Instytut Piłsudskiego Londyn Komunikat
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THE-POLISH-TRACE-Ebook.Pdf
8 THE POLISH TRACE COMPOSED FROM COMMONLY AVAILABLE SOURCES BY LECH POLKOWSKI FOR IJCRS2017 FOREWORD It is a desire of many participants of conferences to learn as much as possible about the history and culture of he visited country and place and organizers try to satisfy this desire by providing excursions into attractive places and sites. IJCRS2017 also tries to take participants to historic sites of Warmia and Mazury and to show elements of local culture. As an innovation, we propose a booklet showing some achievements of Polish scientists and cryptographers, no doubt many of them are known universally, but some probably not. What bounds all personages described here is that they all suffered due to world wars, th efirst and the second. These wars ruined their homes, made them refugees and exiles, destroyed their archives and libraries, they lost many colleagues, friends and students but were lucky enough to save lives and in some cases to begin the career overseas. We begin with the person of Jan Czochralski, world famous metallurgist, discoverer of the technique of producing metal monocrystals `the Czochralski methode’ and inventor of duraluminum and the `bahnalloy’ who started his career and obtained its heights in Germany, later returned to Poland, became a professor at the Warsaw Polytechnical, played an important role in cultural life of Warsaw, lived in Warsaw through the second world war and the Warsaw Uprising of August-September 1944 and after the war was accused of cooperating ith occupying German forces and though judged innocent was literally erased from the public life and any information about him obliterated. -
Polska Myśl Techniczna W Ii Wojnie Światowej
CENTRALNA BIBLIOTEKA WOJSKOWA IM. MARSZAŁKA JÓZEFA PIŁSUDSKIEGO POLSKA MYŚL TECHNICZNA W II WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ W 70. ROCZNICĘ ZAKOŃCZENIA DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH W EUROPIE MATERIAŁY POKONFERENCYJNE poD REDAkcJą NAUkoWą DR. JANA TARCZYńSkiEGO WARSZAWA 2015 Konferencja naukowa Polska myśl techniczna w II wojnie światowej. W 70. rocznicę zakończenia działań wojennych w Europie Komitet naukowy: inż. Krzysztof Barbarski – Prezes Instytutu Polskiego i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie dr inż. Leszek Bogdan – Dyrektor Wojskowego Instytutu Techniki Inżynieryjnej im. profesora Józefa Kosackiego mgr inż. Piotr Dudek – Prezes Stowarzyszenia Techników Polskich w Wielkiej Brytanii gen. dyw. prof. dr hab. inż. Zygmunt Mierczyk – Rektor-Komendant Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego płk mgr inż. Marek Malawski – Szef Inspektoratu Implementacji Innowacyjnych Technologii Obronnych Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej mgr inż. Ewa Mańkiewicz-Cudny – Prezes Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych – Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej prof. dr hab. Bolesław Orłowski – Honorowy Członek – założyciel Polskiego Towarzystwa Historii Techniki – Instytut Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk kmdr prof. dr hab. Tomasz Szubrycht – Rektor-Komendant Akademii Marynarki Wojennej im. Bohaterów Westerplatte dr Jan Tarczyński – Dyrektor Centralnej Biblioteki Wojskowej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego prof. dr hab. Leszek Zasztowt – Dyrektor Instytutu Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Nauk dr Czesław Andrzej Żak – Dyrektor Centralnego Archiwum Wojskowego im. -
Pioneers in U.S. Cryptology Ii
PIONEERS IN U.S. CRYPTOLOGY II This brochure was produced by the Center for Cryptologic History Herbert 0. Yardley 2 Herbert 0. Yardley Herbert 0 . Yardley was born in 1889 in Worthington, Indiana. After working as a railroad telegrapher and spending a year taking an English course at the University of Chicago, he became a code clerk for the Department of State. In June 1917, Yardley received a commission in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps; in July Colonel Ralph Van Deman appointed him chief of the new cryptanalytic unit, MI-8, in the Military Intelligence division. MI-8, or the Cipher Bureau, consisted of Yardley and two clerks. At MI-8's peak in November 1918, Yardley had 18 officers, 24 civilians, and 109 typists. The section had expanded to include secret inks, code and cipher compilation, communications, and shorthand. This was the first formally organized cryptanalytic unit in the history of the U.S. government. When World War I ended, the Army was considering disbanding MI-8. Yardley presented a persuasive argument for retaining it for peacetime use. His plan called for the permanent retention of a code and cipher organization funded jointly by the State and War Departments. He demonstrated that in the past eighteen months MI-8 had read almost 11,000 messages in 579 cryptographic systems. This was in addition to everything that had been examined in connection with postal censorship. On 17 May Acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk approved the plan, and two days later the Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. -
Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in Enigma Messages
Fall 2006 Chris Christensen MAT/CSC 483 Machine Ciphers Polyalphabetic ciphers are good ways to destroy the usefulness of frequency analysis. Implementation can be a problem, however. The key to a polyalphabetic cipher specifies the order of the ciphers that will be used during encryption. Ideally there would be as many ciphers as there are letters in the plaintext message and the ordering of the ciphers would be random – an one-time pad. More commonly, some rotation among a small number of ciphers is prescribed. But, rotating among a small number of ciphers leads to a period, which a cryptanalyst can exploit. Rotating among a “large” number of ciphers might work, but that is hard to do by hand – there is a high probability of encryption errors. Maybe, a machine. During World War II, all the Allied and Axis countries used machine ciphers. The United States had SIGABA, Britain had TypeX, Japan had “Purple,” and Germany (and Italy) had Enigma. SIGABA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA 1 A TypeX machine at Bletchley Park. 2 From the 1920s until the 1970s, cryptology was dominated by machine ciphers. What the machine ciphers typically did was provide a mechanical way to rotate among a large number of ciphers. The rotation was not random, but the large number of ciphers that were available could prevent depth from occurring within messages and (if the machines were used properly) among messages. We will examine Enigma, which was broken by Polish mathematicians in the 1930s and by the British during World War II. The Japanese Purple machine, which was used to transmit diplomatic messages, was broken by William Friedman’s cryptanalysts. -
San Antonio Presentation
Joint Mathematics Meetings Special Session on Mathematics in Poland: Interbellum, World War II, and Immediate Post-War Developments San Antonio, Texas 12 January 2015 Mathematicians and the 1920 Polish Soviet War James T. Smith, Professor Emeritus San Francisco State University Presentation derived from our new book: Cast . Wacław Sierpiński ..............1882–1969 Stefan Mazurkiewicz ............1888–1945 Stanisław Leśniewski............1886–1939 Alfred Teitelbaum (Tarski) ........1901–1983 Maria Witkowska (Tarska) .........1902–1990 Events known to historians of Poland, but not to historians of mathematics. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1619, at its maximum extent *———* Central Europe in 1914 *———* μ Eastern Front Line, 1916 Warsaw was relatively peaceful, until the armistice. *———* Central Europe in 1918 Poland’s Eastern Boundary in Dispute In Fall 1918 Alfred Teitelbaum entered the University of Warsaw . intending to concentrate in biology. But it closed for a year due to continuing strife with remaining German troops. For 1919/1920 Alfred re-enrolled, but in courses on mathematics and logic. Spring Semester Stefan Mazurkiewicz, calculus Wacław Sierpiński, number theory, measure theory Stanisław Leśniewski, foundations of math. Stefan Pieńkowski, physics New Poland, new University, new subject, new aspirations! [The portrait shown in San Antonio was incorrect.] Stefan Wacław Stanisław Mazurkiewicz Sierpiński Leśniewski • Polish mathematics was developing marvelously in 1920. • Mazurkiewicz and Sierpiński were invited to the 1920 IMC in Strasbourg. • But they declined. • What else were these 3 professors doing? *———* Central Europe in June 1920 Eastward Advance of the Polish Army Bolshevik freedom To Arms! Give you room This is what a village Give you freedom Hey! occupied by Bolsheviks Give you the land Whoever is a Pole looked like. -
History Today 12 June 2018: Back to Basics
Back to Basics June 12 The CCH has seen a few instances recently where published histories on the outside that deal with World War II cryptology have used WW II cryptologic terminology incorrectly or made other erroneous statements about the wartime effort. We decided it would be a good idea to lay out some terminology and basic facts for reference. If all this sounds like a primer, well, yes, it is. But we hope it is also an interesting primer. Both the United States and Great Britain had intensive cryptanalytic efforts before World War II, and both enjoyed a measure of success. Although both countries worked a variety of targets, the British concentrated on German cryptosystems, and the U.S. on Japanese systems. Each gave a covername to the systems they sought to solve, and, when successful against an adversary’s system, they applied a different covername to the results of the cryptanalysis. The Americans and British began cautious sharing in early 1941 of what the British called Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and U.S. officials called Communications Intelligence (COMINT). Over the course of the war, just as the two nations grew closer in military operations, their cryptologic organizations greatly increased cooperation. Both countries had a covername that was applied to the information derived from exploiting a foreign cryptosystem. This had a double purpose; it would help keep the intelligence information within carefully controlled distribution system, and it would alert the reader to the fact that the intelligence had been obtained through an extremely fragile process and could only be discussed with others who held the proper clearances for that kind of intelligence. -
