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Home , Ceramic resonator, Potentiometer, Trimmer (electronics), Variable capacitor

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A device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and . are used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to transform a current signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical behavior of a resistor obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or other variables. Variable resistors, or rheostats, have a resistance that may be varied across a Variable certain range, usually by means of a mechanical device that alters the position of one terminal of the resistor along a strip of resistant material. The Resistor length of the intervening material determines the resistance. Mechanical variable resistors are also called , and are used in the volume knobs of audio equipment and in many other devices.

a device with three terminals, two of which are connected to a resistance and the third to a brush moving along the wire, so that a variable potential can be tapped off: used in electronic circuits, esp as a volume control Sometimes shortened to pot Potentiometer.

Manually adjustable, variable, electrical resistor. It has a resistance element that is attached to the circuit by three contacts, or terminals. The ends of the resistance element are attached to two input voltage conductors of the Pot circuit, and the third contact, attached to the output of the circuit, is usually a movable terminal that slides across the resistance element, effectively dividing it into two resistors. An electrical device consisting of two conducting plates separated by an ### nF electrical insulator (the ), designed to hold an electric charge. Charge builds up when a voltage is applied across the plates, creating an electric field between them. Current can flow through a capacitor only as the voltage across it is changing, not when it is constant. are used in power supplies, , signal processors, oscillators, and logic gates.

### nF An electrolytic, tantalum or Aluminum, capacitor in which the dielectric film Polarized is formed adjacent to only one metal electrode; the impedance to the flow of Capacitor current is then greater in one direction than in the other.

A capacitor whose capacitance can be varied continuously by moving one set ### nF of metal plates with respect to another. The physics principle being the Variable capacitance varies with both the surface area of the plates and how far they Capacitor are from each other.

Trimmer capacitors are used mainly to effect the alignment of resonant oscillatory circuits. As a rule, the capacitance of a trimmer capacitor is set Trimmer during the circuit test process. After such setting, the movable parts of the Capacitor trimmer capacitor are locked in place and remain in their fixed positions while the device is operating. A trimmer capacitor is generally a simplified parallel-plate with one stator plate and one rotor plate. An is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the passing through it. An inductor Fixed is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically, an inductor is a Inductor conducting wire shaped as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic field. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced that opposes the change in current that created it. A variable inductor can be constructed by making one of the terminals of the device a sliding spring contact that can move along the surface of the coil, Variable increasing or decreasing the number of turns of the coil included in the Inductor circuit. An alternative construction method is to use a moveable magnetic core, which can be slid in or out of the coil. Moving the core farther into the coil increases the permeability, increasing the inductance. A is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A Transformer varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. SCHEMATIC COMPONENT LINE / PACKAGE SYMBOL / COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION TYPE / SUB-TYPE DRAWING REF DES

An electrical device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode, through which current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to cathode) than in the reverse direction. have many uses, including conversion of AC power to DC power, and the decoding of audio-frequency signals from radio signals.

A is a special type of diode with a very low forward-voltage drop. When current flows through a diode there is a small voltage drop across Schokkey the diode terminals. A normal silicon diode has a voltage drop between 0.6– Diode 1.7 volts, while a Schottky diode voltage drop is between approximately 0.15– 0.45 volts. This lower voltage drop can provide higher switching speed and better system efficiency. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to ## V regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value. A or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode which is capable of very fast operation, well into the frequency region, by Tunnel using quantum mechanical effects. Diode

Diode for alternating current', is a diode that conducts current only after its breakdown voltage has been reached momentarily. When this occurs, diode Diac enters the region of negative dynamic resistance, leading to a decrease in the voltage drop across the diode and, usually, a sharp increase in current through the diode. The diode remains "in conduction" until the current through it drops below a value characteristic for the device, called the holding current. From for Alternating Current, is a which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is Triac formally called a bidirectional triode or bilateral triode thyristor. It is approximately equivalent to two complementary unilateral joined in antiparallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. a diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode which has a variable capacitance that is Varactor a function of the voltage impressed on its terminals. Diode

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, lightly doped 'near' intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. It is typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.The wide Pin Diode intrinsic region makes the PIN diode an inferior (one typical function of a diode), but it makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast , photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the Light Emitting form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the Diode light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. A is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. are Photodiode similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of Diode Bridge AC AC input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. SCHEMATIC COMPONENT LINE / PACKAGE SYMBOL / COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION TYPE / SUB-TYPE DRAWING REF DES

A transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode is an electronic component used to protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected . Transorb It is also commonly referred to as a transorb. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional.

