Lab Iii Radio Receivers
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Modelling and Characterization of DCO Using Pass Transistors
2833 E.Kanniga et al./ Elixir Power Elec. Engg. 35 (2011) 2833-2835 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Power Electronics Engineering Elixir Power Elec. Engg. 35 (2011) 2833-2835 Modelling and characterization of DCO using Pass Transistors E.Kanniga 1 and M.Sundararajan 2 1Department of ECE, Bharath University, Chennai-73 2Gojan School of Business & Technology, Chennai-52. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In the field of simulation work, it could proceed to an extent that, simulate with arbitrary Received: 6 April 2011; values of the passive component and the voltage sources. The simulation results recorded Received in revised form: various strategic points in the circuit indicate and validate the fact that the circuit is working 19 May 2011; in the expected lines with regard to the energy transfer in the expected lines with regard to Accepted: 26 May 2011; the energy transfer in the tank circuit and sustenance in DC transient Analysis. Also in this proposed experimental work, it is observed that for an arbitrary load, the voltage obtained is Keywords agreeing with the theoretically computed DC-Voltage levels. The scope of the work can be Digital controlled oscillator, extended to the actual calculation of the passives, the initial voltages across the capacitors Steady state transient response, and inductors. In addition to the exciting DC levels of the sources employed. The small Simulation LTSPICE, signal analysis can also be done with due regard to the desired behavioural properties of Varactors. switching devices used. © 2011 Elixir All rights reserved. ntroduction In the digital world there is an increased requirement for Fig1 shows that NMOS transistors configured as a Varactor Digitally Controlled Oscillator (DCO). -
Commissioning of the Mice Rf System* A
5th International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany JACoW Publishing ISBN: 978-3-95450-132-8 doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME020 COMMISSIONING OF THE MICE RF SYSTEM* A. Moss, A. Wheelhouse, T. Stanley, C. White, STFC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK K. Ronald, C.G. Whyte, A.J. Dick, D.C. Speirs, SUPA, Dept.of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK S. Alsari, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK on behalf of the MICE Collaboration Abstract feature adjustable sections to change the response of the cavity to both input line and resistive load. On the output The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) is of the amplifier, the cavity length and hence its resonant being constructed at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in frequency can be adjusted, whilst a stub tuner is located in the UK. The muon beam will be cooled using multiple the output coax section to alter the coupling factor into hydrogen absorbers then reaccelerated using an RF cavity the output coax so that the amplifier may be used to drive system operating at 201MHz. This paper describes recent a range of different load conditions. For use in the MICE progress in commissioning the amplifier systems at their system the 4616 operates in long pulse mode using grid design operation conditions, installation and operation as pulsed operation and can provide up to 250kW RF output part of the MICE project. power. INTRODUCTION 4616 Power Supply The muon ionisation cooling experiment is a The power supply for the tetrode amplifier consists of a demonstration of practical cooling for future muon TDK-Lambda 500A capacitor charger power supply acceleration schemes. -
Crystal Radio Set Systems: Design, Measurement, and Improvement Volume II a Web Book by Ben Tongue
Crystal Radio Set Systems: Design, Measurement, and Improvement Volume II A web book by Ben Tongue First published: 10 Jul 1999; Revised: 01/06/10 i NOTES: ii 185 PREFACE Note: An easy way to use a DVM ohmmeter to check if a ferrite is made of MnZn of NiZn material is to place the leads of the ohmmeter on a bare part of the test ferrite and read the The main purpose of these Articles is to show how resistance. The resistance of NiZn will be so high that the Engineering Principles may be applied to the design of crystal ohmmeter will show an open circuit. If the ferrite is of the radios. Measurement techniques and actual measurements are MnZn type, the ohmmeter will show a reading. The reading described. They relate to selectivity, sensitivity, inductor (coil) was about 100k ohms on the ferrite rods used here. and capacitor Q (quality factor), impedance matching, the diode SPICE parameters saturation current and ideality factor, #29 Published: 10/07/2006; Revised: 01/07/08 audio transformer characteristics, earphone and antenna to ground system parameters. The design of some crystal radios that embody these principles are shown, along with performance measurements. Some original technical concepts such as the linear-to-square-law crossover point of a diode detector, contra-wound inductors and the 'benny' are presented. Please note: If any terms or concepts used here are unclear or obscure, please check out Article # 00 for possible explanations. If there still is a problem, e-mail me and I'll try to assist (Use the link below to the Front Page for my Email address). -
