Aalborg Universitet

Jericho

Lykke, Anne

Published in: Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism

Publication date: 2019

Link to publication from Aalborg University

Citation for published version (APA): Lykke, A. (2019). Jericho. In D. Gurtner, & L. Stuckenbruck (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism (1 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 373-377). Bloomsbury T&T Clark.

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Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: marts 30, 2020 Contents

VOLUME 1

Preface xxv Periodized Color Maps xxix Map 1: Greater Mediterranean Region xxx Map 2: Alexander the Great (ca. 334–323 BCE) xxxii Map 3: The Diadochi (ca. 323–301 BCE) xxxiii Map 4: Seleucids and Ptolemies (301–200 BCE) xxxiv Map 5: Seleucids and Ptolemies (200–167 BCE) xxxv Map 6: Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) xxxvi Map 7: Hasmonean Rule (I) (160–103 BCE) xxxvii Map 8: Hasmonean Rule (II) (103–63 BCE) xxxviii Map 9: Decline of Hasmonean Rule and Roman Presence (63–43 BCE) xxxix Map 10: Herod the Great and His Successors (43 BCE–6 CE ) xl Map 11: Direct Roman Rule (6–66 CE ) xli Map 12: First Jewish War (66–73 CE ) Map 12a: First Jewish War: Initial Successes (66 CE ) xlii Map 12b: First Jewish War: Roman Campaigns (67–69 CE ) xliii Map 12c: First Jewish War: Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE ) xliv Map 12d: First Jewish War: Siege of Masada (73/74 CE ) xlv Map 13: Roman Rule through the Second Jewish War (73–136 CE ) xlvi Abbreviations xlvii Contributors lxix

Part One What Is Second Temple Judaism? (Loren T. Stuckenbruck) 1 Part Two The Historical and Political Contexts of Second Temple Judaism (Daniel M. Gurtner) 21

Part Three Literature 91

Abraham, Apocalypse of Alexander Kulik 93 Abraham, Testament of Jared W. Ludlow 95 Adam and Eve, Greek Life of John R. Levison 96 Ahiqar Proverbs Seth A. Bledsoe 100 Amos, Book of W. Edward Glenny 103

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Amram, Visions of Robert R. Duke 104 Aramaic Levi Document Henryk Drawnel 106 Aristeas, Letter of Benjamin G. Wright III 109 Aristobulus Robert Doran 111 Babatha Archive Michael Owen Wise 112 Bar Kokhba Letters Michael Owen Wise 116 Barki Nafshi (4Q434–438) Eileen Schuller 119 Baruch, Book of Sean A. Adams 120 Baruch, Second Book of Liv Ingeborg Lied 121 Baruch, Third Book of Alexander Kulik 125 Baruch, Fourth Book of Robert A. Kraft 127 Beatitudes (4QBeatitudes) Elisa Uusim ä ki 128 Ben Sira Benjamin G. Wright III 130 Berakhot (4Q286–290) Angela Kim Harkins 134 Catenae A–B (4Q177, 4Q182) Lidija Novakovic 136 Chronicles, Books of Isaac Kalimi 138 Copper Scroll (3Q15) Al Wolters 140 Damascus Document (D) Cecilia Wass én 143 Daniel, Additions to Tim Meadowcroft 146 Daniel, Book of Andrew B. Perrin 149 Daniel, Pseudo-Texts Amanda M. Davis Bledsoe 153 David Apocryphon Eva Mroczek 155 Demetrius the Chronographer Shayna Sheinfeld 156 Deuteronomy, Book of Laura Quick 157 Elect of God (4Q534–536) Loren T. Stuckenbruck 160 Enoch, Ethiopic Apocalypse of ( 1 Enoch ) Miryam T. Brand 162 Book of Watchers ( 1 Enoch 1–36) Kelley Coblentz Bautch 165 Book of Parables ( 1 Enoch 37–71) Grant Macaskill 170 Astronomical Book ( 1 Enoch 72–82) Jonathan Ben-Dov 172 Dream Visions ( 1 Enoch 83–84) Andrew B. Perrin 175 Animal Apocalypse ( 1 Enoch 85–90) Daniel Olson 176 Apocalypse of Weeks ( 1 Enoch 93:1–10; 91:11–17) Ronald Herms 178 Epistle of Enoch ( 1 Enoch 92:1–5; 93:11–105:2) Mark D. Mathews 181 Birth of Noah ( 1 Enoch 106–107) Daniel A. Machiela 183 Eschatological Exhortation ( 1 Enoch 108) Mark D. Mathews 184 Enoch, Slavonic Apocalypse of ( 2 Enoch ) Christfried Bö ttrich 185