A , also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode used in high-frequency electronics. In the Gunn diode, three regions Gunn exist: two of them are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of Diode lightly doped material in between. When a voltage is applied to the device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer.

A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four- Silicon layer solid state device that controls current. In the normal "off" state, the G device restricts current to the leakage current. When the gate-to-cathode Controlled A K voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns "on" and conducts Rectifier current.

### mA Optical isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its Optoisolator input and output". The main purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side.

A is a used to amplify and electronic C C signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least NPN Transistor B B three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing PNP Transistor E E through another pair of terminals. The doping region determines NPN or PNP

C the (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound Darlington B structure consisting of two bipolar connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one, NPN/PNP E B C giving a much higher current gain (written β, hfe, or hFE) than each transistor Transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space E than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector. The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of G D JFET N/P field effect transistor. It can be used as an electronically-controlled switch or as Field Effect S a voltage-controlled resistance. Electric charge flows through a semiconducting G D channel between "source" and "drain" terminals. By applying a bias voltage to Transistor a "gate" terminal, the channel is "pinched", so that the electric current is S impeded or switched off completely. Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In D D MOSFET , a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a N/P G G conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain. S S channel can be of n-type or p-type (see article on semiconductor devices), and is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET (also nMOS, pMOS). The dual gate MOSFET has a configuration, where both gates control D D the current in the device. It is commonly used for small signal devices in radio MOSFET DUAL G1 G1 frequency applications where the second gate is normally used for gain control G2 G2 or mixing and frequency conversion. For Basic MOSFET See section above. N/P S S

A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells used to make solar modules which are Solar Cell used to capture energy from sunlight, are known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy. A photoresistor or photoconductor light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high Photo-Resistor enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. SCHEMATIC COMPONENT LINE / PACKAGE SYMBOL / COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION TYPE / SUB-TYPE DRAWING REF DES

SPST, most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one set of electrical contacts. The contacts can be in one of two Switch SPST states: either 'closed' and conducting or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. A simple on-off switch: The two terminals are either connected together or disconnected from each other. Also called two-way switch . Single Pole, Single Throw A simple changeover switch: C (COM, Common) is connected to L1 or to L2. This switch is used to select either A or B type connection path. Also called a Switch SPDT three-way switch. Single Pole, Double Throw

Equivalent to two SPST switches controlled by a single mechanism. The Throw contacts are tied together so when the contacts are made, two simultaneous Switch DPST circuits are conducting. Also called just a double pole switch. Double Pole, Single Throw.

Equivalent to two SPDT switches controlled by a single mechanism: A is connected to B and D to E, or A is connected to C and D to F. See SPDT in Switch DPDT section above. Double Pole, Double Throw

A Slide Switch is like a linear rotary in that there is a single throw with multiple poles such that contacts are arrayed in a linear patterns and as the slide knob or button is moved from left to right, contacts are made one at a time equal to Switch Slide the number of poles in the array.

Momentary Switches are switches that make or open contacts as long as the button is pressed mechanically or electrically. As soon as the button is Switch released, the switch will return to its Normally Opened (NO) or Normally Closed (NC) state. Reset switches are often of this kind. It may only take an Momentary instant of shunting the circuit to to reboot the system or clear the memory. The Rotary switch is used to select a number of circuits for routing signals or connecting circuits selectively to usually a single source. When these switches Switch are ganged, then the number of variable connections increases exponentially. Rotary The mechanical switch can also serve as a Hex encoder for program selection.

DIP switches are manual electric switches that are packaged in a group in a standard dual in-line package (DIP). This type of switch is designed to be used Switch on a along with other electronic components and is DIP commonly used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific situations.DIP switches are an alternative to jumper blocks. Their main advantages are that they are quicker to change and there are no parts to lose. A mercury switch is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of Switch electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switch's physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the "pull" of Mercury earth's gravity, or other inertia.Mercury switches consist of one or more sets of electrical contacts in a sealed glass envelope which contains a bead of mercury. The envelope may also contain air, an inert gas, or a vacuum. Temperature-sensing mechanism is the "bimetallic strip:" a thin strip of two Switch metals, joined back-to-back, each metal having a different rate of thermal Temperature expansion. When the strip heats or cools, differing rates of thermal expansion between the two metals causes it to bend. The bending of the strip can then Actuated be used to actuate a switch contact mechanism.

