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Legionnaires' Disease, Pontiac Fever, Legionellosis and Legionella
Legionnaires’ Disease, Pontiac Fever, Legionellosis and Legionella Q: What is Legionellosis and who is at risk? Legionellosis is an infection caused by Legionella bacteria. Legionellosis can present as two distinct illnesses: Pontiac fever (a self-limited flu-like mild respiratory illness), and Legionnaires’ Disease (a more severe illness involving pneumonia). People of any age can get Legionellosis, but the disease occurs most frequently in persons over 50 years of age. The disease most often affects those who smoke heavily, have chronic lung disease, or have underlying medical conditions that lower their immune system, such as diabetes, cancer, or renal dysfunction. Persons taking certain drugs that lower their immune system, such as steroids, have an increased risk of being affected by Legionellosis. Many people may be infected with Legionella bacteria without developing any symptoms, and others may be treated without having to be hospitalized. Q: What is Legionella? Legionella bacteria are found naturally in freshwater environments such as creeks, ponds and lakes, as well as manmade structures such as plumbing systems and cooling towers. Legionella can multiply in warm water (77°F to 113°F). Legionella pneumophila is responsible for over 90 percent of Legionnaires’ Disease cases and several different species of Legionella are responsible for Pontiac Fever. Q: How is Legionella spread and how does someone acquire Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease/Pontiac Fever)? Legionella bacteria become a health concern when they grow and spread in manmade structures such as plumbing systems, hot water tanks, cooling towers, hot tubs, decorative fountains, showers and faucets. Legionellosis is acquired after inhaling mists from a contaminated water source containing Legionella bacteria. -
2012 Case Definitions Infectious Disease
Arizona Department of Health Services Case Definitions for Reportable Communicable Morbidities 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Definition of Terms Used in Case Classification .......................................................................................................... 6 Definition of Bi-national Case ............................................................................................................................................. 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ............................................... 7 AMEBIASIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 ANTHRAX (β) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 ASEPTIC MENINGITIS (viral) ......................................................................................................................................... 11 BASIDIOBOLOMYCOSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 12 BOTULISM, FOODBORNE (β) ....................................................................................................................................... 13 BOTULISM, INFANT (β) ................................................................................................................................................... -
Burkholderia Cenocepacia Intracellular Activation of the Pyrin
Activation of the Pyrin Inflammasome by Intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia Mikhail A. Gavrilin, Dalia H. A. Abdelaziz, Mahmoud Mostafa, Basant A. Abdulrahman, Jaykumar Grandhi, This information is current as Anwari Akhter, Arwa Abu Khweek, Daniel F. Aubert, of September 29, 2021. Miguel A. Valvano, Mark D. Wewers and Amal O. Amer J Immunol 2012; 188:3469-3477; Prepublished online 24 February 2012; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102272 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3469 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2012/02/24/jimmunol.110227 Material 2.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ References This article cites 71 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3469.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 29, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Activation of the Pyrin Inflammasome by Intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia Mikhail A. -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Objectives What