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Esdras, First Book of Juha Pakkala 189 Esdras, Second Book of (see— Ezra, Fourth Book of [pt 3]) Esther, Book of Isaac Kalimi 190 Esther, Greek Versions of Kristin De Troyer 192 Eupolemus G. Anthony Keddie 194 Eupolemus, Pseudo- Philip Michael Sherman 195 Exodus, Book of Drew Longacre 197 Ezekiel, Book of Andrew Mein 201 Ezekiel the Tragedian Pierluigi Lanfranchi 204 Ezra, Book of Csilla Saysell 205 Ezra, Fourth Book of Hindy Najman 207 Florilegium (4Q174) Shani Tzoref 212 Gabriel, Vision of Amanda M. Davis Bledsoe 213 Genesis, Book of Benjamin Wold 214 Genesis and Exodus, Commentary on (4Q422) Benjamin Wold 217 Genesis Apocryphon Michael Becker 218 Genesis Commentaries (4Q252–254, 254a) Shani Tzoref 220 Giants, Book of Joseph L. Angel 222 Greek Versions of the Hebrew Bible and Other Writings James K. Aitken 225 Habakkuk, Book of Alex P. Jassen 230 Habakkuk, Pesher of Alex P. Jassen 231 Haggai, Book of John Kessler 234 Hebrews, Epistle to the Eric F. Mason 236 Hekhalot Texts (see— Merkabah Mysticism and Hekhalot Texts [pt 4]) Herakleopolis Papyri Annette Weissenrieder 239 Hodayot (1QH a+4QH manuscripts) Angela Kim Harkins 240 Hosea, Book of Russell Fuller 243 Hosea, Pesher of Maurya P. Horgan 246 Instruction (4QInstruction) Elisa Uusim ä ki 247 Isaiah, Ascension of Jonathan M. Knight 250 Isaiah, Book of Konrad Schmid 252 Isaiah, Pesher of Marilyn J. Lundberg 256 Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ) Eugene Ulrich 258 Jacob, Ladder of Alexander Kulik 261 James, Epistle of Dale C. Allison, Jr. 262

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Jannes and Jambres Ted M. Erho 264 Jeremiah and Lamentations Thomas R ö mer 267 Jeremiah, Apocryphon of Kipp Davis 271 Jeremiah, Epistle of Sean A. Adams 273 Jews in the Persian Court (4Q550) Philip Esler 274 Job, Book of Elaine T. James 275 Job, Qumran Aramaic Version of David J. Shepherd 278 Job, Testament of Maria Cioat ă 281 Joel, Book of Elie Assis 283 John, Gospel of John Ashton 285 John, Letters of George L. Parsenios 289 Jonah, Book of Carla Sulzbach 290 Jonathan the King Text (4Q448) Henry W. Morisada Rietz 293 Joseph and Aseneth Jill Hicks-Keeton 294 Joseph, Apocryphon of (4Q371–373) Matthew Thiessen 297 Joseph, Prayer of Simon J. Joseph 297 Josephus, Writings of Michael Tuval 299 Joshua, Apocryphon of Devorah Dimant 303 Joshua, Book of Ed Noort 305 Jubilees, Book of Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten 307 Jude, Epistle of Duane F. Watson 312 Judges, Book of Ariel Feldman 314 Judith, Book of Deborah Levine Gera 316 Justus of Tiberias James E. Bowley 318 Kings, Books of Ariel Feldman 319 Latin Versions of the Hebrew Bible and Other Writings Annette Weissenrieder 323 Leviticus, Book of Robert Kugler 326 Leviticus, Qumran Aramaic Version of David J. Shepherd 330 Luke-Acts Kindalee Pfremmer De Long 332 Maccabees, First Book of Michael Tuval 336 Maccabees, Second Book of Daniel R. Schwartz 340 Maccabees, Third Book of Noah Hacham 344 Maccabees, Fourth Book of Tessa Rajak 347 Malachi, Book of Russell Fuller 350 Manasseh, Prayer of Archie T. Wright 352

