two years. Venues have in- (pro nounced “Berryhill” in Eng lish) appears cluded Kufstein and Obsteig, Austria; Wil - to have been a guiding light. There were active lingen, Ger many; DeBron, Hol land; Poitiers, classes of about fifty in Tampere (Tammer- France; Miskolc, Hungary; and Polanica Zdroj and Nowy Sacz, Po land. fors) and Turku (Åbo). From the first con ference held in Aus tria, A journal, Strasz and cor re spond ing to the with an attendance of about two hun dred fifty Pol ish Straz, was published from Win ni peg in to the last such meet ing in Poland, with about the Ukrai nian language. A Ukrainian radio nine hun dred attend ing, brethren have come broad cast, Peter and Paul, was also sponsored from over fifteen countries, including Japan, by the Ukrai nian class in Winni peg. Russia, Nigeria, India, Argentina, and Brazil in addition to the U.S. and Canada, Austra - Span ish broad casts of Fran cisco y Ernesto lia, and many coun tries in both East ern and are heard through out Latin America and the West ern Europe. south ern most U.S. The Span ish work was These gather ings have also spawned inter - spear headed by Roberto Montero in San na tional youth camps with over a hundred Diego, Cal i for nia. attending, and such multi-country gather ings Roma nian activ ity was cur tailed by World as a joint French-Ger man con ven tion every year. War II. Afterwards, prop erty was con fiscated and activ ity sup pressed dur ing the Ceausescu Presen t Activ ity regime. Several thou sand there had no con tact Bible Students now live and/or hold meetings with Bible Stu dents from other coun tries until in at least these countries: Russia (includ ing the fall of the Ceausescu govern ment at the end Si be ria), Ukraine, Lith u a nia, Slovenia, of 1989. Moldova, Ro ma nia, Bul garia, Hun gary, Po- land, Finland, Sweden, Den mark, Germany, Africa work began in earnest in 1972- Aus tria, Swit zer land, Greece, It aly, Spain, 1973 with visits to inter ested groups in Nige- France, Bel gium, Holland, England, Ireland, ria, though the Lay man’s Home Mis sion ary North ern Ire land, Wales, Ni ge ria, Ghana, Movement had been active there for years. Ma lawi, Cam er oon, Kenya, Pa ki stan, In dia, Recently a number of visits have also been South Africa, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Austra lia, made to Ghana. New Zealand, Ja pan, Brazil, Argen tina, Still more recently the New Bruns wick, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Colom bia, Mexico, Uru- New Jersey, congre ga tion has begun an exten- guay, Guyana, United States, Can ada, the Phil ip pines, and the West In dies. Some work sive minis try of comfort to Israel. Ken neth has recentl y begun in Sri Lanka. Raw son has trav eled exten sively to Israel and The most size able move ments, with over many eastern Euro pean countries with the a thousand each, are in the United States, audio-video pre sen ta tion Israel, Appoint ment Poland, Romania, and India. The Herald With Destiny that has been well-received not mag a zine cur rently reaches sub scrib ers in only in the Holy Land but by thou sands of nearly fifty dif ferent countries and, through its Jews of the Diaspora. web page, has an out reach to many more.

