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Home , Abraham Sinkov, Bobby Ray Inman, Central Bureau, Cipher Bureau (Poland), Enigma machine, Fleet Radio Unit

CCH 2021 The Center for Cryptologic History Calendar

The Autoscritcher was an attempt by the army during World War II to develop an electronic machine to replace the electromechanical in analyzing communications enciphered on the German machine. The Autoscritcher, while a good concept and despite the use of electronic components, was still slower than the bombe. Winter wonderland along Rockenbach Road, 2016. The road leads from the NSA buildings through Fort Meade. Normally, the road is lined with overflow parking spaces for Agency employees. However, in wintertime, it is one of the few convenient dumping sites for snow from the regular parking lots after heavy storms.

JANUARY 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 Lt. Gen. , USAF, NSA Office of Policy first became DIRNSA, 1962 mandated use of term “Service Cryptologic Element,” 1980 U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) established, 1977

New Year’s Day

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NARA assigned Record Group Major Gordon Blake Lieutenant (later Captain) Jerzy Rozycki, a Polish 457 (now “Records of the named Commander, Air Force named OIC, Bureau mathematician who ”) to Security Service, 1957 Navy Cryptographic Branch, helped break ENIGMA, died in a declassified NSA records, 1977 1924 ship sunk off , 1942

Louis Tordella, longest serving D/DIR (1958-1974), died, 1996

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 First History Today article on NSA BRUSA Agreement–U.S.-UK General Order No. 9 authorized Daily Page, 2003 COMINT relationships during publication of a new War World War II, 1944 Department Telegraphic , 1898 Brigadier General Bernard

Ardisana, USAF, NSA’s first Operation DESERT STORM Assistant Deputy Director of began, 1991 Operations, died on active duty, 1978

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Alfred Vail, co-inventor of the Encoded National Security Decision Intelligence chiefs of U.S. Army telegraph, died, 1859 sent by the Germans and Directive 298 made DIRNSA and Navy established list of intercepted by the British, 1917 responsible for interagency eligible readers of “” OPSEC training, 1988 intercept, 1941 U.S. cryptologic pioneer died, 1998 North Koreans captured USS Pueblo, 1968 Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Observed

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Naval Battle of Dogger Bank, Navy EA-3B recon aircraft while a British cryptologic failure crashed, , Peace Accords signed– New Zealand captured Germans sustained greater 1987 end of U.S. involvement in Japanese I-1, losses, 1914 , 1973 seizing multiple copies of JN-25 , 1943 Church Committee began investigation of U.S. Intelligence 31 Community, 1975

The Federal Register published details for the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), 1992 During World War II, African Americans engaged in or cryptology for the US Army but worked in segregated offices. Even after the war, African Americans struggled against de facto segregation and discriminatory practices. However, some after-hours activities were integrated, as this picture of NSA’s Men’s Chorus in 1953 shows.

Febu r ARY 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 6 Colossus activated by German spy Lothar Witzke arrested USAFSS began operations in Intercept operations began at Sir Charles Wheatstone, inventor Park, 1944 carrying a coded message, 1918 with the arrival of Phu Bai. Became the largest of the , born, 1802

German Navy introduced 4-rotor Team 1A, 6920th Security Wing, U.S. site in South Vietnam, 1963 USAF EC-47 (callsign Baron-52) Genevieve Young Hitt, early U.S. ENIGMA for U-Boats, 1942 at Da Nang, 1962 shot down over Laos. Eight female cryptologist, died, 1963 SIS began , crew members, including 1943 four cryptologic technicians, USAFSS received its first cryptologic perished, 1973 units from the ASA, 1949

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dr. , noted First Americans visit Bletchley ENIGMA introduced into Establishment of the 805th Signal Signing of King-Marshall cryptologic historian, born, 1930 Park, begins U.S.-UK German Navy as Radio Service Company for operation Agreement— established role cryptologic cooperation during C, 1926 of the SIGSALY, 1943 of Army/Navy COMINT liaison The U.S. Navy’s OP-20-G moved World War II, 1941 officers in Pacific theater, 1944 to Nebraska Avenue, 1943 Edward Hebern, developer of an electric coding and decoding machine, died, 1952

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Government seizure of The ENIAC began National Security Council cryptologist Herbert O. Yardley’s operating, 1946 Intelligence Directive 6 established Central Security tell-all memoir, Japanese Service (CSS), 1972 Diplomatic Secrets, 1933

