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Precision Variable Capacitors ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234 PHILIPS TECHNICAL REVIEW VOLUME 20 PRECISION VARIABLE CAPACITORS by A. A. TURNBULL *). 621.319.43 Electronic equipment for military uses is designed for specifications which require components of very high quality, Components must frequently be not only of high accuracy and stability but must also be compact and robust. The article below describes two precision variable capac- itors which, although compact, have a performance comparable with laboratory capacitors of considerably larger size. Two types of precision variable capacitors (fig. 1) requirement IS that the capacitors should be have been designed at the Mullard Research sufficiently small to allow their convenient installa- Laboratories for high grade electronic equipment, tion in equipment, particularly in compact military meeting stringent specifications as regards their equipment. The linear-law capacitor, for example, accuracy and stability 1). One of these capacitors was originally designed for a specific equipment, in gives a linear frequency law for use in transmitter which three of these capacitors were ganged in master-oscillator circuits or in receiver local oscilla- line. In the layout of this equipment only a limited tor circuits. The other is a sine-frequency-law space was available for the capacitors. Similar 95605 Fig. 1. The two precision capacitors with covers removed. Left, the linear-law capacitor. Right, the sine-law capacitor. capacitor and was designed primarily for the con- considerations also limit the size of the sine-law version of radar range and bearing information capacitor. from polar to cartesian form 2). Some of the features common to both the capaci- The term stability in connection with these tors may be described, before passing on to the capacitors implies stability over long periods, detailed consideration of each type. As stability stability with respect to temperature variations was the primary consideration in design, structural and with respect to vibration. In addition close rigidity is essential. For this reason the capacitors limits are imposed on any deviation from the rele- are mounted in a robust cylindrical case with an vant frequency law, and the capacitors must also aperture to permit access to the vanes during assem- possess a high degree of re-settability. A further bly. A cover to fit over this aperture is provided for electrical screening and dust protection. A sub- *) Mullard Research Laboratories, Salfords, Surrey, England. stantially mono-metallic construction is used which ') A brief description has been published in Brit. Comm. and avoids stresses being set up due to differential Electronics 4, 756-759, 1957. 2) British Patent No. 764478. expansions. In certain versions of the linear capaci- }958j59, No. 8 PRECISION VARIABLE <;APACITORS 235 tor one of the rotor vanes is replaced by a bi- assembly is made by a wiper mounted in the centre metallic vane to increase stability in cases where of the rotor shaft, The use of a central wiper the equipment is not temperature-regulated. This minimizes the self-inductance of the capacitor. The will be discussed further below. wiper consists of two rhodium-flashed beryllium- Mechanical play in the rotors of the two capaci- copper wires spring-loaded into a locating groove in tors has been practically eliminated by the use of the shaft. The rhodium plating gives low contact high-precision angular contact ball-bearings (see below) in which the eccentricity is less than 0.0001 inch. The rotor is mounted in such a way that there is a. certain axial and radial load on the bearings; in this way both axial and radial slack- ness are, taken up and no play is possible. Instability of electrical origin, such as varying surface conductivity or varying dielectric losses in the insulators, is minimized by the use of high-grade ceramic insulators. These support the stator vanes, the rotor vanes being mounted on the earthed rotor assembly. The temperature coefficient of capacitance is determined largely by the linear temperature co- efficient of expansion of the metal used. For both capacitors brass is used for most of the metal parts: this results in a temperature coefficient of capa- I I I citance of +18 ±5 parts per million per °C. The shape of the vanes differs; of course, in the two capacitors. The shapes required for the linear law and for the sine la,~ were first calculated theoretically. Considerable experimental work was necessary, however, to obtain the correct vane shapes Fig. 2. Simplified cross-section of the linear-law capacitor. to ensure precise conformity to the ideal curves. A stator vanes, B rotor vanes, C,rhodium-plated beryllium- copper wiper wire, D stator terminal, E rotor terminal, H cera- Furthermore, in order that these accurate fre- mic insulator, I angular-contact ball-bearing, J bearing thrust quency laws are maintained from one capacitor to collar with locking pin through shaft, K trimmer vane, L