48 The Her ald of Christ's King dom A De light ful In her i tance LORD, you have assigned me my portion and my cup; you have made my lot secure. The boundary lines have fallen for me in pleasant places; surely I have a delight ful in heri - tance.—Psalm 16:5,6, NIV Tim Thomassen he Lord’s people have a wonder ful her i- who do not need to be ashamed and who cor - tage. This is seen more clearly the rectly han dle the word of truth (2 Tim othy deeper one probes into the Word of 2:15). TGod. The Scrip tures con firm this. “Your stat - Both indi vid u ally and col lec tively, may we utes are my heri tage for ever; they are the joy of do good unto all men, espe cially the house hold my heart” (Psalm 119:111, NIV). of faith (Galatians 6:10). May the Lord grant The word “heri tage” sug gests some thing us wis dom, strength, and the means to “preach that has been inherited. Lit erally, it could be the Word; be pre pared in sea son and out of an heir loom, an estate, pat ri mony, or por tion. season; correct, rebuke and encourage—with It is a pos ses sion. great patience and careful instruction” (2 Tim- Some have been privi leged to have been o thy 4:2, NIV). raised in an envi ron ment in which the Bible The Lord’s peo ple in this end of the age are has been stud ied and its precepts followed told in Rev e la tion 18:4 to “come out of her closely. Others have come to know the beauties [Bab y lon] … that ye be not par tak ers of her of the truth in differ ent ways, hav ing been led sins.” We should depart from any form of by the holy spirit through other instru men tal i - denominationalism, encour age each other not ties. to be in bond age to the creeds and prac tices of Once we have been introduced to God’s men or orga ni za tions, teach the gos pel to any - mar vel ous teachings, it is nec es sary to decide one who has a “hear ing ear,” while con tin u ing what we should do with them. Do we embrace to lay down our lives in sacri fice. or ignore them? Will they become the focal point of our life or merely occupy a distant “Come out, then, from among them, the place in our thoughts and affec tions? Lord says to us, sep a rate your selves from them, Perhaps some are fac ing these decision s cur- and do not even touch what is unclean” (2 rently. If so, it is hoped that the fol low ing pre - Corin thi ans 6:17, Knox). cious promises will provide strength and Many indi ca tors sug gest strongly that we encour age ment: are living in the time of the harvest, the end of “The meek will he guide in judgment: and the age (Mat thew 13:39). It is a period of sep - the meek will he teach his way.”—Psalm 25:9 a rating the real wheat from the tares. There “Delight thy self also in the LORD; and he may be many fine and noble people among the shall give thee the desires of thine heart. Com- tares. However, they are not part of the wheat mit thy way unto the LORD; trust also in him; class because they are not begotten of the truth and he shall bring it to pass.”—Psalm 37:4,5 and its spirit. Only God’s truth sancti fies (John “Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh 17:17). Further more, we are told that this is to you.”—James 4:8. “the will of God, even your sanc ti fica tion” (1 If we are endeavor ing to grow in the grace Thessalonians 4:3). and knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ (2 Truth is a rare thing. Proverbs 23:23 coun- Peter 3:18), we must con tinue to “keep on sels us to “buy the truth, and sell it not.” keeping on.” Let us receive God’s message Truth, wisdom, and understand ing are pre- with great eagerness and examine the Scrip- cious. They should never be sold nor com pro - tures daily to see if what we have been told is mised. May we be faithful to this end while cul- true (Acts 17:11). May we do our best to ti vat ing the charac ter like ness of our Master, pres ent our selves to God as approved workmen Christ Jesus.

Spe cial Bi ble Stu dents His tory Is sue 49 Bi ble Stu dent Be liefs Several beliefs, while not neces sarily unique to the Bible Student movement, when taken collec tivel y outline a doctrina l position that is dis tinct from main stream Chris tianity. Some of these teach ings are: 01. Inspi ration of the Bible: Bible Stu dents are united in hold ing that the sacred Scrip tures, both Old and New Tes ta - ments, are inspired and are the final authority for authen tic truth. Cor rect doc trine is to be estab lished in beliefs that har mo - nize all Scriptures on each sub ject. No non-scriptural words may be made an article of faith. 02. Cre ation: Bible Stu dents believe in cre ation, while admit ting for some evo lu tion in the animal cre ation, and that man (and thence, woman) was a direct cre ation of God, phys ically and mentally perfect. 03. Orig i nal Sin: Believ ing that Adam and Eve were cre ated per fect, the Bible Stu dent posi tion is that the sin of disobe di- ence in the Gar den of Eden resulted in all of their pos ter ity being born under the blight of sin, imper fec tion, and death. 