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Initial Assessment Report for Nigeria Minamata Convention on Mercury Initial Assessment Report for Nigeria

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Initial Assessment Report for Nigeria Minamata Convention on Mercury Initial Assessment Report for Nigeria MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NIGERIA MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NIGERIA June, 2017 MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NIGERIA FOREWORD Mercury (Hg) does not only pose significant local contamination problems, but its elemental form can be oxidized and travel long distances through the atmosphere and /or deposited in ecosystems. In aquatic systems, mercury from local and distant sources can be converted into methylmercury, a serious neurotoxin. High-dose exposure to methylmercury can lead to significant neurological damage, heart disease and fatalities. Low-dose exposure has been linked to developmental delays and neurological damage affecting brain and muscle capacity, especially in small children. Thus, mercury remains a major global, regional and national challenge in terms of threat to human health and the environment. Although, mercury is released into the environment through natural phenomena, the bulk of environmental mercury now comes from human activities. In Nigeria, the major sources of mercury emissions and releases are through the following economic activities: artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), use and improper disposal of mercury containing products and their wastes, cement production, oil & gas exploration and exploitation activities. In support of global measure to address the increasing level of mercury in the environment, Nigeria joined the rest of the world to negotiate the Minamata Convention on Mercury-a global, legally binding treaty; and, having agreed to the text of the Convention, signed it on 10th October 2013. The Federal Executive Council (FEC) on 12th April 2017 approved the ratification of the Convention and the Federal Ministry of Justice is currently preparing the instrument of ratification for Mr. President’s signature. To this end, Nigeria with the support of the Government of Switzerland and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) executed a project in 2014 titled “Ratification and Early Implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury in Nigeria”. The major outcomes of this project are the development of a ratification dossier for the implementation of the Convention; and information note on the Minamata Convention on Mercury to create awareness among national stakeholders about the Convention and its benefits for the country. To further assist Nigeria in completing pre-ratification activities under the Minamata Convention to enable policy and strategic decision-making and to prioritize areas for future interventions on mercury related issues; the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and UNITAR collaborated with Nigeria to implement a Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded project title “Minamata Convention Initial Assessment in Nigeria”. The development and adoption of this document- Minamata Convention on Mercury Initial Assessment report for Nigeria, which is the first to be developed under the Convention by any country, is a practical demonstration of the commitment of the Government of Nigeria towards the implementation of the provisions of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. This document is presented to all Nigerians and development partners for implementation and support towards the protection of human health and the environment from the anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) serving as the coordinating Ministry. A pollution free environment is our goal. We hope that this document will go a long way to help in achieving this goal. Mr. Ibrahim Usman Jibril Honourable Minister of State Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigeria ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Federal Ministry of Environment in close collaboration with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) under the guidance of the project’s National Steering Committee (NSC) coordinated the implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury Initial Assessment (MIA) in Nigeria project and the outstanding success of the project is as a result of hardwork, research, commitment, dedication and inclusive participation of many individuals and organisations. The Federal Ministry of Environment on behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria hereby expresses profound gratitude to the members of the National Steering Committee and all national stakeholders who made contributions to the development of this document. The efforts of the project Team and consultant are acknowledged for the hardwork towards the smooth execution of the project. The project team comprise of Mr. Abdulkazeem Bayero (Project Coordinator) who was later succeeded by Dr. Idris Goji, Mr. Olubunmi Olusanya (Assistant Project Coordinator), Mr. John Adefemi Adegbite (Mercury Expert), Mrs. Oluwatoyin Olabanji (Project Technical Officer), Mr. Ahmed Bah (Assistant Technical Officer), Ms. Nkiru Ogbodo (Assistant Technical Officer), Mrs. Agnes Ogu (Secretary) and Dr. Michael Okoh (UNITAR’s Consultant). Our appreciation also goes to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for providing the financial assistance for the implementation of this project, UNIDO and UNITAR for their technical assistance toward the development of this document. I will like to acknowledge specially the key roles played by Dr. Jean Bakole (Representative and Director, UNIDO Regional Office Nigeria and West Africa), Ms Rodica Ivan (Project Manager, UNIDO), Mr. Yomi Banjo (Environment Expert, UNIDO), Mr. Jorge Ocana (Manager of the Chemicals and Waste Programme of UNITAR) and Mr. Nelson Manda (Senior Specialist) towards the success of the entire MIA project. The Ministry also appreciates the role of UNITAR’s international consultants Mr. Jakob Maag and Mr. David Piper in reviewing the document during the development and finalisation stages. The Federal Government of Nigeria is committed to ensuring the protection of human health and environment from the hazards of mercury. This document provides in-depth information on Nigeria’s issues with respect to mercury management and should be widely disseminated to all relevant stakeholders for necessary actions. Dr. Shehu M.U.Ahmed MCIT, FIPAN Permanent Secretary The Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigeria iii MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NIGERIA CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ II ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................. III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................VII GLOSSARY OF TERMS, UNITS AND ACRONYMS ....................................................................................IX INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................XI Mercury as an Issue ............................................................................................................. xi The Minamata Convention on Mercury .............................................................................. xii Summary of Key Provisions of the Minamata Convention ................................................... xii Mercury Initial Assessment .................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1. NATIONAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION .......................................................................1 1.1 Geography and Population ............................................................................................1 1.2 Political and Economic Profile .........................................................................................3 1.3 Nigeria’s Natural Resources ...........................................................................................3 1.4 Profile of Solid Mineral Deposits in Nigeria .....................................................................5 1.5 Country Environmental Overview ..................................................................................6 1.6 Nigeria’s MIA Project ......................................................................................................9 Chapter 2. MERCURY INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION OF EMISSIONS AND RELEASES IN NIGERIA .......................................................................................................................13 2.1 Inventory Planning, Preparation and Management .......................................................13 2.2 Sources of Mercury Emissions and Releases in Nigeria ..................................................14 2.2.1 Mercury-added Products ....................................................................................14 2.2.2 Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining ...............................................................22 2.2.3 Coal mining, Coal-fired Power Plants and Industrial Boilers .................................23 2.2.4 Smelting and Roasting Processes in Non-ferrous Metal Production .....................26 2.2.5 Cement Sector ...................................................................................................27 2.2.6 Industrial Fugitive Emissions ...............................................................................33
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