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Situacion De La Biodiversidad En Chile, Desafios Para La Sustentabilidad

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Situacion De La Biodiversidad En Chile, Desafios Para La Sustentabilidad SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE DESAFÍOS PARA LA SUSTENTABILIDAD María Isabel Manzur FOUNDATION FOR DEPP ECOLOGY PROGRAMA CHILE SUSTENTABLE / SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE 1 SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE Desafíos para la Sustentabilidad © Programa Chile Sustentable ISBN: 956-7889-25-2 Registro Propiedad Intelectual: 144.149 Primera Edición Septiembre 2005 Se imprimieron 1000 ejemplares Elaboración: María Isabel Manzur Edición: M. Paz Aedo Sara Larraín Diseño de Portada y Diagramación: Mauricio Rocha Impresión: LOM Ediciones ESTA PUBLICACIÓN HA SIDO POSIBLE GRACIAS A LA COLABORACIÓN DE LA FUNDACIÓN FORD, LA FOUNDATION FOR DEEP ECOLOGY, Y LA FUNDACIÓN HEINRICH BÖLL. 2 PROGRAMA CHILE SUSTENTABLE / SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE INDICE PRESENTACIÓN ..................................................................................................................... 7 PRIMERA PARTE - BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE CAPÍTULO I. SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE .............................................. 15 1.1 ¿Qué es la Biodiversidad? ..................................................................................... 15 1.1.1 Diversidad de Especies .......................................................................................... 16 1.1.2 Diversidad de Ecosistemas ..................................................................................... 19 1.1.3 Diversidad Genética .............................................................................................. 22 1.2 Estado de Conservación de la Biodiversidad en Chile ........................................... 25 1.2.1 Estado de Conservación de las Especies ................................................................. 25 1.2.2 Estado de Conservación de Ecosistemas ................................................................ 28 1.2.3 Estado de Conservación de los Recursos Genéticos ............................................... 31 1.3 Causas de la Pérdida de la Biodiversidad en Chile ..................................................... 32 1.3.1 Causas de la Pérdida de Especies........................................................................... 32 1.3.2 Causas de la Pérdida de Ecosistemas ..................................................................... 37 1.3.3 Causas de la Pérdida de Diversidad Genética ........................................................ 38 CAPÍTULO II. LEGISLACIÓN, INSTITUCIONALIDAD Y CONVENIOS INTERNACIONALES VIGENTES ...................................................................................................... 41 2.1 Legislación Nacional sobre Biodiversidad .............................................................. 41 2.1.1 Ley General de Bases del Medio Ambiente ............................................................. 41 2.1.2 Ley de Caza ............................................................................................................ 43 2.1.3 Ley de Bosque y Decreto Ley 701 .......................................................................... 44 2.1.4 Legislación Relativa a la Flora................................................................................. 44 2.1.5 Legislación Relativa a la Fauna ............................................................................... 45 2.2 Convenios Internacionales de Conservación de la Biodiversidad ........................... 45 2.2.1 Convención de la Diversidad Biológica (CDB)........................................................ 45 2.2.2 Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES) ..................................................... 48 2.2.3 Convención para la Protección de la Flora de la Fauna y de las Bellezas Escénicas Naturales de los Países de América (Convención de Washington) ........... 50 2.2.4 Convención sobre la Conservación de las Especies Migratorias de Animales Silvestres (Convención de Bonn) ...................................... 51 2.2.5 Convención de Areas Húmedas de Importancia Internacional Especialmente como Hábitat de Aves Acuáticas (Convención Ramsar) ................... 52 2.2.6 Convenio de la Chinchilla ...................................................................................... 53 2.2.7 Convención para la Conservación y Manejo de la Vicuña ...................................... 53 PROGRAMA CHILE SUSTENTABLE / SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE 3 2.2.8 Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático ................... 54 2.2.9 Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación en los Países Afectados por Sequía Grave o Desertificación, en Particular Africa ... 56 2.2.10 Agenda 21 ............................................................................................................ 58 2.2.11 Convención para la Protección del Patrimonio Mundial, Cultural y Natural de la UNESCO ..................................................................................................... 60 2.3 Convenios Internacionales Sobre Biodiversidad Marina ....................................... 60 2.3.1 Convención Internacional para la Regulación de la Caza Ballenera ...................... 60 2.3.2 Tratado Antártico .................................................................................................. 60 2.3.3 Convención sobre la Conservación de Focas Antárticas ........................................ 61 2.3.4 Convención para la Conservación de los Recursos Marinos Vivos Antárticos (CCMLAR) ........ 61 2.3.5 Protocolo al Tratado Antártico sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente ................... 62 2.3.6 Convenio para la Protección del Medio Ambiente Marino y la Zona Costera del Pacífico Sudeste .............................................................................................. 63 2.3.7 Protocolo para la Conservación y Administración de las Áreas Marinas y Costeras Protegidas del Pacífico Sudeste ............................................................. 63 2.3.8 Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar ............................ 64 2.4 Institucionalidad para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad en Chile ................... 64 2.5 Conclusión y Recomendaciones ............................................................................ 67 CAPÍTULO III. PROTECCIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE ...................................... 73 3.1 El Sistema Nacional de Areas Silvestres Protegidas del Estado (SNASPE) .............. 73 3.2 Otras Categorías de Protección Oficial ................................................................ 85 3.2.1 Santuarios de la Naturaleza ................................................................................... 85 3.2.2 Lugares de Interés Histórico o Científico ............................................................... 87 3.2.3 Áreas de Protección Establecidas en Instrumentos de Planificación ....................... 87 3.2.4 Áreas de Protección Turística ........................................................................................................ 88 3.2.5 Centros y Zonas de Interés Turístico ...................................................................... 89 3.2.6 Distritos de Conservación de Suelos, Bosques y Aguas .......................................... 90 3.2.7 Lugares de Prohibición de Caza ............................................................................ 90 3.2.8 Reservas de la Biósfera .......................................................................................... 91 3.2.9 Áreas Privadas Protegidas ...................................................................................... 91 3.3 Conservación Ex Situ ............................................................................................. 95 3.4 Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad .................................................................... 97 3.5 Conclusiones y Recomendaciones ...................................................................... 105 4 PROGRAMA CHILE SUSTENTABLE / SITUACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CHILE SEGUNDA PARTE - RECURSOS NATURALES EN CHILE INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................................................... 109 CAPÍTULO I. LA SITUACION DE LOS BOSQUES DE CHILE .............................................. 111 1.1 Valor de los Bosques Templados de Chile............................................................ 112 1.2 Desarrollo del Sector Forestal ............................................................................. 115 1.3 Legislación Forestal y su Fiscalización ................................................................ 116 1.4 Destrucción del Bosque Nativo de Chile ............................................................ 118 1.5 Impactos Ambientales y Sociales de la Destrucción del Bosque Nativo .............. 120 1.6 Sustentabilidad del Sector Forestal ..................................................................... 123 1.7 Aspectos Críticos y Propuestas ........................................................................... 125 CAPÍTULO II. LA SITUACION DE LA AGRICULTURA EN CHILE ....................................... 129 2.1 Desarrollo del Sector Agrícola ............................................................................ 130 2.2 Uso de Agrotóxicos en la Industria Agrícola ....................................................... 132 2.3 Cultivos Transgénicos .......................................................................................... 133
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