second trimmer vane (uncompensated versions) or hi-metal vane another in production, particular care is necessary (temperature-compensated versions). in the choice of materials for the vanes and in the application of precision techniques for assembly. resistance and good wearing properties. The wiper Stator and rotor vanes are assembled in special is connected to the central wire of a coaxial connector jigs, as will be described presently. using "Fluon" (polytetrafluorethylene) insulation. Normally the capacitor is used with the wiper Design of the linear law capacitor connected to the case, except when special versions The linear-law capacitor is designed for use in are used in which the shaft is insulated from the oscillator circuits in which a frequency coverage case with ceramic spacers. of two to one is required for a capacitance change of about 300 pF. This is obtained in the present Temperature compensation design with an angular rotation of 150°. Over this For certain applications, for example where it is range the capacity conforms to the ideallinear law not practicable to mount the capacitor in tempera- within ±0.05% in frequency. Furthermore the rate ture-regulated surroundings, it is desirable to pro- of deviation from the ideal law is nowhere greater vide some measure of temperature compensation. than 0.02% in frequency per 5° shaft rotation. In some models of the linear-law capacitor, there- The general layout of the linear-law capacitor fore, the last vane at one end of the rotor is replaced can be 'seen' from the schematic diagram of fig. 2. by a hi-metal vane, which gives the capacitor a The stator vane packet is supported on three sup- temperature coefficient of about -15 parts per ports, two being ceramic pillars and the third a glass- million per °C near the maximum capacitance m~tal seal assembly which forms part of the stator setting. The negative temperature coefficient ob- terminal. The electrical connection 'to the rotor tained with this bi-metallic vane reduces short-term 236 PHILlPS TECHNICAL REVIEW VOLUME 20 instability of oscillator circuits due to variation ly -15 p.p.m.rC, the overall circuit temperature in temperature by approximately compensating coefficient of capacitance deviates only slightly the normally positive temperature coefficients from -15 p.p.m.rC. associated with the coil in the circuit. (With care and using selected materials it is possible to con- In fig. 3a, Cv is the capacitance of the variable capacitor, struct coils having a positive temperature coefficient C. is the stray circuit capacitance plus the capacitance of a trimmer, and Cpis the fixed parallel capacitance, of such a as low as p.p.m.re.) +15 value that the total capacitance in parallel with Cv is The figure of -15 p.p.m.re for the temperature Cp + Cs = 65 ± 1 pF. (This value is the parallel capacitance coefficient of the capacitor refers to the maximum necessary to correct the variable capacitor and thus giveprecise setting of the capacitor. The temperature coefficient conformity with the linear frequency law. Adjustment to the near the minimum capacitance settings will not be precise value between the limits ± 1 pF is effected by an empirical method.) effective in compensating temperature variations From f = L..J/.C..J/·/2nit follows (T = temperature) that: in the coil inductance since, here, the capacitance of the variable capacitor in circuit is a much smaller df =.!_ [-tL-'I. ~/. dL _J..L..J/. c-'/. dC] = dT 2:n: dT or dT proportion of the total circuit capacitance. Approx- imate temperature compensation of the oscillator = '-t [f :~ + f :;]. at the minimum capacitance setting can be effected If now we let af denote the temperature coefficient of frequency by placing in parallel with the variable capacitor f, aCt the temperature coefficient of the total circuit capaci- a fixed capacitor Cp whose temperature coefficient tance Ct and at. the temperature coefficient of the coil induc- is so chosen that near the minimum setting of the tance, then variable capacitance the overall circuit-capacitance temperature coefficient is -15 p.p.m.re. The overall circuit capacitance then comprises (fig. 3a) the Since au is approximately +15 p.p.m.rC, we require that minimum .capacitance of the variable capacitor Cv, aCt be approximately -15 p,p,m.re in order that af may be the fixed parallel capacitance Cp, and the stray approximately zero.' The manner in which the temperature circuit capacitance Cs' On now rotating the variable- coefficient acv of the variable capacitor itself varies with the angular setting of the rotor is shown in fig. 3b. If now the capacitor shaft to near its maximum setting where temperature coefficient acp of the fixed parallel capacitance its temperature coefficient of capacitance is nominal- is adjusted (see below) such that at, say, the angular setting 20°, the temperature coefficient aCt of the total circuit capaci- tance is nominally -15 p.p.m.rC, then aCt will vary with the I angular setting of the rotor as shown in fig.
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