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Manetho Erich S. Gruen 353 Mark, Gospel of Suzanne Watts Henderson 354 Matthew, Gospel of Anders Runesson 358 Megillat Ta ޏanit (The Scroll of Fasting) Vered Noam 362 Melchizedek Scroll (11Q13) Eric F. Mason 365 Menander, Sentences of the Syriac Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr 367 Messianic Apocalypse (4Q521) Michael Becker 368 Micah, Book of Watson E. Mills and Daniel M. Gurtner 370 Micah, Pesher of Matthew A. Collins 374 Midrashim (see— Midrash [pt 4]) Miq ৢat MaޏaĞê ha-Torah (MMT) Mika S. Pajunen 375 Minor Prophets Russell Fuller 378 Mishnah Tal Ilan 382 Moses, Assumption of Kenneth Atkinson 385 Moses, Testament of (see— Moses, Assumption of [pt 3]) Nabonidus, Prayer of (4Q242 /4QPrNab) Å rstein Justnes 388 Nahum, Book of Russell Fuller 389 Nahum, Pesher of Shani Tzoref 391 Naphtali, Testament of (4Q215) Michael E. Stone 393 Nehemiah, Book of Jacob L. Wright 395 New Jerusalem Text Hugo Antonissen 397 Numbers, Book of Thomas R ö mer 398 Obadiah, Book of Anselm C. Hagedorn 402 Ordinances (4QOrdinances) Hannah K. Harrington 403 Orpheus, Pseudo- Samantha Newington 405 Otot Jonathan Ben-Dov 406 Papyri from Qumran Cave 7 Michael Owen Wise 408 Paraleipomena Ieremiae (see— Baruch, Fourth Book of [pt 3]) Patriarchs, Testaments of the Twelve Vered Hillel 411 Pauline Letters Bruce W. Longenecker 415 Pentateuch Molly Zahn 419 Pesher of the Periods (4Q180–181) Devorah Dimant 422 Peshitta Jan Joosten 424 Peter, Letters of Chad Pierce 427 Philo of Alexandria Ronald R. Cox 431 Philo, Pseudo- ( LAB ) Robert Hayward 435

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Philo the Epic Poet Sean A. Adams 440 Phocylides, Pseudo- Sean A. Adams 441 Pirqe Aboth Luke Neubert 442 Prophets, Lives of the Anna Maria Schwemer 444 Proverbs, Book of Bernd U. Schipper 447 Psalms 151–155 Daniel M. Gurtner 450 Psalms, Book of Judith G न rtner 453 Psalms, Pesher of Jutta Jokiranta 457 Psalms Scrolls Eva Mroczek 459 Qahat, Testament of Ken M. Penner 462 Qoheleth Douglas B. Miller 463 Revelation, Book of Christopher Rowland 466 Reworked Pentateuch (4QRP) Molly Zahn 470 Rule of Blessings (1QSb) Joseph L. Angel 473 Rule of the Community Arjen Bakker 475 Rule of the Congregation (1QSa) Cecilia Wassen 478 Ruth, Book of Max Rogland 481 Samaritan Pentateuch Robert T. Anderson 483 Samuel, Books of Ariel Feldman 487 Self-Glorification Hymn Angela Kim Harkins 491 Septuagint ( see— Greek Versions of the Hebrew Bible and Other Writings [pt 4]) Shem, Treatise of Kenneth Atkinson 492 Sibylline Oracles 1–2 Olaf Wassmuth 493 Sibylline Oracles 3 Rieuwerd Buitenwerf 495 Sibylline Oracles 4–5 Olivia Stewart Lester 496 Solomon, Odes of Majella Franzmann 499 Solomon, Psalms of Joseph L. Trafton 501 Solomon, Testament of Todd Klutz 504 Solomon, Wisdom of Randall D. Chesnutt 507 Song of Songs Anselm C. Hagedorn 510 Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice Noam Mizrahi 512 Talmud, Babylonian Jeffrey L. Rubenstein 516 Talmud, Jerusalem G ü nter Stemberger 519 Tan তumim (4Q176) Jesper Hø genhaven 521 Targumim David Shepherd 523

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Temple Scroll Dwight D. Swanson 527 Testimonia (4Q175) Henry W. Morisada Rietz 530 Tobit, Book of Andrew B. Perrin 533 ৫ ohorot (4Q274, 276–277, 278) Aryeh Amihay 536 Torah (see — Pentateuch [pt 3]) Tosefta Michael Tilly 538 War, Book of (4Q285, 11Q14) Martin G. Abegg, Jr. 540 War Scroll Brian Schultz 541 Words of Michael Loren T. Stuckenbruck 545 Words of the Luminaries Daniel K. Falk 547 Zechariah, Book of Antonios Finitsis 549 Zephaniah, Apocalypse of Michael Sommer 551 Zephaniah, Book of Christof Hardmeier 554