Japanese first use of the PURPLE machine-generated diplomatic , 1939

Washington’s Birthday

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Sarah G. Bagley became first Dedication of Memorial Wall Radio Act of 1927 prohibited Captain Thomas Dyer, USN, Major General Joseph female telegrapher, Lowell, in OPS2B, honoring those radio intercept in U.S. became first NSA Historian, 1954 Mauborgne, USA, expert on MA, 1846 cryptologists who sacrificed their codes and and World lives, 1996 Lieutenant General Kenneth Claude Shannon, pioneer in War I Army Signal Corps Officer, Ribbon-cutting ceremony for Minihan, USAF, became DIRNSA, cryptologic theory and father of born, 1881 National SIGINT Operations 1996 the digital revolution, died, 2001 NSA-sponsored exhibit opened Center (NSOC), 1973 at Smithsonian, 1981

28 President Wilson informed of the contents of the Zimmermann telegram, 1917 African American/ History Month Inprocessing for new NSA employees, 1957. Note the inkwells and ashtrays on nearly every desk.

mar ch 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 6 German ADFGVX cipher Cryptologic pioneer U.S. Army aerial reconnaissance Station HYPO began reading William Friedman testified first used, 1918 Parker Hitt, USA, died, 1971 RU-8 shot down, Vietnam, 1971 Japanese system JN-25, 1942 before a Senate committee investigating the Teapot Dome First hire at SIS, Annie Louise STONEHOUSE site in Ethiopia BRUSA Communications scandal, 1924 Newkirk, cryptographic clerk, officially closed, 1975 Intelligence Agreement 1930 continues U.S.-UK partnership U.S. Army aerial reconnaissance after World War II, 1946 UH-1 loss, Vietnam, 1971

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

509th Radio Research Group “Direct” SIGINT support to USAF aerial reconnaissance The first successful voice U.S. Navy cryptologic AFSA Training Branch DIRNSA approved a barbershop was resubordinated, ending tactical air control center EC-47 loss, Vietnam, 1967 transmission over Alexander organization redesignated OP- established, 1951 and drug store for NSA Fort ASA’s 12-year presence in South began on Cho Do (island) Graham Bell’s , 20-G, 1935 Meade, 1957 Vietnam, 1973 during the , 1953 1876 Evacuation of Station CAST Lieutenant General Ralph J. Establishment of Radio from Bay, 1942 Canine, USA, first DIRNSA, died, Intelligence Service, Mexican 1969 border, 1918

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

CREAM replaced as The details of the block Horst Feistel received a patent SIS started receiving messages , South , recaptured the codeword for top secret algorithm Lucifer for “ Cryptographic from PURPLE (a Japanese by UN forces, 1951 cryptologic material, 1946 were published in the Federal System,” an encryption scheme cipher machine), 1939 Register, 1975 that laid the foundation for the USAF aerial reconnaissance Data Encryption Standard, 1974 RC-135 crashed at Shemya AFS, AK, 1981 Operation Iraqi Freedom began, 2003

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

ASA flew first airborne radio The director of U.S. naval Lieutenant General Michael Most NSA professionalization mission in communications and the Hayden, USAF, became DIRNSA, programs terminated, 2000 Vietnam, 1962 director of AFSA (both rear 1999 admirals at the time) signed an agreement regarding direction and support of COMINT operating activities of the U.S. Navy, 1951

28 29 30 31

Chief Signal Officer Major Presidential Review Group Griffith Air Force Base found General , member Geoffrey Stone spoke packet-sniffing malware in its Army Signal Corps, permitted at NSA (group created in the Rome, NY, labs’ network, 1994 to perform intercept and wake of Snowden leaks), 2014 cryptologic services for Women’s History peacetime training and national defense, 1938 Month Air Force intercept operators at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, , in 1949. The cryptologic unit in the Air Force was then less than a year old.

april 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 Frank Rowlett reported to Samuel Morse, developer of Cryptologic pioneer Solomon work for William Friedman, 1930 telegraph code, died, 1872 Kullback, one of William Friedman's early hires, born, Lieutenant General Lincoln D. 1907 ( Faurer, USAF, became DIRNSA, Days of Remembrance Holocaust) 1981 completed the first cell-phone call, 1973 Admiral Michael S. Rogers, USN, sworn in as Director, NSA and Commander, USCYBERCOM, 2014