04. Nature of God: The Bible Stu dent posi tion is nei ther Trin itar ian nor Uni tar ian. While they believe that Jesus is the Son of God and possess es the nature of God, the divine nature, since his res ur rec tion, they do not accept the posi tions of co- eter nity or co-equal ity between the Father and the Son. Rather than accept ing the doc trine of incarna tion, they hold that Jesus was wholly flesh while on earth, hav ing divested him self of his spiri tual nature. Nor do they accept the con cept of the holy spirit being a person; it is the dis posi tion or influence of God. 05. Nature of Man: In dis tinc tion from inher ent immor tal ity, the Bible Stu dent view is that man is mor tal by nature and immor tal ity is obtain able only by meet ing condi tions of obe dience. They hold that the human soul is not a dis tinct entity but is the result of the union of the body and the breath, or spark, of life and that death is the dis so lu tion of these two ele ments. 06. State of the Dead: Because death is the dis so lu tion of body and breath, the soul that sins dies and goes out of exis tence until the resur rec tion process begins in the future kingdom of Messiah. The Bible “hell” is the grave and nei ther a place of eter nal fire nor of conscious sep a ra tion from God. 07. Vir gin Birth: While Jesus was mirac u lously begot ten by God through the holy spirit in the womb of Mary, the Bible implies that she did not remain a vir gin there af ter and prob a bly had chil dren by Joseph after the birth of Jesus. Her nature was the same as oth ers of the fallen race, and there is no bib lical indica tion of an “immac u late concep tion” of Mary. 08. Ran som and Res ti tu tion: The main pur pose of Jesus’ first advent was to pro vide a ransom, or substitutionary atone- ment for Adam and hence the entire human race descend ing from him. This ransom was provided at the cross of Cal vary and is effi ca cious for all who have ever died. It prom ises resus cita tion from death for all humanity in Christ’s 1,000-year kingdom, along with an oppor tu nity to obtain and main tain per fect human life for eter nity. The ran som also pro vides for the reha bil ita tion of planet earth to per fect Edenic con di tions. 09. Res ur rec tion: After Jesus Christ was cru cified, he was raised to spir itual life by his father, God, and given a divine body in the express image of God’s per son. 10. The Heav enly Call ing: At his first advent, Jesus began call ing out from mankind a special class to be his church or bride. To these he prom ises a part in heaven with him self and his Father, and a kingdom role of reign ing over man kind with him self for the bless ing of all the fam ilies of the earth. Those who accept this invi ta tion make a com plete con se cra tion or com mit ment to do the will of God as they see it revealed and at the cost of a sur ren der of a right to life on earth. This con se - cra tion is wit nessed by bap tism (com plete water immer sion). 11. Sec ond Advent: As with most Chris tians, the expec ta tion that Jesus Christ would return to fin ish the work he began two thou sand years ago is an impor tant part of their faith. Most Bible Stu dents share the fol low ing beliefs in the sec ond advent: a. Object: That the object of his return is the res ur rec tion of the dead and the estab lish ment of a new world order of peace and righ teous ness in which all sin, sorrow, and death will be elim inated. b. Man ner: That Jesus returns invis ibly, at first unnoticed by the world at large, though even tu ally man ifest ing that pres - ence to all. c. Time: Though not in uni versal agree ment, the majority of Bible Stu dents feel con fident that the time for his return was in the near past (1874) and that he is in the pro cess of fin ish ing his church, evict ing the old regime of the adver sary, and super vising the prep a ra tion of Israel for kingdom work. 12. Return of Israel: The estab lish ment of the nation of Israel and the return of the Jew ish peo ple to their ances tral home - land is an indi ca tion of the res to ra tion of the favor of God to that nation, and an indi ca tion of the near ness of Mes siah’s kingdom. Bible Stu dents antic ipate a return of Israel to the bor ders prom ised to Abra ham and a final con flict in the Mid dle East, in which their ancient proph ets will be res ur rected and God will, through them, bring about an unprec e dented mirac - u lous deliv er ance intro duc ing the world wide king dom of Christ, expand ing thence to a world-wide domin ion of peace. 13. Church Orga ni za tion: The Bible Stu dent com mu nity is orga nized on a strict con gre ga tional basis with each local group totally auton o mous. Each group selects its min is try (elders and dea cons) by a total vote of their con se crated mem bers, and coop er ates with other con gre ga tions as deter mined by that local group. All expenses are paid entirely by free-will voluntary offer ings with no col lec tions or man dated costs; the min is try serves on a non-paid and vol un tary basis.