VOLUME 2

Part Four Topics 1

Aaron Robert Duke 3 Abraham Jacques van Ruiten 4 Adam and Eve Cynthia R. Chapman 6 Adiabene Micha á Marciak 9 Agatharchides Erich S. Gruen 10 Agriculture Oded Borowski 11 Akiba (Akiva), Rabbi Meir Ben-Shahar 12 Alexander Jannaeus Kenneth Atkinson 14 Alexander Polyhistor Anthony Keddie 16 Alexander the Great Sabine Mü ller 17 Alexandria Gregory E. Sterling 19 Allegory Stefan N. Svendsen 22 Alms and Almsgiving Gary A. Anderson 24 Amulets Clinton E. Arnold 25 Angels Kevin P. Sullivan 26 Animal Worship Jed Wyrick 29 Antichrist Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte 30 Antioch (Pisidian) Rainer Riesner 31

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Antioch (Syrian) Markus Ö hler 32 Antiochus IV Epiphanes Peter Franz Mittag 35 Apion Michael Tuval 36 Apocalypse Lorenzo DiTommaso 38 Apocalypticism Loren L. Johns 40 Apocrypha, “Old Testament” David A. deSilva 43 Apollonius Molon Sean A. Adams 45 Apologetic Literature John M. G. Barclay 46 Apostasy B. J. Oropeza 47 Apuleius of Madauros Gerald Sandy 49 Aqedah Leroy A. Huizenga 50 Aqueducts Marc Turnage 52 Arabian Peninsula Gordon D. Newby 54 Arabic Martin Heide 56 Aramaic Steven E. Fassberg 58 Ararat, Mount Andrew Geist 60 cAraq el-Amir Gerald L. Mattingly 61 Arch of Titus Steven Fine 62 Archaeology (Recent Trends) Benjamin D. Gordon 64 Architecture Eyal Baruch 66 Archives and Libraries Mladen Popoviü 71 Aristobulus I Kenneth Atkinson 73 Aristobulus II Kenneth Atkinson 74 Aristotle Ronald R. Cox 76 Armenian Valentina Calzolari 77 Artapanus Robert Doran 79 Ascent into Heaven Paula Gooder 80 Asceticism Joan E. Taylor 81 Asia Minor Clinton E. Arnold 83 Acculturation and Assimilation Richard J. Bautch 84 Associations Yonder Moynihan Gillihan 86 Astronomy and Astrology Henryk Drawnel 88 Athletics Zeev Weiss 90 Atonement Christian A. Eberhart 91 Babel, Tower of Philip Michael Sherman 93 Babylonian Culture Ida Frö hlich 94

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Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonians Oded Lipschits 95 Bar Kokhba Revolt (see— Revolt, Second Jewish) Bar Kokhba Caves ( see— Na তal ণever [Cave of Horrors and Cave of Letters; pt 4]) Baruch Mark F. Whitters 98 Baths Robert Darby 99 Behemoth Brian R. Doak 101 Belial Jutta Leonhardt-Balzer 101 Berossus Philip Michael Sherman 102 Bethsaida Richard A. Freund 103 Bethshean (Scythopolis) Robert A. Mullins 107 Birth, Miraculous Anders Klostergaard Petersen 109 Blasphemy Jerry D. Truex 110 Boethusians Adiel Schremer 112 Burial Practices Marc Turnage 113 Caesarea Maritima Joseph Patrich 116 Caesarea Philippi (Paneas) John F. Wilson 119 Cain and Abel Johanna Erzberger 120 Caiaphas Helen K. Bond 122 Cairo Genizah Stefan C. Reif 123 Calendars Matthias Henze 126 Canon and the Canonical Process Eugene Ulrich 128 Capernaum Sharon Lea Mattila 130 Catacombs (Rome) Leonard V. Rutgers 132 Celibacy Joan E. Taylor 135 Celsus the Physician Bernd Kollmann 136 Cemeteries (Beth She ޏarim) Yonatan Adler 138 Cemeteries (Bethshean) Robert A. Mullins 140 Cemeteries (Qumran) Joan E. Taylor 141 Chaeremon of Alexandria Jenny Bryan 144 Chronography William Adler 144 Cicero Paul Robertson 145 Circumcision Matthew Thiessen 146 Cisterns and Reservoirs David Gurevich 148 Clearchus of Soli Andrea Falcon 151 Cleodemus Malchus Robert Doran 151