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Secretary of War transferred Captain George Painvin of the The entered World The Yamato, a 72,000-ton Navy PB44-2 shot down, Baltic cryptologic functions from the French solved the War I, 1917 Japanese battleship, sunk off Sea, 1950 to first key for the ADFGVX cipher, Okinawa in large part because First break into the Japanese the Signal Corps; created the 1918 of SIGINT tipoffs, 1945 Water Transport Code, 1943 Signal Intelligence Service with William Friedman as its head, IBM introduces the System/360 1929 mainframe computer, which developed from NSA’s HARVEST computer, 1964

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Abraham Sinkov reported Cryptologic pioneer Herbert O. Der Spiegel reported on what established in Clinton administration proposed Intercepts by Station HYPO to SIS to work for William Yardley born, 1889 might have been the first case to provide General “Clipper Chip” key escrow revealed Japanese plans to Friedman, 1930 of computer , an Douglas MacArthur’s Southwest method for telephone security, attack Port Moresby, allowing Pacific Theater with COMINT, 1993 Allied defense, 1942 FRUPAC intercepted encoded operation run against IBM’s West German affiliate from East 1942 itinerary of Admiral Yamamoto Bay of Pigs landing in Cuba, , 1969 Isoroku’s upcoming tour of the Navy EC-121 shot down by 1961 Solomon Islands, enabling his North Korean MiGs, Sea of shootdown five days later, 1943 , 1969

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Shootdown of Admiral Confederate Signal Corps Louis Tordella retired as reported to Edward Hebern, designer of Yamamoto by U.S. forces, 1943 established, 1862 D/DIR, 1974 SIS to work for William Friedman, cryptologic machine, born, 1930 1869 NSA experts spoke in public on computer security at the Spring General Douglas MacArthur, Joint Computer Conference in USA, based on COMINT reports, Atlantic City, 1967 attacked Hollandia, New Guinea, deep behind enemy lines, 1944

25 26 27 28 29 30 U.S. Senate issued the Church Samuel Morse, inventor of Morse SECAF approved women for SecDef authorized the Radio pioneer Guglielmo Committee report, 1976 Code, born, 1791 duty on EC-130 aircraft, 1985 establishment of a National Marconi born, 1874 Cryptologic School at NSA, 1965 DEFSMAC (originally the Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center) estab- lished, 1964

Estonia suffered mass cyber attack, 2007 In April 1962, General John Davis got his second star. The staff members who joined him were current and former NSA senior leaders who had been in the cryptologic services in World War II.

From the left: Ann Caracristi; Solomon Kullback; Abraham Sinkov; Juanita Moody; unidentified man in the back; also in the back, NSA Director Vice Admiral Laurence Frost; Major General John Davis, USA, the assistant director for Production (ADP); in the back, Dr. Louis Tordella, NSA’s deputy director; the man whose glasses only are visible probably is Benson Buffham, a future deputy director; second unidentified man in the back; Wilma Davis, cryptologist and wife of the ADP; Paul Neff; Frank Rowlett; Richard Kern; and Francis Raven.

may 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 GC&CS activated Heath Robinson Machine (predecessor to Colossus), 1943

U-2 recon plane shot down over Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month , 1960 President George H.W. Bush visited NSA, 1991

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 American cryptologic pioneer, Colonel Ralph H. Van Deman The first 29 Navajos of roughly Battle of the Coral Sea, set The 837th Signal Security VE Day, end of war in Europe, Frank Rowlett, one of William became Chief, Military 400 to be trained as codetalk- up by Station HYPO COMINT, Detachment, the first U.S. 1945 ers reported to Fort Defiance, Friedman’s early hires, born, Intelligence Branch, 1917 began, 1942 SIGINTers sent to Australia, Lieutenant General William 1908 AZ, 1942 arrived, 1942 Odom, USA, became DIRNSA, GEN Paul M. Nakasone, USA, 1985 sworn in as Commander, US- CYBERCOM, and Director, NSA/ Chief, CSS, 2018