Before Valve Amplification) Page 1 of 15 Before Valve Amplification - Wireless Communication of an Early Era
(Before Valve Amplification) Page 1 of 15 Before Valve Amplification - Wireless Communication of an Early Era by Lloyd Butler VK5BR At the turn of the century there were no amplifier valves and no transistors, but radio communication across the ocean had been established. Now we look back and see how it was done and discuss the equipment used. (Orininally published in the journal "Amateur Radio", July 1986) INTRODUCTION In the complex electronics world of today, where thousands of transistors junctions are placed on a single silicon chip, we regard even electron tube amplification as being from a bygone era. We tend to associate the early development of radio around the electron tube as an amplifier, but we should not forget that the pioneers had established radio communications before that device had been discovered. This article examines some of the equipment used for radio (or should we say wireless) communications of that day. Discussion will concentrate on the equipment used and associated circuit descriptions rather than the history of its development. Anyone interested in history is referred to a thesis The Historical Development of Radio Communications by J R Cox VK6NJ published as a series in Amateur Radio, from December 1964 to June 1965. Over the years, some of the early terms used have given-way to other commonly used ones. Radio was called wireless, and still is to some extent. For example, it is still found in the name of our own representative body, the W1A. Electro Magnetic (EM) Waves were called hertzian waves or ether waves and the medium which supported them was known as the ether. -
Eimac Care and Feeding of Tubes Part 3
SECTION 3 ELECTRICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3.1 CLASS OF OPERATION Most power grid tubes used in AF or RF amplifiers can be operated over a wide range of grid bias voltage (or in the case of grounded grid configuration, cathode bias voltage) as determined by specific performance requirements such as gain, linearity and efficiency. Changes in the bias voltage will vary the conduction angle (that being the portion of the 360° cycle of varying anode voltage during which anode current flows.) A useful system has been developed that identifies several common conditions of bias voltage (and resulting anode current conduction angle). The classifications thus assigned allow one to easily differentiate between the various operating conditions. Class A is generally considered to define a conduction angle of 360°, class B is a conduction angle of 180°, with class C less than 180° conduction angle. Class AB defines operation in the range between 180° and 360° of conduction. This class is further defined by using subscripts 1 and 2. Class AB1 has no grid current flow and class AB2 has some grid current flow during the anode conduction angle. Example Class AB2 operation - denotes an anode current conduction angle of 180° to 360° degrees and that grid current is flowing. The class of operation has nothing to do with whether a tube is grid- driven or cathode-driven. The magnitude of the grid bias voltage establishes the class of operation; the amount of drive voltage applied to the tube determines the actual conduction angle. The anode current conduction angle will determine to a great extent the overall anode efficiency. -
DESIGNING a DX CRYSTAL SET Equipment
DESIGNING A DX CRYSTAL SET by Mike Tuggle 46-469 Kuneki St. Kaneohe, HI 96744-3536 E-Mail: [email protected] Long distance reception with crystal radios is once again becoming a serious pursuit among hams and other radio hobbyists. They are discovering that the DX capabilities of these receivers have been greatly underrated. I've been particularly interested in crystal sets since 1959, when I first discovered you could actually DX with them. The Internet has aided crystal set DX activity by making exchange of ideas between like- minded enthusiasts much, much easier. This article only touches the surface from a personal perspective. The reader is encouraged to pursue the online resources, described below, covering all aspects and providing further examples of this fascinating hobby. In this article I'll cover general design considerations for building DX crystal sets, but will leave the actual construction specifications up to you. Equipment Figures 1 and 2 show an example of a DX crystal set. I call it the "Lyonodyne-17." The design evolved from an earlier version described in the November, 1978 OTB. As you can see, this is not your grandfather's crystal set. Antenna (right) and detector (left) tuners are mounted on the middle board. Wave traps are located fore and aft on separate boards, making it possible to adjust the coupling by moving the boards. The antenna coil (L1) is wound on a short ferrite rod. The matching transformer unit for my RCA "Big Cans" sound powered phones is at front, left. So, what makes a crystal radio a "DX" set? Well, this one is double-tuned (L1-C1 and L2-C2) for selectivity to tune weak DX stations in the RF jungle we now live in. -
The Crystal Radio