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Clothing and Dress Cynthia M. Baker 152 Coele-Syria Dominick S. Herná ndez 154 Coins David Hendin 156 Columbaria Amos Kloner 158 Columella Christopher J. Fuhrmann 160 Contracts from the Judean Desert John F. Healey 160 Conversion and Proselytism Matthew Thiessen 163 Coptic Alin Suciu 164 Cosmology Eshbal Ratzon 167 Court Tales Philip Esler 170 Covenant Richard J. Bautch 171 Covenantal Nomism Bruce W. Longenecker 174 Creation Karina Martin Hogan 176 Crucifixion David W. Chapman 177 Cyprus Pieter W. van der Horst 180 Cyrenaica Jason von Ehrenkrook 181 Cyrus the Great Oded Lipschits 182 Daliyeh, Wadi ed- Jan Du š ek 184 Damascus Anna Maria Schwemer 186 Daniel Tim Meadowcroft 187 David Eva Mroczek 189 Dead Sea Scrolls Casey D. Elledge 190 Death and Afterlife Casey D. Elledge 194 Decalogue Richard A. Freund 196 Decapolis Gerald L. Mattingly 198 Demons and Exorcism Archie T. Wright 199 Determinism Gabriele Boccaccini 201 Deuteronomistic History Thomas R ö mer 202 Deuteronomistic Theology Samantha Joo 205 Diadochi Alexander Meeus 207 Diaspora Claudia Setzer 208 Diet in Palestine Naomi S. S. Jacobs 211 Dio Chrysostom Christopher J. Fuhrmann 212 Diodorus Siculus David P. Moessner 214 Disability Naomi S. S. Jacobs 215 Dream and Vision Reports Andrew B. Perrin 216

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Dualism Devorah Dimant 218 Economics in Palestine David A. Fiensy 220 Education Luke Neubert 222 Egypt Nathalie LaCoste 224 ޏ Ein Feshkha Baruch Yuzofovsky 226 ޏ Ein-Gedi Marc Turnage 228 Elders Benjamin L. Merkle 230 Election Tommy Givens 231 Elephantine and Elephantine Papyri Andrew D. Gross 233 Elijah G é za G. Xeravits 235 Elisha G é za G. Xeravits 236 Emperor Cult Larry Kreitzer 237 Enoch Ryan E. Stokes 239 Enochic Circles Gabriele Boccaccini 242 Enosh Crispin Fletcher-Louis 244 Entertainment Structures Joseph Patrich 244 Epictetus Niko Huttunen 246 Eschatology Grant Macaskill 248 Essenes Jö rg Frey 250 Ethics Volker Rabens 252 Ethiopic (Ge‘ez) Ted M. Erho 255 Evil Miryam T. Brand 256 Exile Michael E. Fuller 259 Exodus, The John Byron 261 Ezra Pierluigi Lanfranchi 263 Faith and Faithfulness Dennis R. Lindsay 264 Fallen Angels Henryk Drawnel 265 Family Cecilia Wass én 267 Fasting Noah Hacham 268 Festivals and Holy Days M. A. Daise 270 Flood Ryan E. Stokes 272 Food and Eating (see— Diet in Palestine [pt 4]) Fortresses and Palaces Casey D. Elledge 274 Frontinus Michael Tuval 277 Gabriel Kevin P. Sullivan 277 Galilee Mark A. Chancey 278

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Gamla Danny Syon 280 Garden of Eden—Paradise Eshbal Ratzon 282 Gematria Larry R. Helyer 284 Genealogies Jason B. Hood 285 Gentile Attitudes toward Jews and Judaism Michael Tuval 286 Gentiles, Jewish Attitudes toward Christine E. Hayes 288 Geography, Otherworldly Kelley Coblentz Bautch 291 Geography, Mythic ( see— Geography, Otherwordly [pt 4]) Georgian Jan Dochhorn 293 Gerizim, Mount Richard J. Bautch 294 Giants Matthew Goff 296 Gnosticism Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta 297 God-Fearers S. Scott Bartchy 300 esed ) Kyle B. Wells 302 ۉ) Grace Greece and the Aegean Paul Trebilco 303 Greek Michael Owen Wise 305 Greek Authors on Jews and Judaism Dov Gera 308 Greek Philosophy Thomas H. Tobin 310 Greek Religions Frederick Naerebout 312 Gymnasium Livia Capponi 314 Hasidim John I. Kampen 315 Hasmonean Dynasty Kenneth Atkinson 316 Healing Eric Eve 318 Heaven Beate Ego 319 Heavenly Beings (see— Angels) Hebrew Randall Buth 321 Hecataeus of Abdera Philip Michael Sherman 324 Hecataeus, Pseudo- Philip Michael Sherman 325 Heliopolis Robert Hayward 326 Hellenism and Hellenization Tessa Rajak 328 Hermippus of Smyrna Erich S. Gruen 330 Hermon, Mount Shimon Dar and Daniel M. Gurtner 331 Herod the Great Adam Marshak 333 Herodians Benedikt Eckhardt 335 Herodion (Herodium) Casey D. Elledge 337