12/2/2015 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES What could be emerging in North Dakota? TRACY K. MILLER, PHD, MPH STATE EPIDEMIOLOGIST [email protected] OBJECTIVES 1. Identify new or re-emerging infections 2. Identify ways outside agencies can help the health department monitor for disease 3. Determine what education needs are available. 2 WHAT ARE "EMERGING" INFECTIOUS DISEASES? Infectious diseases whose incidence in humans has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future have been defined as "emerging." These diseases, which respect no national boundaries, include: • New infections resulting from changes or evolution of existing organisms • Known infections spreading to new geographic areas or populations • Previously unrecognized infections appearing in areas undergoing ecologic transformation 3 1 12/2/2015 WHAT ARE RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES? Any condition, usually an infection, that had decreased in incidence in the global population and was brought under control through effective health care policy and improved living conditions, reached a nadir, and, more recently, began to resurge as a health problem due to changes in the health status of a susceptible population. 4 REPORTABLE CONDITIONS 5 CDC’S LIST OF EIDS • malaria • drug-resistant infections (antimicrobial resistance) • Marburg hemorrhagic fever • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad cow disease) & variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) • measles • campylobacteriosis • meningitis • Chagas disease • monkeypox • cholera • MRSA (Methicillin Resistant -
Report June 2
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES • ISSN 1361 - 1887 Provisional Summary 2003 Northern Ireland Edition Vol 12 No 13 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ISSN 1361 - 1887 Introduction This report summarises the main trends in communicable disease in Northern Ireland during 2003. It is primarily based on laboratory reports forward to CDSC (NI) and information supplied by Consultants in Communicable Disease Control. This is a more detailed annual summary than in previous years and replaces our annual report. The data for 2003 should be regarded as provisional to allow for late reporting of results and further typing of organisms. CDSC (NI) is extremely grateful to colleagues in Trusts and Boards for providing timely data and information on a wide range of infections and communicable disease issues. This summary can also be downloaded from our website http://www.cdscni.org.uk Contributing Laboratories Information Altnagelvin Mater Editorial Team: CDSC (NI) Antrim Musgrave Park Belfast City Hospital Belfast City Regional Mycology Dr Brian Smyth Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Belvoir Park Regional Virus Audrey Lynch N.Ireland Causeway Royal Victoria Dr Julie McCarroll Telephone: 028 9026 3765 Craigavon Tyrone County Dr Hilary Kennedy Fax: 028 9026 3511 Daisyhill Ulster Ruth Fox Email: [email protected] Erne Julie Boucher COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Provisional Summary 1 Contents 1 Gastrointestinal Infections 3 Foodborne and Gastrointestinal outbreaks: 2003 2 Imported Infections 9 3 Human Brucellosis in Northern Ireland, 2003 13 4 Enhanced Surveillance of Influenza in Northern Ireland 15 5 Enhanced Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease 19 6 Enhanced Surveillance of Tuberculosis 23 7 Legionella Infections 27 8 Hepatitis 29 9 HIV and AIDS 33 10 Syphilis Outbreak in Northern Ireland 2001-2003 37 11 Childhood Vaccination Programme 41 Appendix 1 – Trends in Specific Reported Pathogens Appendix 2 – Notifications of Infections Diseases COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Provisional Summary 2 1 Gastrointestinal infections Notifications of food poisoning increased steadily from1991 to 2000. -
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Update Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Shelby County
WINTER IS NORO- ISSUE 1 VOLUME 7 2014 VIRUS SEASON ....... 2 ASSESSING DISPENS- ING ACCURACY FOR MEDICAL COUNTER- MEASURE EXCERCIS- ES .......................... 2 ONE HEALTH: WILD PIGS, HUNTERS AND BRUCELLOSIS……...3 WATCHING OUT FOR FLU ........................ 3 THE LIST OF REPORT- ABLE DISEASES AND EVENTS .................. 3 Tennessee TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH COMMISSIONER JOHN J. DREYZEHNER, MD, MPH epi-news Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreak in Shelby County In June 2013, the Shelby County Health areas and to conduct environmental sam- Department received multiple reports of pling, testing and remediation using estab- Legionnaires’ disease among inpatients at lished methodologies. The investigators local hospitals. Health department epide- also initiated active surveillance for le- miologists quickly responded, conducting gionellosis and soon found four more cases detailed interviews with the patients using sharing this exposure. an interview form they had adapted with questions specific to Shelby County expo- Legionnaires’ disease is a form of commu- sures. nity-acquired pneumonia caused by Le- gionella species. A less severe form of Interviews with the first seven identified legionellosis is known as Pontiac fever. patients revealed that five of them had fre- Legionella bacteria are ubiquitous in the quented the same hot tub and steam room environment and thrive in warm, manmade conditions are predisposing factors. Most in a fitness center within two to ten days water systems. People can become infected cases occur sporadically -