A Short History of Army Intelligence
A Short History of Army Intelligence by Michael E. Bigelow, Command Historian, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command Introduction On July 1, 2012, the Military Intelligence (MI) Branch turned fi fty years old. When it was established in 1962, it was the Army’s fi rst new branch since the Transportation Corps had been formed twenty years earlier. Today, it remains one of the youngest of the Army’s fi fteen basic branches (only Aviation and Special Forces are newer). Yet, while the MI Branch is a relatively recent addition, intelligence operations and functions in the Army stretch back to the Revolutionary War. This article will trace the development of Army Intelligence since the 18th century. This evolution was marked by a slow, but steady progress in establishing itself as a permanent and essential component of the Army and its operations. Army Intelligence in the Revolutionary War In July 1775, GEN George Washington assumed command of the newly established Continental Army near Boston, Massachusetts. Over the next eight years, he dem- onstrated a keen understanding of the importance of MI. Facing British forces that usually outmatched and often outnumbered his own, Washington needed good intelligence to exploit any weaknesses of his adversary while masking those of his own army. With intelligence so imperative to his army’s success, Washington acted as his own chief of intelligence and personally scrutinized the information that came into his headquarters. To gather information about the enemy, the American com- mander depended on the traditional intelligence sources avail- able in the 18th century: scouts and spies. -
A Brief History of Cryptography
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2000 A Brief History of Cryptography William August Kotas University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Kotas, William August, "A Brief History of Cryptography" (2000). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/398 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Appendix D- UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPROVAL Name: __ l1~Ui~-~-- A~5-~~± ---l(cl~-~ ---------------------- ColI e g e: _l~.:i~_~__ ~.:--...!j:.~~~ __ 0 epa r t men t: _ {~~.f_':.~::__ ~,:::..!._~_~_s,_ Fa c u 1ty Me n tor: ____Q-' _·__ ~~~~s..0_~_L __ D_~_ ~_o_~t _______________ _ PRO JE CT TITL E: ____~ __ ~c ~ :.f __ l1L~_ ~_I_x __ 9_( __( ~~- ~.t~~-.r--~~ - I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis "\lith this student and certifv that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this field. Signed ~u:t2~--------------- , Facultv .'vfentor Date: --d~I-~--Q-------- Comments (Optional): A BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY Prepared by William A. Kotas For Honors Students at the University of Tennessee May 5, 2000 ABSTRACT This paper presents an abbreviated history of cryptography. -
Enigma, Les Décrypteurs Polonais Et Les Services Secrets Français, 1932–1945
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO Prace Historyczne 146, z. 1 (2019), s. 209–217 doi:10.4467/20844069PH.19.011.9575 www.ejournals.eu/Prace-Historyczne ENIGMA, LES DÉCRYPTEURS POLONAIS ET LES SERVICES SECRETS FRANÇAIS, 1932–1945 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-571X Jean-Charles Foucrier Université Paris-Sorbonne – Paris IV ABSTRACT ENIGMA, THE POLISH CODEBREAKERS AND THE FRENCH SECRET SERVICE, 1932–1945 In the early 1930’s, the Polish codebreakers succeeded while all the others failed: they broke the Enigma. Three young and brilliant mathematicians, Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki managed to read the German cyphertexts from 1933 to as late as 1939. But this huge suc- cess remained a secret for a long time, unknown in France and England. After the fall of Poland in September 1939, the three mathematicians linked their fate with the French secret service and kept breaking the Enigma code. Again, following the French defeat of June 1940, they experienced exile and irremediably sank into oblivion. Today, the story of the Polish codebreakers and the French secret service remains very little known in France, although their work proved decisive in the Allied victory during the Second World War. Key words: World War II, Enigma, codebreaking, secret service. Słowa kluczowe: II wojna światowa, Enigma, łamanie szyfru, tajne służby. Août 1932. Trois jeunes Polonais s’engouff rent dans le vaste Palais Saxon de Var- sovie (Pałac Saski), siège du Bureau du Chiff re (Biuro Szyfrów). Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski et Jerzy Różycki représentent l’élite des mathématiciens polonais, fraîchement diplômés de l’Université Adam Mickiewicz de Poznań. -