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High Priests Isaac Kalimi 338 Hillel G ü nter Stemberger 340 Historiography Russell E. Gmirkin 342 Holiness Naomi Koltun-Fromm 343 Horoscopes Helen R. Jacobus 345 Hymns, Prayers, and Psalms Daniel K. Falk 347 Hyrcanus I, John Kenneth Atkinson 352 Hyrcanus II, John Kenneth Atkinson 353 Idols and Images Crispin H. T. Fletcher-Louis 355 Idumea Alan Appelbaum 356 Imperial Cult, Jews and the Monika Bernett 357 Inscriptions Martin Heide 359 Intermarriage Hannah K. Harrington 362 Ioudaios Daniel R. Schwartz 363 Isaac Ruth A. Clements 364 Isaiah Jonathan M. Knight 366 Ishmael Michael Francis 368 Itureans Andreas J. M. Kropp 369 Jacob Atar Livneh 370 James John Painter 372 Jannes and Jambres (see— Jannes and Jambres [pt 3]) Jericho Anne Lykke 373 Jerusalem, Archaeology of Joseph Patrich 377 Jerusalem in Second Temple Literature Kenneth Atkinson 380 Jerusalem, The New Hugo Antonissen 382 Jesus Movement Anthony Le Donne and Joshua D. Garroway 384 Jesus of Nazareth Chris Keith 386 Jewelry Tziona Grossmark 389 Jewish-Christianity Joan E. Taylor 391 John the Baptist Stanley E. Porter 393 Jonathan Kenneth Atkinson 395 Joseph Harm W. Hollander 397 Josephus Steve Mason 398 Joshua (Jeshua) the High Priest Carol L. Meyers 400 Jotapata (Yodefat) Mordechai Aviam 401 Judah William Loader 403

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Judaizing Steve Mason 404 Judas Maccabeus Arie van der Kooij 405 Judea Eitan Klein 407 Judgment Kim Papaioannou 408 Julius Caesar, Caius Richard A. Billows 410 Justin Martyr Oskar Skarsaune 412 Juvenal D. S. Levene 413 Kingdom of God Craig A. Evans 414 Kingship in Ancient Israel Anne Moore 417 Kingship in Second Temple Judaism Beth M. Stovell 419 Lamprias Rainer Hirsch-Luipold 422 Land, Concept of Michael Avioz 422 Latin Kenneth R. Jones 425 Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism Benjamin Isaac 426 Legal Texts (Qumran) Charlotte Hempel 428 Letter Writing Lutz Doering 430 Levi Christoph Berner 432 Leviathan Aleksander R. Michalak 434 Levites Harald Samuel 435 Literacy and Reading Catherine Hezser 438 Liturgical Works ( see— Hymns, Prayers, and Psalms) Logos Matthew V. Novenson 440 Longinus (On the Sublime) James E. Bowley 441 Lubar, Mount Andrew Geist 442 Lysimachus of Alexandria Miriam Ben Zeev 443 Magdala (Taricheae) Jordan J. Ryan 443 Magic and Divination Matthias Reinhard Hoffmann 446 Magic Incantations and Bowls Siam Bhayro 448 Magical Papyri, Jewish Matthias Reinhard Hoffmann 451 Mara bar Serapion Ilaria Ramelli 455 Maresha (Maris ê) Dov Gera 455 Marriage and Divorce Hannah K. Harrington 459 Martial Kathleen M. Coleman 460 Martyrdom Shmuel Shepkaru 461 Masada, Archaeology of J ü rgen K. Zangenberg 463 Masada, History of Kenneth Atkinson 467

