San Pedro De Atacama
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Mitigation of Environmental Extremes As a Possible Indicator of Extended Habitat Sustainability for Lakes on Early Mars
Invited Paper Mitigation of Environmental Extremes as a Possible Indicator of Extended Habitat Sustainability for Lakes on Early Mars Nathalie A. Cabrol*a, Edmond A. Grina, Andrew N. Hockb aNASA Ames Research Center/SETI Carl Sagan Center, Space Science Division, MS 245-3. Moffett Field, CA 94035- 1000, USA; bUCLA. Dpt. of Earth & Space Sciences. 595 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567. ABSTRACT The impact of individual extremes on life, such as UV radiation (UVR), temperatures, and salinity is well documented. However, their combined effect in nature is not well-understood while it is a fundamental issue controlling the evolution of habitat sustainability within individual bodies of water. Environmental variables combine in the Bolivian Altiplano to produce some of the highest, least explored and most poorly understood lakes on Earth. Their physical environment of thin atmosphere, high ultraviolet radiation, high daily temperature amplitude, ice, sulfur-rich volcanism, and hydrothermal springs, combined with the changing climate in the Andes and the rapid loss of aqueous habitat provide parallels to ancient Martian lakes at the Noachian/Hesperian transition 3.7-3.5 Ga ago. Documenting this analogy is one of the focuses of the High-Lakes Project (HLP). The geophysical data we collected on three of them located up to 5,916 m elevation suggests that a combination of extreme factors does not necessarily translate into a harsher environment for life. Large and diverse ecosystems adapt to UVR reaching 200%-216% that of sea level in bodies of water sometimes no deeper than 50 cm, massive seasonal freeze-over, and unpredictable daily evolution of UVR and temperature. -
Appendix A. Supplementary Material to the Manuscript
Appendix A. Supplementary material to the manuscript: The role of crustal and eruptive processes versus source variations in controlling the oxidation state of iron in Central Andean magmas 1. Continental crust beneath the CVZ Country Rock The basement beneath the sampled portion of the CVZ belongs to the Paleozoic Arequipa- Antofalla terrain – a high temperature metamorphic terrain with abundant granitoid intrusions that formed in response to Paleozoic subduction (Lucassen et al., 2000; Ramos et al., 1986). In Northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina this Paleozoic metamorphic-magmatic basement is largely homogeneous and felsic in composition, consistent with the thick, weak, and felsic properties of the crust beneath the CVZ (Beck et al., 1996; Fig. A.1). Neodymium model ages of exposed Paleozoic metamorphic-magmatic basement and sediments suggest a uniform Proterozoic protolith, itself derived from intrusions and sedimentary rock (Lucassen et al., 2001). AFC Model Parameters Pervasive assimilation of continental crust in the Central Andean ignimbrite magmas is well established (Hildreth and Moorbath, 1988; Klerkx et al., 1977; Fig. A.1) and has been verified by detailed analysis of radiogenic isotopes (e.g. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd) on specific systems within the CVZ (Kay et al., 2011; Lindsay et al., 2001; Schmitt et al., 2001; Soler et al., 2007). Isotopic results indicate that the CVZ magmas are the result of mixing between a crustal endmember, mainly gneisses and plutonics that have a characteristic crustal signature of high 87Sr/86Sr and low 145Nd/144Nd, and the asthenospheric mantle (low 87Sr/86Sr and high 145Nd/144Nd; Fig. 2). In Figure 2, we model the amount of crustal assimilation required to produce the CVZ magmas that are targeted in this study. -
Full-Text PDF (Final Published Version)
Pritchard, M. E., de Silva, S. L., Michelfelder, G., Zandt, G., McNutt, S. R., Gottsmann, J., West, M. E., Blundy, J., Christensen, D. H., Finnegan, N. J., Minaya, E., Sparks, R. S. J., Sunagua, M., Unsworth, M. J., Alvizuri, C., Comeau, M. J., del Potro, R., Díaz, D., Diez, M., ... Ward, K. M. (2018). Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes. Geosphere, 14(3), 954-982. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01578.1 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY-NC Link to published version (if available): 10.1130/GES01578.1 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Geo Science World at https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01578.1 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: PLUTONS: Investigating the Relationship between Pluton Growth and Volcanism in the Central Andes GEOSPHERE Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes GEOSPHERE; v. 14, no. 3 M.E. Pritchard1,2, S.L. de Silva3, G. Michelfelder4, G. Zandt5, S.R. McNutt6, J. Gottsmann2, M.E. West7, J. Blundy2, D.H. -
Volcán Lascar
