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Guide to Families 29 BIVALVES Coastal species are of great interest to fisheries and have potential for exportation for eating purposes. Bivalves are caught mainly by divers and are also fished for pearls. Their flesh is of excellent quality. Since oysters remain alive out of the water for over 12 hours, they may exported to far destinations when still alive. Moreover, some species are collected for their nacreous shell and ability to develop pearls. The shell can be used in the mother of pearl industry. The “Guide to Families’’ andTECHNICAL ‘‘Guide to Species’’ TERMS include 5AND families MEASUREMENTS and 10 species, respectively. ligament Dorsal margin umbo posterior adductor cardinal tooth muscle scar lateral tooth Posterior Anterior margin margin shell height anterior adductor muscle scar pallial sinus pallial shell length line left valve (interior) Ventral margin ligament left valve right valve lunule umbo Adductor muscle: Byssus: Chomata: Muscle connecting the two valves of a shell, tending to draw them together. Hinge: Clump of horny threads spun by the foot, by which a Bivalve can anchor to a hard substrate. Ligament: Small denticles and corresponding pits located on the inner margin of the valves (Ostreidae and Gryphaeidae). Mantle: Top interlocking margin of the valves, often with shelly projections (teeth) and corresponding recesses (sockets). Muscle scar: Horny, elastic structure joining the two valves dorsally. Pallial line: Fleshy sheet surrounding vital organs and composed of two lobes, one lining and secreting each valve. Umbo: Impression marking the place of attachment of a muscle inside the shell. A line near the internal margin of valve, marking the site of attachment of the mantle edge. The first formed part of a valve, usually above the hinge. 30 Bivalves GUIDE TO FAMILIES PTERIIDAE Page 32 Pearl oysters § hinge line straight, teeth reduced to absent anterior ear posterior ear To about 20 cm. Marine. Two species of interest to fisheries are included in the Guide to Species. nacreous area interior with Shell compressed, with scaly to lamellar surface posterior adductor scar large pallial line without sinus left valve (interior) PECTINIDAE Page 32 Scallops § hinge line straight, with To about 11 cm. Marine and brackish waters; umbo median well developed ears benthic. Two species of interest to fisheries are anterior ear included in the Guide to Species. ligament internal, pointing under umbo single posterior adductor scar anterior ear byssal notch on Shell more or less pallial line inequivalve, with well developed radial ribs right valve (interior) without sinus GRYPHAEIDAE Page 33 Honeycomb oysters § ligamental area with To about 30 cm. Marine. One species of interest to shallow median pit fisheries is included in the Guide to Species. chomata long and sinuous, branched single posterior adductor scar Shell irregularly shaped, inequivalve, cemented to substrate by left valve shell structure vesicular (most visible near internal margins) GuideOSTREIDAE to Families Page 3331 ligamental area with Oysters § shallow median pit To about 20 cm. Marine and estuarine. Three species chomata when of interest to fisheries are included in the Guide to present, simple Species. and short Shell irregularly shaped, inequivalve, cemented to substrate by left valve single posterior adductor scar TRIDACNIDAE Page 34 Giant clams § ligament two ridge–like byssal gape plicate, To about 35 cm. Marine. Two species of interest to teeth near the umbo fisheries are included in the Guide to Species. external strong radial folds Shell thick and heavy, with single posterior adductor retractor scar scar, associated a foot 32 - Pteriidae - Pectinidae PTERIIDAE Bivalves Pinctada margaritifera FAO names: § § Black–lip pearl oyster (En) Local name(s): N: § (Linnaeus, 1758) Pintadine á lèvre noire (Fr) Habitat: Gregarious species often forming natural Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Hinge without Anterioranterior margin ear strongly teeth protruding beyond tip of Fisheries:beds in littoral and sub–littoral zones, attached by Distinctivebyssus, at least Characters: in the young stages. Hands and knife. Shell rather thick and large, sub–circular in outline; outer surface of valves, when not worn, with densely set, flattened, imbricating concentric scales and moderately long, parallel–sided and flattened spines with tapering or rounded ends; spines lying relatively flat on Colour:surface of valves, arranged in radial rows and often strongly projecting on shell margins. Non nacreous Nacreous area often Outside greyish brown or grey, with radial Size: stripes of white spots. margin very dark with dark border To 9.8 cm (TL) * Pinctada radiata FAO names: § Pintadine radiée § Rayed pearl oyster (En) Local name(s): N: (Leach,§ 1814) (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Hinge with 2 Anterior margin slightly protruding or small teeth not at all beyond tip of anterior ear Byssally attached to seagrass leaves, rocks, dead corals and various hard objects often Fisheries:forming natural banks from low tide levels to Distinctiveslightly deeper Characters: waters. Maximum depth 30 m. Hands and knife. Shell rather thin and small; outer surface of shell, with densely set, appressed and flattened, imbricating concentric Colour:scales and moderately small, radially projecting spines mostly preserved towards the margins. Remarks: Outside tan to brown or reddish, often with darker radial bands. Size: Collected for its edible muscle, nacreous To 9.5 cm (SH) shell and ability to develop pearls. PECTINIDAE Chlamys senatoria FAO names: § Pétocle sénateur § Senatorial scallop (En) Local name(s): N: (Gmelin,§ 1791) (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Anterior ear much 22 or more shallow radial ribs, with larger than posterior relatively