Multiple Legionella Pneumophila Effector Virulence Phenotypes
Multiple Legionella pneumophila effector virulence PNAS PLUS phenotypes revealed through high-throughput analysis of targeted mutant libraries Stephanie R. Shamesa,1, Luying Liua, James C. Haveya, Whitman B. Schofielda,b, Andrew L. Goodmana,b, and Craig R. Roya,2 aDepartment of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and bMicrobial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 Edited by Ralph R. Isberg, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and approved October 20, 2017 (received for review May 23, 2017) Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of a severe pneu- poorly understood. Initial forward genetic screens aimed at identi- monia called Legionnaires’ disease. A single strain of L. pneumo- fying avirulent mutants of L. pneumophila were successful in identi- phila encodes a repertoire of over 300 different effector proteins fying essential components of the Dot/Icm system, but these screens that are delivered into host cells by the Dot/Icm type IV secretion did not identify effector proteins translocated by the Dot/Icm system system during infection. The large number of L. pneumophila ef- (10, 11). It is appreciated that most effectors are not essential for fectors has been a limiting factor in assessing the importance of intracellular replication (12), which is why the genes encoding ef- individual effectors for virulence. Here, a transposon insertion se- fector proteins that are important for virulence were difficult to quencing technology called INSeq was used to analyze replication identify by standard screening strategies that assess intracellular of a pool of effector mutants in parallel both in a mouse model of replication using binary assays that measure plaque formation or infection and in cultured host cells. -
Legionella Pneumophila Lifecycle Critical Review Part I Uptake Into Host Cells
water Review Knowledge to Predict Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila Lifecycle Critical Review Part I Uptake into Host Cells Alexis L. Mraz 1 and Mark H. Weir 1,2,* 1 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] 2 Risk Modeling Division, Applied Research Center, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-614-292-4066 Received: 16 December 2017; Accepted: 29 January 2018; Published: 31 January 2018 Abstract: Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an infectious disease agent of increasing concern due to its ability to cause Legionnaires’ Disease, a severe community pneumonia, and the difficulty in controlling it within water systems. L. pneumophila thrives within the biofilm of premise plumbing systems, utilizing protozoan hosts for protection from disinfectants and other environmental stressors. While there is a great deal of information regarding how L. pneumophila interacts with protozoa and human macrophages (host for human infection), the ability to use this data in a model to attempt to predict a concentration of L. pneumophila in a water system is not known. The lifecycle of L. pneumophila within host cells involves three processes: uptake, growth, and egression from the host cell. The complexity of these three processes would risk conflation of the concepts; therefore, this review details the available information regarding how L. pneumophila invades host cells (uptake) within the context of data needed to model this process, while a second review will focus on growth and egression. The overall intent of both reviews is to detail how the steps in L. -
Copyrighted Material