Volcán Lascar Región: Antofagasta Provincia: El Loa Comuna: San Pedro de Atacama Coordenadas: 21°22’S – 67°44’O Poblados más cercanos: Talabre – Camar – Socaire Tipo: Estratovolcán Altura: 5.592 m s.n.m. Diámetro basal: 8.9 km Área basal: 62.2 km2 Volumen estimado: 28.5 km3 Última actividad: 2015 Última erupción mayor: 1993 Volcán Lascar. Vista desde el norte Ranking de riesgo (Fotografía: Gabriela Jara, SERNAGEOMIN) 14 específico: Generalidades El volcán Láscar corresponde a un estratovolcán compuesto, elongado en dirección este-oeste, activo desde hace unos 240 ka y emplazado en el margen oeste de la planicie altiplánica. Está conformado por lavas andesíticas, que alcanzan más de 10 km de longitud, y por potentes lavas dacíticas que se extienden hasta 5 km, las que fueron emitidas desde los flancos NO a SO. La lava más reciente se estima en 7 mil años de antigüedad. En los alrededores del volcán se reconocen depósitos de flujo y caída piroclástica, además de numerosos cráteres de impacto asociados a la eyección de bombas durante erupciones plinianas y subplinianas. El principal evento eruptivo durante su evolución se denomina Ignimbrita Soncor, generado hace unos 27 ka al oeste del volcán y con un volumen estimado cercano a los 10 km3. En la cima de este volcán se observan seis cráteres, algunos anidados, y el central de estos se encuentra activo. Registro eruptivo Este volcán ha presentado alrededor de 30 erupciones explosivas desde el siglo XIX, lo que lo convierte en el volcán más activo del norte de Chile. Estos eventos han consistido típicamente en erupciones vulcanianas de corta duración, con emisión de ceniza fina y proyecciones balísticas en un radio de 5 km, donde el último evento de este tipo ocurrió el 30 de octubre del 2015. -
Explora Atacama І Hikes
ATACAMA explorations explora Atacama І Hikes T2 Reserva Tatio T4 Cornisas Nights of acclimatization Nights of acclimatization needed: 2 needed: 0 Type: Half day Type: Half day Duration: 1h Duration: 2h 30 min Distance: 2,3 km / 1,4 mi Distance: 6,7 kms / 4,2 mi Max. Altitude: 4.321 m.a.s.l / Max. Altitude: 2.710 m.a.s.l / HIKES 14.176 f.a.s.l 8.891 f.a.s.l Description: This exploration Description: Departing by van, we offers a different way of visiting head toward the Catarpe Valley Our hikes have been designed according the Tatio geysers, a geothermal by an old road. From there, we to different interests and levels of skill. field with over 80 boiling water hike along the ledges of La Sal They vary in length and difficulty so we sources. In this trip there are Mountains, with panoramic views always recommend travelers to talk to their excellent opportunities of studying of the oasis, the Atacama salt flat, guides before choosing an exploration. the highlands fauna, which includes and The, La Sal, and Domeyko Every evening, guides brief travelers vicuñas, flamingos and foxes, Mountains, three mountain ranges on the different explorations, so that among others. We walk through the that shape the region’s geography. they can choose one that best fit their reserve with views of The Mountains By the end of the exploration we interests. Exploration times do not consider and steaming hot water sources. descend through Marte Valley’s sand transportation. Return to the hotel by van. -
Scale Deformation of Volcanic Centres in the Central Andes
letters to nature 14. Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides of 1–1.5 cm yr21 (Fig. 2). An area in southern Peru about 2.5 km and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 32, 751–767 (1976). east of the volcano Hualca Hualca and 7 km north of the active 15. Hansen, M. (ed.) Constitution of Binary Alloys (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958). 21 16. Emsley, J. (ed.) The Elements (Clarendon, Oxford, 1994). volcano Sabancaya is inflating with U LOS of about 2 cm yr . A third 21 17. Tanaka, H., Takahashi, I., Kimura, M. & Sobukawa, H. in Science and Technology in Catalysts 1994 (eds inflationary source (with ULOS ¼ 1cmyr ) is not associated with Izumi, Y., Arai, H. & Iwamoto, M.) 457–460 (Kodansya-Elsevier, Tokyo, 1994). a volcanic edifice. This third source is located 11.5 km south of 18. Tanaka, H., Tan, I., Uenishi, M., Kimura, M. & Dohmae, K. in Topics in Catalysts (eds Kruse, N., Frennet, A. & Bastin, J.-M.) Vols 16/17, 63–70 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2001). Lastarria and 6.8 km north of Cordon del Azufre on the border between Chile and Argentina, and is hereafter called ‘Lazufre’. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on Nature’s website Robledo caldera, in northwest Argentina, is subsiding with U (http://www.nature.com/nature). LOS of 2–2.5 cm yr21. Because the inferred sources are more than a few kilometres deep, any complexities in the source region are damped Acknowledgements such that the observed surface deformation pattern is smooth. -
Vestigios Arqueológicos Incaicos En Las Cumbres De La Zona Atacameña