The Crystal Radio: An Inexpensive Form of Mass Communication Christopher Manxhari Massachusetts Academy of Math & Science at Worcester Polytechnic Institute Manxhari 1 Introduction Technology has always been developing, and with it so have methods and access to communication. One such example is the internet, which has been rapidly growing in the past years. Yet, despite all of these advancements, there is still a large population that lacks internet. During distraught times, such as the coronavirus pandemic, having access to information is important, but not everyone is able to access urgent information. Roughly 10% of the United States population does not have access to the internet (Anderson, Perrin, Jiang, & Kumar, 2020). This proportion translates to over 30 million United States citizens, which is quite a substantial population size. In fact, there appears to be a correlation between income level and the proportion of those in a certain economic bracket that have internet. At an annual income of less than $30,000, 18% of citizens lack access to the internet. Withal, 7% of those making between $30,000 and $50,000 annually, 3% of those making $50,000 to $75,000 annually, and 2% of those making anything upwards annually lack that access (Anderson et al., 2020). See Figure 1 for more data on the demographics of those using the internet. It is evident that one’s income level is positively correlated with higher frequencies of internet usage. The internet is but one of many mediums of mass communication, and it is certainly one dominating form. As of 2018, roughly 41% of U.S. -
RF-CMOS-MEMS Based Frequency-Reconfigurable Amplifiers
IEEE 2009 Custom Intergrated Circuits Conference (CICC) RF-CMOS-MEMS based Frequency-Reconfigurable Amplifiers Tamal Mukherjee and Gary K. Fedder Carnegie Mellon University Abstract-Chips from a foundry RF process are post-processed to The resulting MEMS structures are composed of the CMOS release MEMS passive devices and enable single-chip metal/dielectric stack. This paper focuses on a 6-metal reconfigurable circuits. A MEMS variable capacitor, capable of 0.18 µm and a 4-metal 0.35 µm foundry process. Multi-project 7:1 tuning ratio, reconfigures a narrow-band low-noise amplifier wafer chips from both processes are processed identically and a power amplifier over a 1 GHz frequency range. A except that the oxide etch for the 0.18 µm case is extended to suspended MEMS inductor, with > 50% improvement in Q, lowers amplifier power consumption. compensate for the thicker 6-metal stack. A. MEMS Variable Capacitor I. INTRODUCTION A MEMS variable capacitor for use in reconfigurable RF Multiband transceivers are a critical component in circuits should have high tuning range, linearity and Q, and envisioned software-controlled radios. In power-constrained low parasitic capacitance and resistance at its terminals. The mobile terminals, they either need wideband RF front ends, or latest MEMS variable capacitor extends an electrothermal frequency-reconfigurable narrowband front-ends. The design [9], in which large displacements (~10 µm) can be wideband approach is fraught with inadequate sampling rates, achieved using low voltages (< 5V) unlike the electrostatic inferior linearity and high power. An ideal solution is a fully- designs typically used in RF MEMS capacitive switches. -
Vacuum Capacitors Combining Expertise and Technology 2 Vacuum Capacitors Vacuum Capacitors 3
Led by experience. Driven by curiosity. Vacuum Capacitors Combining expertise and technology 2 Vacuum Capacitors Vacuum Capacitors 3 Table of contents We empower new technologies 4 Advanced technologies 7 Variable Vacuum Capacitors 12 Fixed Vacuum Capacitors 30 Trimmer Vacuum Capacitor 38 Motorized Capacitors 42 Customized solutions 48 Series overview 50 Service Bulletins 54 Contacts 56 4 Vacuum Capacitors Vacuum Capacitors 5 We empower new technologies Comet is a leading expert in RF power delivery and a global innovation partner of RF related business- es for more than 50 years. Our products have earned a global reputation for quality and reliabili- ty over a broad variety of applications. By exploring the mysteries of plasma behavior Comet is contributing to the evolution of the semiconductor industry. With the goal to provide our customers with the most precise tools we “We create solutions engineer and manufacture the most advanced RF power systems and diagnostic tools to master that respond both to plasma processes. today’s trends and Comet’s profound know-how in RF circuit modeling tomorrow’s needs.” and design has its origin in the development of vacuum capacitors. A broad range of capacitors Michael Kammerer for all needs guarantees you highest performance, President Comet repeatability and reliability of your tools. Besides Plasma Control Technologies that, the unique modular and customized design allows a high degree of flexibility in production and guarantees the delivery of special types on short notice. To improve the performance of our Imped- ance Matching Networks exclusively Comet Vaccum Capacitors are used. In this catalog you will learn more about the broadest selection of capacitance, power, voltage and drive systems in the market. -
Precision Variable Capacitors