50 The Her ald of Christ's King dom Early Church His tory Bible Stu dent His tory

33 Death of Je sus 1302 Pa pal Su prem acy Pro claimed 1871 C. T. Russell Contacts Storrs 66 Death of Apos tle Paul 1309 Avignon Pa pacy 1876 C. T. Rus sell Meets Barbour 70 Fall of Je ru sa lem 1378 “Great Schism” (two popes) 1877 Our Lord’s Re turn Pam phlet 90 Coun cil of Jamnia 1380 Bible in Eng lish (Wycliffe) 1877 “The Three Worlds” 96 Death of Apos tle John 1398 Jan Hus (Czecho slo va kia) 1879 Zions Watch Tower Mag a zine 155 Polycarp Martyred 1408 “Great Schism” Ends 1881 “Food for Thinking Christians ” 200 New Tes ta ment Canon 1431 Death of Joan of Arc 1881 Col por teur Work Be gins 234 Origen Ex iled 1456 Gutenberg Bible Printed 1881 “Ta ber na cle Shad ows” 270 Mo nas ti cism De vel ops 1471 Thomas à Kempis (Germa ny) 1883 Non-Eng lish Trans la tions Be gin 303 Diocletian Per se cu tion 1491 Savanarola Burned at the Stake 1884 Tract So ci ety Formed 325 Ni cene Creed 1492 Jews Leave Spain 1886 “Di vine Plan of the Ages” 336 Death of Arius 1498 Desiderius Erasmus (Holland) 1889 “Old The ol ogy” Tracts 386 Trin ity Es tab lished 1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 1889 “The Time Is At Hand” 394 Mass In tro duced 1524 Ulrich Zwingli (Swit zer land) 395 Latin Vul gate (Jerome) 1530 Augsburg Con fes sion 1890 “Thy Kingdom Come” 431 Council of Ephesus 1534 Bible in Germ an (Luther) 1892 “Watch Tower” Semi-Monthly 1534 Church of England Es tablishe d 1893 First Con ven tion Held Mid dle Ages Begin 1541 John Calvin (Geneva) 1894 Pil grim Min is try Be gins 476 Rome Falls 1558 John Knox (Scotland) 1895 “To Us the Scrip tures Teach” 496 Franks Converte d 1572 Hu gue nots Mas sa cred in Paris 1895 Dan ish, Pol ish Work 539 Pa pal Tem po ral Power 1599 Divine Right of Kings 1895 Al le gheny Church Trial 622 Moham med an ism Forms Middle Ages End 1897 “The Day of Ven geance” 664 Eng land Be comes Cath o lic 1899 500,000 Evo lu tion Tracts 711 Arabs Conquer Spain 1611 King James Bible 1899 “The At-One-Ment” 760 Pope Gets Vat i can States 1618 30-years War Be gins 1900 Lon don Ta ber na cle 787 Sec ond Coun cil of Nicea 1633 Bap tist Church Or ga nized 1903 Rus sell-Eaton De bates 800 Pope Crowns Charle m agne 1654 John Milton (England) 1904 “The New Creation ” 842 Im age Wor ship Es tab lished 1667 Wm. Penn Denies Trinity 1905 “Daily Heav enly Manna” 900 Cath o lics Con quer Spain 1675 Pietist Moveme nt 1906 Rus sell Sep a ra tion Trial 910 Cluny Reform Begins 1693 Cot ton Mather (Pu ri tan) 1907 “Com ment” Bi ble 962 Holy Rom an Em pire 1730 Meth od ist Church (Wes ley) 1908 “Over land Monthly” Ar ti cles 993 Can on iza tion of Saints 1738 “Great Awak en ing” (U.S.) 1908 Rus sell-White De bates 1000 Fear of the End of the World 1764 Vol taire (France) 1908 Cov e nants Con tro versy 1049 Leo IX—Re form Pope 1772 In qui si tion Abol ished 1910 Hippo drom e Talk to Jews 1054 East-West Church Schism 1789 French Rev o lu tion 1911 “Die Stimme” for Jews (Yiddish) 1073 Priest hood Cel i bacy De creed 1798 Pope Im prisoned in France 1912 Around the World Trip 1090 Praying with Beads Be gins 1804 Bi ble So ci et ies Es tab lished 1096 First Crusade 1831 Wil liam Miller (U.S.) 1914 “Photo-Drama of Creation” 1162 Thomas à Becket (England) 1846 Evan gel i cal Al li ance 1915 50 Mil lion Tracts Distrib uted 1173 Pe ter Waldo (France) 1859 Or i gin of Spe cies Publishe d 1916 Death of Pastor Rus sell 1189 Third Crusade 1864 Em phatic Diaglott Pub lished 1918 PBI Or ga nized 1209 Fran cis of Assisi (Italy) 1870 Pa pacy Loses Tem po ral Power 1920 LHMM es tab lished 1233 In qui si tion Es tab lished 1870 Pa pal In fal li bil ity Pro claimed 1932 Dawn Or ga nized 1252 Tor ture In tro duced 1879 Bi ble Stu dent Move ment 1938 Gen eral Con ven tions Be gin 1264 Thomas Aquinas (Italy) 1900 Bible in 120 Languages 1952 Tele vi sion Work Be gins 1291 End of Crusade s 1906 Pen te cos tal Move ment 1982 Int’l. Con ven tions Be gin

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