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Masada, Texts from Hector M. Patmore 469 Meals Yonder Moynihan Gillihan 472 Mediator Figures Kevin P. Sullivan 476 Medicine and Hygiene Joan E. Taylor 478 Megasthenes Pat Wheatley 480 Megiddo Matthew J. Adams 480 Melchizedek Kasper Dalgaard 482 Meleager of Gadara Menahem Luz 484 Menorah Richard A. Freund 484 Merkabah Mysticism and Hekhalot Texts Rachel Elior 486 Mesopotamia, Media, and Babylonia Jon L. Berquist 490 Messiah Matthew V. Novenson 492 Messianism David Hamidoviü 494 Metatron Felicia Waldman 495 Michael, the Archangel Darrell D. Hannah 497 Midrash Joshua Ezra Burns 499 Military, Jews in the Dov Gera 500 Miqva’ot (Ritual Baths) Stuart S. Miller 502 Miracles and Miracle Workers Erkki Koskenniemi 507 Mishmarot Helen R. Jacobus 510 Mnaseas of Patara Russell E. Gmirkin 511 Moiragenes of Athens Robert M. Berchman 512 Monotheism Kevin P. Sullivan 513 Moriah, Mount Isaac Kalimi 515 Mosaics Mark A. Chancey 515 Moses Michael Tuval 517 Moses Texts from Qumran Liora Goldman 520 Multilingualism Michael Owen Wise 521 Murabba ޏat, Wadi Michael Tuval 524 Music John Arthur Smith 526 Mystery Jean-S é bastien Rey 527 Mystery Religion, Judaism as Peter J. Haas 529 Mysticism ( see— Merkabah Mysticism & Hekhalot Texts) Nabatea John F. Healey 531 Nag Hammadi Codices Antti Marjanen 533

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Na তal ণ ever (Cave of Horrors and Cave of Letters) Richard A. Freund 534 Names and Naming Tal Ilan 537 Nazareth Richard A. Freund and Daniel M. Gurtner 538 Nebuchadnezzar Reinhard G. Kratz 540 Nehemiah Aaron Demsky 542 Nicolaus of Damascus Joseph Sievers 543 Noah Dorothy M. Peters 544 Novels Lawrence M. Wills 547 Oaths and Vows Yonder Moynihan Gillihan 549 Oenomaus of Gadara Menahem Luz 551 Oniads Dov Gera 551 Oral Performance and Text Rodney A. Werline 556 Ossuaries Martin Heide 558 Ostia Donald D. Binder 562 Paleo-Hebrew Scrolls André Lemaire 564 Paleography, Hebrew and Aramaic André Lemaire 567 Paleography, Greek Don Barker 572 Palestine Clayton Miles Lehmann 579 Palmyra John F. Healey 580 Papyri Peter Arzt-Grabner 582 Parthians Geoffrey Herman 586 Paul Albert L. A. Hogeterp 587 Penitential Prayer Rodney A. Werline 589 People of the Land ( ‘Am ha-’Are܈ ) Yair Furstenberg 590 Persecution, Religious Sara Raup Johnson 591 Persian Period Jason M. Silverman 594 Persian Religion Prods Oktor Skjaervo 596 Persius Ilaria Ramelli 600 Pesharim Liora Goldman 600 Pharisees Roland Deines 602 Phinehas Don (Dongshin) Chang 606 Phoenicia Chris Seeman 607 Phoenix Kai Akagi 609 Phylacteries and Mezuzot Stephen Alan Reed 610

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Pilgrimage Wolfgang Zwickel 612 Pliny the Elder Robert Kraft 613 Plutarch Rainer Hirsch-Luipold 614 Polybius David P. Moessner 616 Pompeius Trogus Katell Berthelot 617 Posidonius of Apamea David L. Balch 618 Pottery Daniel Schindler and Jennifer Gates-Foster 619 Priesthood Joachim Schaper 622 Private Dwellings in Roman Palestine Eyal Baruch 624 Procurators Luke Neubert 627 Prophecy Alex P. Jassen 630 Prophets, Texts Associated with Todd R. Hanneken 632 Proselytism ( see— Conversion and Proselytism) Pseudepigrapha, “Old Testament” Annette Yoshiko Reed 634 Pseudepigraphy Eva Mroczek 637 Ptolemies Johann Cook 639 Purification and Purity Christine E. Hayes 641 Quintilian Duane F. Watson 645 Qumran, Khirbet J ü rgen K. Zangenberg 645 Rabbis ( see—Sages) Raphael Geoffrey David Miller 649 Repentance Michael D. Matlock 650 Resistance Movements Loren L. Johns 652 Restoration Michael E. Fuller 654 Resurrection Casey D. Elledge 656

Revolt, Maccabean (167–140 BCE ) Nadav Sharon 658 Revolt, First Jewish (66–73/74 CE ) Mladen Popoviü 662 Revolt, Second Jewish (Bar Kokhba Revolt; 132–136 CE ) Menahem Mor 665 Rhodes Richard A. Freund 669 Righteousness and Justice Mark D. Mathews 671 Rights of Jews in the Roman World Miriam Ben Zeev 673 Roman Emperors David Potter 675 Roman Generals Brian Campbell 677 Roman Governors Christopher J. Fuhrmann 679 Roman Religion James B. Rives 681