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Elizebeth Friedman appointed Colony 7 complex, site of the Captain , First Japanese linguist, John Hurt, Center for Computer Assistive National Bureau of Standards as cryptanalyst in the Bureau of National Cryptologic Museum, USN, naval cryptologist who led hired by SIS,1930 Technology opened, 1992 (in cooperation with NSA) Prohibition, 1927 acquired for NSA, 1990 Station HYPO, born, 1900 began solicitation for a Army Security Agency began government-wide data U.S. Senate established its service in South Vietnam with encryption standard, which information security as U.S. the arrival of the Third Radio was adopted 3½ years later, government responsibility, 1933 Research Unit at Tan Son Nhut 1973 Air Base in Saigon, 1961

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Dr. Ivan Sutherland, American System Development Corp. in U.S. State Department approved Armed Forces Security Agency William Friedman and Death of Friedrich W. Kasiski; pioneer in computer graphics, Santa Monica, CA, convened creation of Cipher Bureau (AFSA) created, 1949 Elizebeth Smith married, 1917 developed solution for born, 1938 private, academic, and DoD (“Black Chamber”), 1919 polyalphabetic ciphers, 1881 WAAC (Women’s Army experts to discuss problems in Sergeant Trista L. Moretti U.S. Cyber Command computer security, 1965 Complex at NSA Texas established at Ft. Meade, Vice Admiral J. Michael Auxiliary Corps) established, McConnell, USN, became 1942 dedicated, 2011 with DIRNSA dual-hatted as its Electronic Security Command commander, 2010 DIRNSA, 1992 Captain Laurance Safford, USN, took over USAF COMSEC father of U.S. naval cryptology, mission, 1985 died, 1973

The NSC requested implementation plan for 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Washington Protected “What hath God wrought,” first Cryptologic pioneer Communications Zone and British Brigadier John H. Tiltman, telegraph message, sent from Genevieve Young (Hitt) born, Executive first foreign citizen inducted into Baltimore to Washington, 1844 1885 Network in response to the Cryptologic Hall of Honor, born Soviet intercept threat, 1975 in , 1894

30 Rum-running trial against 31 SecDef delegated authority Consolidated Exporters Corp. to the DIRNSA to accept gifts began with Elizebeth Friedman’s of documents, records, and cryptanalysis of company’s equipment for research, display, encoded messages, 1933 or museum purposes, 1980 Memorial Day General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, paid a visit to Davis Station, the main army cryptologic unit in country.

june 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 began, 1942 Jargon code message Travis Trophy presented to the announcing impending D-Day United States, 1948 U-505, with trove of German Brigadier General Marlborough invasion intercepted and cryptographic material and Churchill, USA, became Chief, NSA’s Marine Guards awarded Military Intelligence Division, recognized by the German the Meritorious Unit Citation, 1970 devices intact, became first 15th Army but ignored at higher enemy warship, since the War of 1918 headquarters, 1944 Judith A. Burgin Building 1812, captured by a U.S. Navy USAF aerial reconnaissance RC- Lieutenant General Marshall dedicated, 1984 boarding party, 1944 135 lost, Bering Sea, 1969 Carter, USA, became DIRNSA, 1965 President George W. Bush’s first visit (of four) to NSA, 2002

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 D-Day, 1944 Death of , famed The USS Liberty, a Navy/NSA Canada established Establishment of U.S. Army Code Herbert O. Yardley hired by Radio Intelligence Service of British mathematician and SIGINT collection ship, attacked “Examination Unit,” now known and Cipher Section, MI-8, 1917 Canada’s National Research 1st Army, AEF, formed at Toul, Six-Day War began in the Middle cryptologist, 1954 by Israeli forces during the Six- as Council, 1941 France, 1918 East, 1967 Day War, 1967 Establishment (CSE), 1941 Major General Joseph Mauborgne, USA, expert on ELIGIBLE RECEIVER exercise codes and ciphers and World shows DoD’s vulnerability to War I Army Signal Corps officer, cyber attacks, 1997 died, 1991

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Publication of Brownell Signal Intelligence Service took Systems Development Communications Act of 1934 Committee Report; laid possession of , 1942 Corporation (SDC) hosted signed by President Franklin D. foundation for establishment conference of private and Roosevelt, 1934 of NSA, 1952 NRO established, 1962 government experts on computer security, 1965 USSR and United States agreed NSA Family Day, 1975 on hotline between Moscow and Washington, 1963

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Publication of first of several GRAB, first SIGINT Diffie and Hellman present their The “Potomac Code,” first of the Letters by Hernán Cortés while installments of the influential reconnaissance satellite, idea for public- AEF “River” series of field codes, in Mexico are first known use cryptologic story “The Gold Bug” launched, 1960 encryption at a conference in issued, 1918 of cryptography in New World, by Edgar Allan Poe, 1843 Sweden, 1976 1532