Documents of Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920 Codebreaking
Documents of Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920 Codebreaking Marek Grajek Independent researcher [email protected] Abstract Polish success with the Soviet ciphers from the indiscretions of the participants of the events Codebreaking during the Polish-Soviet (Wyżeł-Ścieżyński, 1928). However, it seemed war of 1919-1920 not only assured Polish unlikely that the original documents of this victory in this conflict but also provided operation might have survived and reemerge in the foundations for the future triumph of rather surprising circumstances. the Cipher Bureau over Enigma. Original After the collapse of communism in Poland documents from that period not only most archives of the former secret police were survived several storms of history, but transferred to the civilian institutions. Historians have been digitized and are now were surprised to find among them the available for the researchers. This paper presumably complete archive of the Polish Army is divided into three parts. The first one codebreaking operation from the period of the drafts the historical context of the Polish-Soviet war. The stamps and inventory documents, the second presents their numbers on the files witnessed its long and structure and contents, and the final one complicated journey to its final destination – offers some remarks regarding errors country’s Central Military Archive. Over a committed by Soviet cipher clerks which period of more than ten years the files have been had facilitated Polish victory. catalogued, digitized and made available for the researchers. Finally, in 2017, the entire archive 1 Introduction was included into the UNESCO Memory of the World register. Having been reborn in 1918, after 123 years of partitions, Poland had no tradition in the 2 Historical background cryptology or the codebreaking. -
El Héroe Alan Turing
El h´eroe Alan Turing: Aportaciones de la Criptolog´ıaa la victoria aliada en la Segunda Guerra Mundial Guillermo Morales-Luna Departamento de Computaci´on Centro de Investigaci´ony de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Cinvestav-IPN [email protected] 7 de mayo de 2013 Resumen En la segunda mitad de la d´ecada de los 30, funcionaba en Inglaterra una modesta oficina gubernamen- tal: la Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) que en 1937 descifraba, entre otros documentos, la correspondencia de unidades militares italianas participantes en la Guerra Civil Espa~nola. En 1939 la GC & CS se estableci´oen Bletchley Park y el 4 de septiembre, Alan Turing se incorpor´oa ella para dirigir la Barraca 8. Turing desarroll´oun important´ısimotrabajo en la primera mitad de la d´ecadade los 40 descifrando las comunicaciones secretas alemanas. Winston Churchill consideraba a Bletchley Park como su arma secreta y en alguna parte en sus memorias escribi´oque \nunca antes se hab´ıapeleado una guerra en la que una parte estaba al tanto de los movimientos a realizar por sus contrincantes". Sin duda, el quebrantamiento de Turing de las comunicaciones cifradas alemanas aminor´olos efectos que los ataques alemanes habr´ıanpodido ocasionar en el Reino Unido, y propici´oel triunfo ingl´esen la Batalla del Atl´antico. Fue tan importante el trabajo realizado en Bletchley Park que se orden´oel desmantelamiento total de ese centro criptol´ogicoal final de la guerra. Los cifrados alemanes se realizaban con la m´aquinaEnigma, cuyas primeras versiones fueron quebran- tadas por geniales cript´ologospolacos, inventores de las primeras bombas criptol´ogicas, quienes transmi- tieron luego su experiencia a los ingleses. -
Mathematics and War
Mathematics and War Bearbeitet von Bernhelm Booss-Bavnbek, Jens Høyrup 1. Auflage 2003. Taschenbuch. vIII, 420 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 7643 1634 1 Format (B x L): 17 x 24,4 cm Gewicht: 1630 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Medien, Kommunikation, Politik > Militärwesen > Nationale und Internationale Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 83 The Brains behind the Enigma Code Breaking before the Second World War Elisabeth Rakus-Andersson* The German Enigma encoding machine and the contributions of famous cryp- tologists who broke it are still topics that fascinate both scientists and the general public. After the monarchy of Kaiser Wilhelm II fell, the Weimar republic came into being, and the idea of equipping the armed forces with machine ciphers already found realization in 1926. The German cipher machine, called Enigma, alarmed the general staffs of neighbouring countries, especially Poland and France. This work describes the efforts of cryptanalysts who solved the mystery of Enigma during the 1930s before the beginning of the war. 1 Introduction In the late 1920s, everything indicated that the small Reichswehr would be con- verted into a modern million-man army. All the German political parties that came to power voted on the same program, which had as the main assumption to take away from Poland some districts regarded by the German government as “lost territories”.