INDEX A American hemorrhagic fevers: Antibiotic action; Drug resistance; Α-dystroglycan, 301 Argentine, 16–17, 35, 279–280; Immune system; specifi c disease Abrus precatorius, 689 Bolivian, 277, 280, 287–288; Antiviral agents: AZT (zidovudine), Acid-fast bacteria, 212 Brazilian, 277, 281; overview of, 13, 32, 38, 48, 340–341, 355, 356; Active Bacterial Core (ABCs) 274, 274–279, 282–286; treatment, blocking synthesis of bacterial surveillance, 240 prevention, surveillance of, 275, RNA, 47; categories of HIV, 356; Active immunization, 465 287–289; Venezuelan, 277, 280–281 dengue fever, DHF, and DSS, 327– Acute glomerulonephritis, 119, 121, 126 Amoeba histolytica, 34 328; description of, 32; HAART, Acute Q fever, 15 Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 36, 76, 77, 48, 356–357, 382; hepatitis C virus Adaptive immunity, 40–42 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 640–641, 645 (HCV), 391, 402–403; HHV-8 Adenocarcinoma of the lower Anaplasmosis, 552 and KS treatment using, 380–382; esophagus, 167–168 Andes virus, 442 SARS, 466–467. See also Interferons Adenovirus infection, 646–647 Anemia, 176, 528 Arenaviridae, 300 Aedes aegypti mosquito, 318, 322, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 16–17, 328–329 (ACE-2), 463–464 35, 279–280 Aedes albopictus mosquito, 318, 322–323 Anopheles mosquitoes, 35, 525, 526, 537 Artemisinin, 535 Age-related immune system defects, Anthrax, 15, 670, 674–676 “Asian Flu” pandemic (type H2N2) 639–640, 642 Antibiotic action, 226, 228–229, 235– [1957], 413 Agglutination, 44 237. See also Antimicrobial agents; Aspergillus fungi, -
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of ETHIOPIA Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 Edition
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ETHIOPIA Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 edition Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2011 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-068-3 ISBN-10: 1-61755-068-X Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia – bacterial) or etiologic grouping(Coltiviruses – Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application. -
Legionnaires' Disease
Prevention Port Waterborne Disease Management in Healthcare Settings Healthcare-associated Infections and Emerging Infectious Diseases Workshops January 28, 2020: Metairie February 4, 2020: Bossier City February 5, 2020: Lafayette “ The speaker does not have a financial or non-financial relationship with a commercial interest that would create a conflict of interest with this presentation. ” Disclosure Statement Objectives By the end of this presentation, attendees will be able to: Describe transmission, burden, and prevention measures Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Describe a Water Management Plan Legionella pneumophila Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found naturally in the environment worldwide, usually in aquatic environments at least 60 different species, ~20 implicated in human disease Natural Habitat Occurs worldwide Prefers WARM WATERS with scale, sediment, metallic ions, and commensal flora Max multiplication from 25ºC to 45ºC (77-113F) Reduction at >50ºC (122F) No growth above 58.8ºC (138F) Found in 1-30% of home hot water systems Transmission Generally is not present in sufficient numbers in environment to cause disease Inhalation of water contaminated with Legionella aerosols generated by cooling towers, showers, faucets, spas, respiratory therapy equipment, and fountains Aspiration of contaminated potable water also proposed NO Person-to-person transmission Burden of Disease CDC estimates: 8,000 –18,000 cases in the U.S. annually 130-300 in LA Many infections not diagnosed or reported ~50 cases/year reported -
EVALUATION of the P45 MOBILE INTEGRATIVE ELEMENT and ITS ROLE IN
EVALUATION OF THE p45 MOBILE INTEGRATIVE ELEMENT AND ITS ROLE IN Legionella pneumophila VIRULENCE A Dissertation by LANETTE M. CHRISTENSEN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Jeffrey D. Cirillo Committee Members, James Samuel Jon Skare Farida Sohrabji Head of Program, Warren Zimmer May 2018 Major Subject: Medical Sciences Copyright 2018 Lanette Christensen ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila are aqueous environmental bacilli that live within protozoal species and cause a potentially fatal form of pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease. Not all L. pneumophila strains have the same capacity to cause disease in humans. The majority of strains that cause clinically relevant Legionnaires’ disease harbor the p45 mobile integrative genomic element. Contribution of the p45 element to L. pneumophila virulence and ability to withstand environmental stress were addressed in this study. The L. pneumophila Philadelphia-1 (Phil-1) mobile integrative element, p45, was transferred into the attenuated strain Lp01 via conjugation, designating p45 an integrative conjugative element (ICE). The resulting trans-conjugate, Lp01+p45, was compared with strains Phil-1 and Lp01 to assess p45 in virulence using a guinea pig model infected via aerosol. The p45 element partially recovered the loss of virulence in Lp01 compared to that of Phil-1 evident in morbidity, mortality, and bacterial burden in the lungs at the time of death. This phenotype was accompanied by enhanced expression of type II interferon in the lungs and spleens 48 hours after infection, independent of bacterial burden.