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Circuit Breaker Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. A circuit breaker can be reset unlike a permanently blown . SCHEMATIC COMPONENT LINE / PACKAGE SYMBOL / COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION TYPE / SUB-TYPE DRAWING REF DES

A is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles Relays are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

A is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature , self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

A polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a ) is a passive electronic component used to protect against overcurrent faults in electronic circuits. They are actually non-linear Polyswitch thermistors, however, and cycle back to a conductive state after the current is removed, acting more like circuit breakers, allowing the circuit to function again without opening the chassis or replacing anything.

SiBar thyristor surge protectors are designed to protect sensitive telecommunications equipment from the hazards caused by lightning, SiBar TVS power contact, and power induction. These devices have high surge capability to protect against transient faults and high off-state impedance, making them transparent during normal operation.

a fuse is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection device. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, Fuse which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload or device failure is often the reason for excessive current.

Balun is a type of electrical transformer that can convert electrical signals that Balun are balanced about ground (differential) to signals that are unbalanced (single- ended), and the reverse. They are also often used to connect lines of differing Transformer impedance. The origin of the word balun is bal(ance) + un(balance). Baluns can take many forms and their presence is not always obvious. They always use electromagnetic coupling for their operation. A is an circuit that uses the mechanical of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is used to provide a stable Crystal clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio and receivers. The most common is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators." Oscillators are used as frequency sources for all kinds of circuits and applications. There are many types depending on the method use to set, stabilize, or control the frequency. VCO, voltage controlled varies the Oscillator frequency with voltage, TCXO, Temperature Compensated, OCXO, Oven stabilized, VCTCXO, Voltage Controlled and Temperature Compensated. In a block diagram or a schematic the various oscillators may be labeled blocks. A is an electronic component that when combined with other appropriate components, can produce oscillations at a specific Ceramic frequency. It consists of a voltage-variable capacitor that acts in some ways Resonator like a quartz crystal. Ceramic are made of high-stability piezoelectric , generally zirconium titanate.

A ferrite bead is a passive electric component used to suppress high frequency noise in electronic circuits. It is a specific type of electronic choke. Ferrite Ferrite Bead beads employ the mechanism of high dissipation of high frequency currents in Ring a ferrite to build high frequency noise suppression devices. Ferrite beads may also be called ferrite blocks, ferrite cores, ferrite rings, ferrite EMI filters, ferrite chokes or mistakenly as ferrous bead. Single SMT bead designation (FB) A is a device that converts one type of energy to another. The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, Transducer photonic, photovoltaic, or any other form of energy. While the term transducer commonly implies use as a /detector, any device which converts energy can be considered as a transducer. SCHEMATIC COMPONENT LINE / PACKAGE SYMBOL / COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION TYPE / SUB-TYPE DRAWING REF DES

A power source providing alternating current of any phase. An AC source can be a wall plug, alternator, generator a bench power supply or an inverter. The AC Source AC circuit need only specify the phase, current, and voltage when referring to the AC Source.

The DC Source can be any equipment or component that provides a Direct DC Source Current. It may be a solar cell system, a fuel cell, a AC to DC Converter, Battery DC Pack, DC-DC converter, Switching or /power supply combination.

In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return Ground path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth. Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. A metal chassis is a huge and you may pick up an Equipment extra amount of electrical noise in your signal ground Potential and if you tie them hard. The chassis only needs to be at a man- safe potential and the rest of it you'd rather not "see". Chassis

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two types of batteries: Battery primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times.

Delay may refer to: Propagation delay, the length of time taken for something to reach its destination. Analog delay line, used to delay a signal Delay Bi-directional delay line, Digital delay line, a sequential logic element

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. . Speaker

A is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Most today use electromagnetic Microphone induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration.

known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g. TV or radio waves) Dipole antenna, a simple antenna Antenna which can be constructed from one wire, fed by a source. Directional antenna, or beam antenna, radiates greater power in one or more directions. Radio telescope, a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy and for tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes An accumulator is an apparatus by means of which energy can be stored, such as a rechargeable battery or a hydraulic accumulator. Such devices may be Accumulator electrical, fluidic or mechanical and are sometimes used to convert a small continuous power source into a short surge of energy or vice versa. Other examples of accumulators include capacitors.

Attenuator (electronics), an electronic device that reduces the of a signal. Also referred to as a pad with linear or stepped degrees of attenuation measured in dB. Every 3dB of attenuation equals ½ the original power level. Optical attenuator, a device or instrument to reduce light power.