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Presentazione Sarcofagi-V.Pdf Corso di Egittologia e civiltà copta, Prof.ssa P. Buzi Lezione monografica I sarcofagi nell’Antico Egitto Un’introduzione alla loro evoluzione stilistica ed iconografica Valeria Tappeti 28/11/2019 Pagina 2 Qrsw e altri termini qrsw (Wb V, 65, 13-14): “sarcofago”, anche usato come determinativo. Indica la tipologia di sarcofago più diffusa durante l’Antico Regno: modello architettonico con coperchio voltato e barre finali. Nella mastaba di Senedjemib Inti (G 2370, V Din.) si trova un rilievo con la scena del trasporto di un sarcofago qrsw, insieme al relativo coperchio (‘ɜ), dalle cave di Tura. ḏrwt (Wb V, 601, 3): in Pyr. 616 d. nb ‘nḫ (Wb I, 199, 14): il soprintendente all’Alto Egitto Uni fu inviato da Merenra presso le cave di granito di Ibeht, a SE della II cateratta, per prendere il sarcofago, nb ‘nḫ, hn n nb ‘nḫw, “signore della vita, cassa dei viventi” (Urk. I, 106, 14). ḏbɜt (Wb V, 561, 9-10): si riferisce a sarcofagi litici e lignei, indica più probabilmente il “sarcofago esterno” in contrapposizione a wt, letteralmente “involucro”, che denoterà il sarcofago antropoide introdotto alla fine del Medio Regno. mn-‘nḫ (Wb II, 63, 1): possibilmente l’equivalente ramesside di nb ‘nḫ. Pagina 3 Funzione e aspetti religiosi • Protezione: preservazione del corpo per assicurare al defunto la sopravvivenza nell’aldilà. Questo aspetto/potere simbolico e religioso era assicurato per mezzo della forma del sarcofago e della selezione di testi e immagini ivi raffigurati (capacità performativa di immagine e parola: protezione della mummia conservata all’interno del sarcofago, letteralmente “avvolta” dalle formule inscritte e dipinte). • Dimora eterna: il sarcofago come estensione e sostituto della tomba, dimora eterna del defunto. Per estensione il sarcofago diviene anch’esso dimora eterna, i più antichi esemplari, infatti riprendono l’architettura tombale (decorazione a «facciata di palazzo» o a nicchie e lesene). • Sostituto: il sarcofago antropoide come sostituto del corpo. Assimilazione del defunto ad Osiride. • Microcosmo: associazione del coperchio al cielo e alla dea Nut e dell’alveo al mondo terreno e alla dea dell’Occidente. “Oh mia madre Nut, diffondi te stessa sopra di me, cosicchè io possa essere posto tra le stelle imperiture e non morire mai”. Pagina 4 Funzione e aspetti religiosi Concetto di rinascita. Divinità del ciclo osiriano: identificazione del defunto con il dio Osiride al fine di ottenere la resurrezione dopo la morte, come il dio stesso. A enfatizzare tale associazione iscrizioni e raffigurazioni che nominano Iside e Nefti sono poste ai piedi e alla testa del sarcofago, a richiamo delle dee poste a protezione del corpo di Osiride. Ulteriore protezione è data dai quattro figli di Horus –Imset, a testa umana, Hapi, a testa di babbuino, Duamutef, a testa di canide, e Qebehsenuf, a testa di falco, le cui parole e figure sono poste ai lati del sarcofago. A volte sono rappresentate anche le divinità della seconda e terza generazione della Grande Enneade Eliopolitana. Il defunto accede all’aldilà e accompagna Ra, divinità solare, nel suo viaggio attraverso il cielo e l’aldilà. Sono comuni, soprattutto dal Nuovo Regno, rappresentazioni del dio: spesso come Ra-Harakhti, a testa di falco, il disco solare alato, la barca solare, o Khepri con il disco solare (rinascita). Pagina 5 Predinastico (4500-3300 a.C.) e Protodinastico (I-II Din., 3150-2700 a.C.) • Sepolture in fossa • Vimini e «pots-burials» • Primi sarcofagi lignei Pagina 6 Predinastico (4500-3300 a.C.) e Protodinastico (I-II Din., 3150-2700 a.C.) Sepolture in fossa: inumazione in fosse ovali che riprendono la pianta delle abitazioni, corpo in posizione rannicchiata, coricato su di un fianco, testa a S e volto a O. Gerzeano (ca 4000-3300; Naqada II-III): appaiono i primi sarcofagi in terracotta o legno. Uso di ceste di vimini -“panieri”- rettangolari, coperti da stuoie e larghi vasi. In alcune necropoli è attestato l’uso di sarcofagi fittili, tipi fondamentali: a forma ovale o a “tinozza” (Wannenforme), rettangolare con angoli arrotondati o rettangolare. Pots-burials o “sepolture a vaso”: durante il periodo Predinastico anche in siti del Basso Egitto (Maadi). Dal Predinastico nelle necropoli dell’Alto Egitto, frequenti tra III Din. (ca 2700-2625 a. C.) e IV Din. (ca. 2625-2510 a.C.): Kom el-Alimar, el-Kab, el- Gebelein, Armant , el-Ballits, el-Amra, Abido , Nag el-Deir, Reqaqna, el-Mustagedda, el- Matmar, Qaw e el-Badari nell’Alto Egitto, Hammamiya, Nuerat, Gerza, Gurob nel Fayyum. Pagina 7 Primi sarcofagi lignei: nel tardo periodo Predinastico con la lavorazione del rame si hanno i primi utensili per lavorare il legno. I sarcofagi, in legno locale grezzo, sono rettangolari e brevi (corpo in posizione contratta), lunghi circa 1 m. Tipo squadrato: semplici casse rettangolari Tipo qrsw: verosimilmente introdotto