---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234 PHILIPS TECHNICAL REVIEW VOLUME 20 PRECISION VARIABLE CAPACITORS by A. A. TURNBULL *). 621.319.43 Electronic equipment for military uses is designed for specifications which require components of very high quality, Components must frequently be not only of high accuracy and stability but must also be compact and robust. The article below describes two precision variable capac- itors which, although compact, have a performance comparable with laboratory capacitors of considerably larger size. Two types of precision variable capacitors (fig. 1) requirement IS that the capacitors should be have been designed at the Mullard Research sufficiently small to allow their convenient installa- Laboratories for high grade electronic equipment, tion in equipment, particularly in compact military meeting stringent specifications as regards their equipment. The linear-law capacitor, for example, accuracy and stability 1). One of these capacitors was originally designed for a specific equipment, in gives a linear frequency law for use in transmitter which three of these capacitors were ganged in master-oscillator circuits or in receiver local oscilla- line. In the layout of this equipment only a limited tor circuits. The other is a sine-frequency-law space was available for the capacitors. Similar 95605 Fig. 1. The two precision capacitors with covers removed. Left, the linear-law capacitor. Right, the sine-law capacitor. capacitor and was designed primarily for the con- considerations also limit the size of the sine-law version of radar range and bearing information capacitor. from polar to cartesian form 2). Some of the features common to both the capaci- The term stability in connection with these tors may be described, before passing on to the capacitors implies stability over long periods, detailed consideration of each type. -
RF Power Amplifier (RFPA) Designing a 'Output Tank Circuit'
RF Power Amplifier (RFPA) Designing a 'Output Tank Circuit' By Larry E. Gugle K4RFE, RF Design, Manufacture, Test & Service Engineer (Retired) Figure-1 Output 'Tank' Circuit Network in Low-Pass Filter (LPF) 'Pi' Configuration INTRODUCTION 1. When Alternating Current (AC) Signal Voltage is fed from the output of a Electron Tube RF Power Amplifier (RFPA), AC Impedance (electronic symbol 'Z') measured in Ohms (electronic symbol '') is the primary Characteristic, not the DC Resistance (electronic symbol 'R'), measured in Ohms (electronic symbol 'with a Volt/Ohm meter. 2. Alternating Current (AC) Impedance (Z), is made up of a combination of different Characteristic Values caused by the AC and all of the circuit Components which include: a. The Capacitive Reactance (electronic symbol 'Xc') of Capacitors ('C'). b. The Inductive Reactance (electronic symbol 'XL') of Inductors ('L'). c. The Resistance (electronic symbol 'R') of Resistors ('R'). d. The Frequency (electronic symbol 'F') of the Alternating Current (AC). 1 3. When any one of these Characteristic Values change, the value of the AC Impedance (Z) will also change. 4. Plate Tune and Load Coupling Networks, either in a ‘Pi’ or ‘Pi-L’ configuration, are designed so that a RF Power Amplifier (RFPA) provides Optimum Output Power with a minimum of Odd-Order Harmonic, Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) content. 5. To obtain high efficient operation from an Electron Tube RF Power Amplifier (RFPA), the RF Amplifying Device, either a Power Triode, Tetrode or Pentode, is normally operated in it’s Linear Region of Conduction Angle (Class ‘AB1’, 'AB2' or ‘B’) for Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier - Amplitude Modulation (SSBSC-AM) Telephony Signals and operated in it’s Non-Linear Region of Conduction Angle (Class ‘C’) for Interrupted Continuous Wave (CW) ‘On’ and ‘Off’ Keying Telegraphy, Frequency Modulation (FM) Telephony and Phase Modulation (PM) Telephony Signals. -
Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit
Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit The 1922 Bureau of Standards publication, Construc- tion and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit [1], is perhaps the best-known of a series of publications on radio intended for the general public at a time when the embryonic radio industry in the U.S. was undergoing exponential growth. While there were a number of earlier experiments with radio broadcasts to the general public, most histori- ans consider the late fall of 1920 to be the beginning of radio broadcasting for entertainment purposes. Pittsburgh, PA, station KDKA, owned by Westinghouse, received its license from the Department of Commerce just in time to broadcast the Harding-Cox presidential election returns. In today’s world where instant global communications are commonplace, it is difficult to appreciate the excitement that this event generated. Fig 1. The crystal radio described in Circular 120. News of the new development spread rapidly, and interest in radio soared. By the end of 1921, new broad- casting stations were springing up all over the country. Radios were selling faster than companies could manu- facture them. The demand for information on this new technology was almost insatiable. The Radio Section of the Bureau of Standards provided measurement know- how to the burgeoning radio industry as well as general information on the new technology to the public. Letters to the Bureau seeking information on radio technology began as a trickle, and then soon became a flood. Answering them became a burden. Circular 120, published in April 1922, began: “Frequent inquiries are received at the Bureau of Standards for information regarding the construction of a simple receiving set which any person can construct in the home from materials which can be easily secured.