John J. Whitelaw Building New NSA Headquarters building dedicated at NSA Georgia, 2010 dedicated, 1966

27 28 29 30

Albert J. Myer, developer of USS Liberty Allies realized the U.S. diplomatic Two Rock Ranch, one of the flag signaling system code, decommissioned,1968 code had been broken by the West Coast monitoring stations appointed signal officer with Germans, 1942 during World War II, closed, 1971 Commissioning of Coast Guard Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, rank of major, 1860 Cryptologic Group at NSA Fort Frank Rowlett, American Meade, 2007 cryptologic pioneer, died, 1998 & Transgender Pride Month On February 11, 1946, General of the Armies Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower (second from left), then army chief of staff, visited Arlington Hall Station (AHS) in for discussions. He remained on post until after the ceremony of retreat. Shown leaving one of Arlington Hall’s operational buildings are Brigadier General Preston Corderman, AHS commander, right; directly behind Eisenhower, Lieutenant General , the Army’s G-2; and Colonel Frank Rowlett, who directed SIGINT operations at AHS. This was Eisenhower’s first visit outside after becoming chief of staff.

july 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3

At Elizebeth Friedman’s urging, , inventor of Cryptographic Security Board U.S. Coast Guard established a Converter M-209 cryptodevice, established, 1945 cryptanalytic section, 1931 born, 1892

USAF activated Air Force Cryptologic Office at Ft. Meade, 1994

CIA public ceremony for VENONA declassification, 1995

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 General Order 8 issued by Arthur Scherbius received a First official public NSA Civilian Welfare Fund AEF in France, establishing patent for a cipher machine, acknowledgment of NSA, 1957 established at NSA Fort Meade, headquarters organization that now known as the ENIGMA, 1918 1956 included a cryptographic and The renovated, state-of-the-art cryptanalytic branch, 1917 Arlington Hall Station made an official military intelligence Friedman Conference Center Vice Admiral , post, 1942 reopened, 2018 USN, became DIRNSA, 1977

Independence Day

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 First U.S. patent granted for Lieutenant William Friedman National Cryptologic Museum NSA/CSS Cryptologic Archival AFSA formally activated; RADM First WAAC personnel arrived at Mary, Queen of Scots, sent a cipher device to Edward reported to AEF G2A6, opened to NSA/CSS personnel, program and position of Earl E. Stone, USN, first Director, Arlington Hall Station, 1943 treasonous enciphered response Hawley, for multiple alphabetic Chaumont, France, 1918 1993 NSA/CSS Archivist formally 1949 to the Babington letter, 1586 device, 1865 established by DIRNSA Inman, MG Ralph J. Canine, USA, named Washington Wong Building at 1978 American cryptologic pioneers director, AFSA, 1951 Signal Corps began first NSA dedicated, 2016 Parker Hitt and Genevieve communications security House of Representatives Young married, 1911 monitoring in France, 1918 established Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 1977

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Agnes Meyer Driscoll, First current TUNNY traffic read at Army Signal Corps conference Captain Joseph Rochefort, USN, CRITIC reporting program Aaron Burr’s “cipher letter” The GUNMAN Project pioneering American , 1942 about establishing the Signal who led Station HYPO early in initiated, 1958 to General Wilkinson, leading discovered implants hidden Intelligence Service, 1929 World War II, died, 1976 to charges of treason against in used in the U.S. cryptologist, born, 1889 Burr, 1806 embassy in Moscow, 1984 Patent issued to Gilbert Vernam for concept of machine encipherment, 1919

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Meeting at Pyry, outside National Security Act passed, Office of Management and First use of transatlantic William Friedman received a WAVES (Women Accepted for The “Wabash” field code , where shared its 1947 Budget Circular A-71, “Security telegraph cable, generating patent for a device to transmit Voluntary Emergency Service) issued, 1918 successes against the ENIGMA of Federal Automated upsurge in commercial telegraphic messages quickly, established, 1942 Agnes Meyer Driscoll discharged with Britain and France, 1939 U.S. Congress opens hearings on Information Systems,” directed cryptography, 1866 the first of his eventual 30 from U.S. Navy, 1919; retired computer threats to privacy and federal agencies to create patents, 1924 from NSA, 1959 the need for data encryption, computer security programs, U.S. Navy Code & Signal Section The Soviets shot down an RB- 1966 1978 established, 1916 50G-2 near Vladivostok, Russia, 1953 The , the Germans’ most widely used cryptographic device in World War II, depended on a combination of rotating wheels and wired plugs to scramble messages. This internal construction of Enigma wheels is on display at the National Cryptologic Museum.