durante la II o III Din. (ca 2700-2625 a. con coperchio piano. C.), ex. da necropoli di Saqqara, Tarkhan, Beni Hasan. Decorazione che riproduce la tomba, con coperchio a volta e tavole rettangolari alle estremità, pannelli laterali lavorati a nicchie e lesene (decorazione a “facciata di palazzo”). Sarcofago come “dimora eterna”. Mastaba della regina Dettagli di un Merneith, sarcofago con I din., Saqqara decorazione a “facciata di palazzo” Pagina 8 Antico Regno (III-VI Din., ca 2700-2190 a.C) Dai Testi delle Piramidi, Pyr. 482 (1002a-1003c): “Dire le parole: o mio padre Osiri Pepi, levati sul tuo fiano sinistro, poniti sul tuo fianco destro, verso quest’acqua nuova che io ti ho dato. O mio padre Osiri Pepi, levati sul tuo fianco sinistro, poniti sul tuo fianco destro, verso questo pane caldo che io ti ho fatto”. L’orientamento del corpo è variabile fino alla III Din., in genere il cadavere è coricato sul fianco sinistro con la testa a S ed il volto ad O. Dalla III-IV Din. il defunto è posto sul fianco sinistro in posizione distesa, con testa a N e volto ad E, probabilmente in connessione agli avanzamenti nella tecnica dell’imbalsamazione (esportazione viscere) e alla crescente dottrina solare. Aumenta, dunque, la lunghezza dei sarcofagi. Necropoli maggiori: Giza e Saqqara. I più alti ufficiali sono provvisti di sarcofago litico (sarcophagus;sarcophage) e cassa lignea (coffin; cercueil). Altri posseggono due casse lignee posizionate l’una dentro l’altra, mentre gli individui meno abbienti sono provvisti di un singolo sarcofago ligneo costituito da frammenti irregolari uniti insieme per mezzo di tasselli. Pagina 9 Sarcofagi litici: famiglia reale e alti funzionari, dalla IV Din. (ca 2625-2510 a.C.), soprattutto nelle necropoli intorno alle piramidi. Dall’autobiografia di Uni, VI Din.(ca 2460-2200) (Urk. I, 99, 10-16): «Io ho chiesto alla maestà del mio signore che mi si portasse un sarcofago di calcare bianco di Tura. Sua Maestà ha fatto in modo che un portasigilli del dio e un equipaggio al suo comando traversassero il fiume per portarmi questo sarcofago da Tura. Egli ritornò con esso, in una zattera grande della Residenza, insieme con il suo coperchio…». Materiali e tecnica costruttiva: granito rosso, rosa e grigio (dalle cave di Assuan- mɜṯ, mɜṯ ɜbw “granito di Elefantina”), alabastro šś o raramente bit (da cave nei pressi di Helwan, da el-Mina leggermente a S di Assiut, da Het-nub nei pressi di el-Amarna), calcare utilizzato soprattutto dai privati (dalle cave di Tura), basalto. Di solito costituiti da 2 monoliti, uno per il coperchio e l’altro per la cassa, dello stesso materiale. Mastaba di Ibi, V Din. (ca 2510- 2460 a.C.), Giza; parete E: sn qrsw “per levigare un sarcofago” di mw di š‘(y) “dai (versa) acqua, dai (metti) sabbia” sš pw “il lucidatore” Pagina 10 Tipi: cassa rettangolare con pareti levigate o grezze o con decorazione a «facciata di palazzo», coperchio a volta con barre terminali, piano o raramente piano con bordi laterali a gola egizia. A volte sono presenti bugne sui lati brevi utilizzate come prese per il posizionamento del coperchio. Presentano poche iscrizioni: sarcofagi reali anepigrafi fino alla VI Din. Iscrizioni con nome e titoli del defunto e formula ḥtp di nsw raramente presenti durante la IV Din., più diffuse con la VI Din. Sarcofagi regali: -Primi esemplari rinvenuti nelle camere sotterranee della Piramide a Gradoni (Gioser, Saqqara). Rinvenuti 5 sarcofagi, 4 dei quali divisi in coppie e il quinto, frammentario, posto in una terza galleria. In alabastro, hanno dimensioni modeste e posano su zoccoli in calcare. Due sono del tipo qrsw , uno semplice, gli altri frammentari. -Sarcofago in granito nero (Cheope) e rosso (Chefren), rettangolari con lati e coperchio piani, privi di decorazione a pannelli, diversamente da quello di Micerino, decorato con il motivo a «facciata di palazzo». Sarcofagi del tipo “piano” e del tipo qrsw si rinvengono dalla IV (ca 2625-2510 a. C.) alla VI Din. (ca 2460-2200 a.C.), mentre il tipo semplice in pietra dura, quale granito nero o rosso e basalto, diviene la forma prediletta per i sarcofagi dei sovrani della V e VI Din. Il primo sarcofago reale inscritto è quello di Teti. I sarcofagi reali della VI Din. sono privi del “pannello degli occhi”. I sarcofagi di Pepi I e di Merenra hanno una banda di iscrizioni lungo il coperchio, quello di Teti presenta inoltre una banda inscritta all’interno. Sarcofagi litici di alti funzionari: soprattutto del tipo qrsw, comuni dalla V Din.(ca 2510-2460 a.C.), in calcare o granito rosso, con o privi di decorazione a «facciata di palazzo» e a volte inscritti. Quelli della VI Din. presentano per lo più una banda inscritta posta in alto o nell’angolo orientale del coperchio, pochi esemplari recano il “pannello degli occhi”. Pagina 11 Sarcofago di Teti (VI Din.): collocato all’interno della piramide del re (Saqqara).
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