fine transverse scales Attached by byssus to hard elements, usually in sandy to muddy bottoms with gravel, Fisheries:coral and shell debris or rocks littoral and sub– Distinctivelittoral zones. Characters: Hands and knife. Shell solid, medium sized, higher than long and rounded–ovate in outline; both valves convex and subequal, the right (lower) valve a little flatter than the left (upper) Colour:valve; interior shiny, with low, rounded radial ribs ',Ì corresponding to the outer sculpture. Size: Yellow to reddish brown with creamy patches. To 8 cm (SH) Guide to Species Pectinidae - Gryphaeidae - Ostreidae - 33 Gloripallium pallium FAO names: § Pétoncle manteau § Royal cloak scallop (En) Local name(s): N: § (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fr) Habitat: Anterior ear slightly Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). larger than posterior Attached by byssus under coral heads and Fisheries:rocks in the intertidal and littoral zones, to about Distinctive30 m. Characters: Hands and knife. Colour: About 13 large radial ribs, with strongly projecting transverse lamellae. Various shades of deep reddish purple, with roughly concentric whitish maculations. Size: To 11 cm (SH) GRYPHAEIDAE Hyotissa hyotis FAO names: § § Honeycomb oyster (En) (Linnaeus,§ 1758) Local name(s): N: Pycnodonte géante (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Cemented to hard substrate, mostly in Fisheries:coral reefs areas and in littoral to shallow sub–tidal Distinctivezones. Characters: Hands and knife. Colour: Shell large and thick, sub– orbicular in outline. Interior milky–white, becoming brown to black on periphery. plicate Margins strongly Radial ribs large with imbricated lamellae giving a few tubular spines Size: To 30 cm (SH) OSTREIDAE Lopha cristagalli FAO names: § § Cock’s comb oyster (En) Local name(s): N: (Linnaeus,§ 1758) Huître crête–de–coq (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Attached to rocks or corals by clasping Fisheries:spines of the left valve from the intertidal zone to Distinctiveabout 30 m. Characters: Hands and knife. Surface roughened by many small rounded protuberances; a few sharp– Colour:edged radial folds; peripheral margin finely granulose; recurred clasping spines. Dull brown to deep purple. clasping spines Peripheral margin Recurved Size: finely granulose To 20 cm (SH) 34 - Ostreidae - Tridacnidae Bivalves Saccostrea cucullata FAO names: § § Recess under Hooded oyster (En) Local name(s): N: § (Born, 1778) - Huître capuchon (Fr) Habitat: hinge Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Attached to various hard substrates in marine to estuarine environments in shallow ,¡i Fisheries:waters; gregarious species often forming dense Distinctivecolonies. Characters: Hands and knife. / Colour: Shell exceedingly variable in shape; chomata well developed. Internal margins deep purple to black. Undulating pallial imprints marginal folds Crescent–like Size: To 20 cm (SH) TRIDACNIDAE Tridacna maxima FAO names: § § Elongate giant clam (En) Local name(s): N: (Röding,§ 1798) Bénitier allongé (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K). Byssal opening Fisheries: Occurs on reefs, particularly embedded in broad Distinctivecorals, in littoral Characters: and shallow subtidal waters. Caught by hands. Umbones situated Colour: Posterior end anteriorly; stout scaly radial ribs. elongate Greyish–white, often tinged with yellow or orange. Spaces between ribs narrow Size: To 35 cm (SH) Tridacna squamosa FAO names: Fluted giant clam § § (En) Local name(s): N: Lamarck,§ 1819 Bénitier écailleux (Fr) Habitat: Shaza; S: Shaza (M/K) Fisheries: Attached by byssus to the surface of coral Distinctivereefs, in littoral Characters: and shallow waters. Strong radial ribs with blade–like Caught by hands. projecting scales Colour: Umbo submedian; spaces between ribs large; shell sub equilateral. Greyish white, sometimes tinged with orange. reduced Byssal opening Size: To 40 cm (SH).
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  • Chapter I Taxonomy

    Chapter I Taxonomy

    THE AMERICAN OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA GMELIN By PAUL S. GALTSOFF, Fishery Biologist BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CHAPTER I TAXONOMY Page This broad characterization included a number Taxonomic characters _ 4 SheIL _ 4 of genera such as scallops, pen shells (Pinnidae), Anatomy _ 4 Sex and spawnlng _ limas (Limidae) and other mollusks which ob­ 4 Habitat _ 5 viously are not oysters. In the 10th edition of Larvll! shell (Prodlssoconch) _ 6 "Systema Naturae," Linnaeus (1758) wrote: The genera of living oysters _ 6 Genus 08trea _ 6 "Ostreae non orones, imprimis Pectines, ad Genus Cra8808trea _ 7 Genus Pycnodonte _ cardinem interne fulcis transversis numerosis 7 Bibliography _ 14 parallelis in utraque testa oppositis gaudentiquae probe distinguendae ab Areis polypleptoginglymis, The family Ostreidae consists of a large number cujus dentes numerosi alternatim intrant alterius of edibleand nonedible oysters. Their distribution sinus." Le., not all are oysters, in particular the is confined to a broad belt of coastal waters within scallops, which have many parallel ribs running the latitudes 64° N. and 44° S. With few excep­ crosswise inward toward the hinge on each shell tions oysters thrive in shallow water, their vertical on opposite sides; these should properly be dis­ distribution extending from a level approximately tinguished from Area polyleptoginglymis whose halfway between high and low tide levels to a many teeth alternately enter between the teeth depth of about 100 feet. Commercially exploited of the other side. oyster beds are rarely found below a depth of 40 In the same publication the European flat feet. oyster, Ostrea edulis, is described as follows: The· name "Ostrea" was given by Linnaeus "Vulgo Ostrea dictae edulis.