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Romanization Andrew B. Gallia 683 Rome Mark A. Chancey 685 Sabbath Ryan C. Stoner 688 Sacrifices and Offerings Robert Kugler 689 Sadducees Eyal Regev 691 Sages Meir Ben-Shahar 693 Salome Alexandra Kenneth Atkinson 695 Samaria Ingrid Hjelm 697 Samaria-Sebaste Eitan Klein 700 Samaritans Magnar Kartveit 702 Samaritanism Reinhard Pummer 703 Sanballat Jan Du š ek 705 Sanhedrin Kenneth D. Litwak 706 Sardis Margaret Williams 708 Satan and Related Figures Stefan Schreiber 710 Scribes and Scribalism Chris Keith 712 Scripts and Scribal Practices Mladen Popoviü 713 Seals and Seal Impressions Oded Lipschits 716 Sectarianism Yonder Moynihan Gillihan 718 Seleucids Uriel Rappaport 722 Seneca Ilaria Ramelli 723 Sepphoris Ze’ev Weiss 724 Serpent James H. Charlesworth 726 Seth Alexander Toepel 728 Shechem (see—Gerizim, Mount) Sexuality Maxine Grossman 729 Shammai Paul Mandel 732 Sheshbazzar H. G. M. Williamson 734 Sicarii Mark Brighton 735 Sickness and Disease Bernd Kollmann 736 Simon Kenneth Atkinson 738 Sin Gary A. Anderson 739 Sinai, Mount Christoph Berner 741 Slavery John Byron 743 Slavonic Grant Macaskill 744 Solomon Albert L. A. Hogeterp 746

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Son of God Craig A. Evans 748 Son of Man Benjamin E. Reynolds 749 Sons of God Christopher A. Rollston 751 Spirit, Holy John R. Levison 754 Stars Daniel Olson 756 Stone Vessels Roland Deines 757 Strabo Alessandro Galimberti 760 Suetonius Christopher J. Fuhrmann 761 Suffering Servant Leroy A. Huizenga 762 Sun and Moon Jason M. Silverman 764 Synagogues Anders Runesson 766 Syria G. Anthony Keddie 772 Syriac Naomi Koltun-Fromm 774 Tacitus Casey D. Elledge 776 Temple, Jerusalem Joseph Patrich 777 Temple, Leontopolis (Archaeology) Meron M. Piotrkowski 781 Temple, Leontopolis (Literature) Livia Capponi 783 Temple Tax Marius Heemstra 785 Tertullian Jeff W. Childers 786 Testaments Vered Hillel 787 Teucer of Cyzicus John Granger Cook 789 Text Types, Hebrew Ronald Hendel 789 Theaters Jeff Jay 791 Theodicy Miryam T. Brand 793 Theodotus Robert Doran 795 Theophrastus Jed Wyrick 796 Therapeutae Robert Hayward 797 Tiberias Oren Gutfeld 798 Tiberius Julius Alexander Ronald R. Cox 800 Timagenes Duane W. Roller 801 Tithing Naomi S. S. Jacobs 801 Tobiads Adam L. Porter 802 Tobiah Naomi S. S. Jacobs 804 Torah, Traditioning of Molly M. Zahn 804 Transjordan Gerald L. Mattingly 806 Tribute and Taxes Marius Heemstra 808

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Universalism Gudrun Holtz 809 Uprisings, Diaspora (116–117 CE ; Kitos War) Miriam Ben Zeev 812 Uriel Amsalu Tefera 813 Valerius Maximus Hans-Friedrich Mueller 815 Varro, Marcus Terentius Luke Neubert 815 Violence Alex P. Jassen 816 Virgil Katell Berthelot 818 Washing, Ritual ( see— Purification and Purity) Wealth and Poverty Mark D. Mathews 819 Wilderness Matthew Thiessen 821 Wisdom Literature John I. Kampen 822 Wisdom (Personified) Knut M. Heim 824 Women Cecilia Wass én 825 Worship Daniel K. Falk 828 Writing Chris Keith 831 Yavneh Richard A. Freund 833 Yohanan Ben Zakkai Meir Ben-Shahar 835 Zadokites Robert Kugler 836 Zealots Lincoln H. Blumell and Haley Wilson-Lemmon 838 Zerubbabel Jason M. Silverman 840

General Bibliography 843 Image Credits 872

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