Estudios Atacameños Nº 6, pp. 37-48 (1978) Vestigios arqueológicos incaicos en las cumbres de la zona atacameña Gustavo Le Paige1 Introducción acompañen fogones y rumas de leña la que a veces encontramos diseminada en diferentes sectores y a Desde hace un tiempo hemos tenido la intención diferentes alturas en nuestras ascensiones, lo cual de entregar a nuestros lectores algunas evidencias parece indicar que se trató de mantener una buena arqueológicas del Periodo Inca en la zona atacame- cantidad de madera para cualquier ocasión. ña. Cuestión que habíamos adelantado ya en algo en el número 5 de esta revista (Le Paige 1977). Sin En relación al material e información que tenemos, embargo, esa vez además de planos, croquis y fo- la cumbre del volcán Licancabur es la que más nos tografías presentamos el trabajo sobre una hipótesis ha aportado. Esta cumbre fue ascendida en 1886 por de distribución espacial y cómo ocuparon los incas una expedición francesa dando a conocer por primera estas cumbres. Sin duda se trata de funciones de vez las ruinas y leña que se encontraban en la cima. carácter sagrado y sirvieron además como medio de Cuestión que fue corroborada los años 1956 y 1972 comunicación y respeto religioso por parte de los por un equipo de militares y el autor, confirmando incas. Además, en nuestra zona este periodo recién además la pérdida de una estatuilla donada al Museo empieza a conocerse a la luz de nuevos trabajos de Historia Natural de Santiago por la expedición de sistemáticos como es el caso de la excavación del 1886, a la vez que logramos describir los conjuntos tambo de Catarpe por parte de un equipo chileno- ceremoniales (Figuras 1, 2, 3 y 4), cuestión que fue norteamericano. -
Three-Dimensional Resistivity Image of the Magmatic System Beneath
PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Three-dimensional resistivity image of the magmatic system 10.1002/2015GL064426 beneath Lastarria volcano and evidence for magmatic Key Points: intrusion in the back arc (northern Chile) • Electrical resistivity images of the Lastrarria volcano Daniel Díaz1,2, Wiebke Heise3, and Fernando Zamudio1 • The magmatic source is located to the south of Lastarria volcano 1Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 2Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de Los Andes, • Deep conductor in the back arc 3 suggests magmatic intrusion Santiago, Chile, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Supporting Information: Abstract Lazufre volcanic center, located in the central Andes, is recently undergoing an episode of uplift, • Readme conforming one of the most extensive deforming volcanic systems worldwide, but its magmatic system and • Text S1 • Figure S1 its connection with the observed uplift are still poorly studied. Here we image the electrical resistivity structure • Figure S2 using the magnetotelluric method in the surroundings of the Lastarria volcano, one of the most important • Figure S3 features in the Lazufre area, to understand the nature of the magmatic plumbing, the associated fumarolic • Figure S4 activity, and the large-scale surface deformation. Results from 3-D modeling show a conductive zone at 6 km Correspondence to: depth south of the Lastarria volcano interpreted as the magmatic heat source which is connected to a shallower D. Díaz, conductor beneath the volcano, showing the pathways of volcanic gasses and heated fluid. A large-scale [email protected] conductive area coinciding with the area of uplift points at a magma intrusion at midcrustal depth. -
Rethinking the Tiwanaku Phenomenon in San Pedro De
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2014 Rethinking the Tiwanaku Phenomenon in San Pedro de Atacama Through the Study of Textiles of Solcor 3 and Their Associated Contexts (400-1000 AD) Carolina Aguero Universidad Católica del Norte, [email protected] Mauricio Uribe Universidad de Chile Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons, and the Art Practice Commons Aguero, Carolina and Uribe, Mauricio, "Rethinking the Tiwanaku Phenomenon in San Pedro de Atacama Through the Study of Textiles of Solcor 3 and Their Associated Contexts (400-1000 AD)" (2014). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 934. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/934 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Rethinking the Tiwanaku Phenomenon in San Pedro de Atacama Through the Study of Textiles of Solcor 3 and Their Associated Contexts (400-1000 AD) Carolina Agüero1 and Mauricio Uribe2 In this opportunity we will talk about the Tiwanaku problematic in San Pedro de Atacama because the interpretations so far are not substantial, and also now we have new information which forces us to rethink this phenomenon. The current state of the investigation keeps a conservative and hegemonic idea about the relation between both entities giving us simple explanations about the social complexity, in which the History of San Pedro depends on the existence of Tiwanaku and the social development of a State project. -
Persistent Uplift of the Lazufre Volcanic Complex (Central 10.1002/2014GC005370 Andes): New Insights from PCAIM Inversion of Insar Time
PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE Persistent uplift of the Lazufre volcanic complex (Central 10.1002/2014GC005370 Andes): New insights from PCAIM inversion of InSAR time Key Points: series and GPS data InSAR and GPS analysis using PCAIM D. Remy1, J. L. Froger2, H. Perfettini3, S. Bonvalot1, G. Gabalda1, F. Albino2,4, V. Cayol2, 5,6 1 Correspondence to: D. Legrand , and M. De Saint Blanquat D. Remy, 1 2 [email protected] GET/UMR 5563 (UPS, CNRS, IRD, CNES), Observatoire Midi-Pyren ees, Universite P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France, LMV/UMR 6524 (UBP-CNRS-IRD), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Universite B. Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 3ISTERRE/UMR 5275 (UJF, CNRS, IRD), Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de Grenoble, Universite Joseph Fou- Citation: 4 Remy, D., J. L. Froger, H. Perfettini, rier, Grenoble, France, Now at Department of Earth Sciences, Cartography & Remote Sensing Unit, Royal Museum for S. Bonvalot, G. Gabalda, F. Albino, Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 5Departamento de Geofısica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 6Now at Instituto de V. Cayol, D. Legrand, and M. Saint Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico Blanquat (2014), Persistent uplift of the Lazufre volcanic complex (Central Andes): New insights from PCAIM inversion of InSAR time series and GPS Abstract We reanalyzed the surface displacements observed at the Lazufre volcanic complex in the data, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, Southern Andean Central Volcanic Zone using GPS measurements made between 2006 and 2008 and a doi:10.1002/2014GC005370. large InSAR data set. We performed a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the displacements using a princi- pal component analysis inversion method (PCAIM). -
Processes Culminating in the 2015 Phreatic Explosion at Lascar Volcano, Chile, Monitored by Multiparametric Data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-189 Preprint. Discussion started: 25 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, monitored by multiparametric data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R. Walter1, Stefan Bredemeyer1,2, Martin Zimmer1, Christian Kujawa1, Luis Franco3, Juan San Martin4, Claudia Bucarey Parra3 5 1 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 3 Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Temuco, Chile. 4 Physics Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile. 10 Correspondence to: Ayleen Gaete ([email protected]) Abstract. Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are common at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also occur frequently (once every 2-5 years on average) at Lascar volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack any identifiable precursor activity. Here, for the first time at Lascar, we describe the processes culminating in such a sudden 15 volcanic explosion that occurred on October 30, 2015, which was thoroughly monitored by cameras, a seismic network, and gas (SO2 and CO2) and temperature sensors. Prior to the eruption, we retrospectively identified unrest manifesting as a gradual increase in the number of long-period (LP) seismic events in 2014, indicating an augmented level of activity at the volcano. Additionally, SO2 flux and thermal anomalies were detected before the eruption. -
Application of INSAR Interferometry and Geodetic Surveys for Monitoring Andean Volcanic Activity : First Results from ASAR-ENVISAT Data
6th International Symposi um on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 115-118 Application of INSAR interferometry and geodetic surveys for monitoring Andean volcanic activity : First results from ASAR-ENVISAT data S. Bonvalot (1,2,4), J.-L. Froger (1,3,4), D. Rémy (1,2,4), K. Bataille (5), V. Cayol (3), J. Clavera (6), D. Comte (4), G. Gabalda (1,2,4), K. Gonzales (7), L. Lara (6), D. Legrand (4), O. Macedo (8), J. Naranjo (6), P. Mothes (9), A. Pavez (1,10), & C. Robin (1,3,4) (1) IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) - [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ; (2) UMR5563 Toulouse, France; (3) UMR6524 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (4) Deptos de Geofisica / Geologia, Facultad de Ciensas y Matematicas, Universidad de Chile , Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile ; (5) Universidad de Concepcion, Chile; (6) SERNAGEOMIN, Santiago, Chile ; (7) CON IDA, Lima, Perù, (8) Instituto Geofisico dei Perù, Arequipa, Perù ; (9) Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador ; (10) Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Lab. de Gravimétrie et Géodynamique KEYWORDS : Radar interferometry, geodetic surveys, ground deformations, Andes, volcanoes INTRODUCTION Within the last few years, several SAR interferometry studies mostly based on ERS-IIERS-2 radar data have been conducted to monitor the volcanic deformations along the South American volcanic arc. They allowed a first evaluation of the potentialities of INSAR imaging in the northern, central and southern volcanic zones (respectively NVZ, CVZ and SVZ) as weil as the first quantitative satellite measurements of volcanic unrest since the initial launch of ERS-l satellite (1992) to nowdays.