august 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Louis Tordella became Australian Coastwatchers The “Mohawk” field code issued, Prototype U-2 made its first test Representatives of U.S., UK, and The United States dropped American cryptologic pioneer D/DIR, 1958 sent coded message noting 1918 flight, 1955 USSR signed Limited Nuclear Test atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Herbert O. Yardley died, 1958 sinking of John F. Kennedy’s Ban Treaty, 1963 1945 New DIRNSAs: PT-109, 1943 VADM , USN, 1969 American cryptologic pioneer World Wide Web was launched, Lt. Gen. Sam Phillips, USAF, 1972 invaded Kuwait, 1990 Solomon Kullback died, 1994 1991 VADM William Studeman, USN, 1988 LTG Keith Alexander, USA, 2005

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 First public appearance of The United States dropped SecDef set the terms of Hedy Kiesler Markey (better The “Allegheny” field code Spy Velvalee Dickinson DIRNSA before Congress. atomic bomb on Nagasaki, 1945 reference for the Stone Board, known as actress Hedy Lamarr) issued, 1918 sentenced to ten years for Lieutenant General which considered cryptologic and George Antheil received a providing intelligence to Japan testified before the House’s Pike reorganization after World War patent for a secret frequency- IBM introduced the IBM PC, 1981 via “Doll Code” Committee, 1975 II, 1948 hopping communication in messages, 1944 system, 1942 The nation of Georgia suffered President Reagan declared this massive cyber attacks in day Navajo Codetalkers Day, conjunction with its border 1982 dispute with Russia, 2008

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Birthday of Étienne Bazeries, Japan announced its surrender First transatlantic exchange NSA Far East (Tokyo) established, developer of “cylindrical cipher to the Allies, 1945 of telegraph communications 1953 device,” 1846 occurred with congratulatory messages between Queen “House of 4 Hats” dining facility Victoria and President for NSA military opened (later, Buchanan, 1858 House of 5 Hats), 1974

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

American cryptologic pioneer President Eisenhower approves First meeting of the Stone American cryptologic pioneer American cryptologic pioneer U.S. Navy establishes collection Abraham Sinkov born, 1907 the development of the GRAB Board; led to establishment of Elizebeth Smith (Friedman) born, Parker Hitt born, 1878 site at Otter Cliffs, ME, 1917 satellite system, 1959 AFSA, 1948 1892 Chinese fighters shot down U.S. Navy reconnaissance plane Russian Navy seized an over Shengsi Islands, killing all 16 undestroyed crew members, 1956 from grounded German ship Magdeburg; given to the British government, 1914

29 30 31

Key intercepts of Russian radio traffic allowed German Generals von Hindenberg and Ludendorff to encircle and crush Russian forces at Tannenberg, 1914 Cryptologic Critter

Life’s embarrassing moments: A high- ranking visitor is being escorted into the headquarters building at Arlington Hall Station, the US Army’s main cryptologic post, for a special event to sell war bonds during World War II. A pooch, possibly the pet of a senior officer quartered on the station, is attempting to crash the event.

september 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 The War Department Telegraph Belligerents sign Japanese First broadcast of the Star Code of 1919 was first used, surrender aboard USS Missouri, Trek episode “The Enterprise 1921 1945 Incident,” loosely based on the capture of the USS Pueblo, 1968 First Bombe shipped to RC-130 shot down while on recon Nebraska Avenue, 1943 mission, Armenia, 1958 Vigilance Park dedicated at NSA Ft. Meade, 1997

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Palestinian terrorists killed 11 visited Boris Hagelin, inventor of A “computer bug” was first The “Electronic Disruption Lieutenant Colonel Frank al-Qaida attack on the Israeli Olympic athletes and a Bletchley Park, 1941 Converter M-209 cryptodevice, identified and named by Theater” mounted a denial- Moorman, USA, chief of AEF’s Pentagon and World Trade German policeman in , died, 1983 Lieutenant Grace Murray of-service attack on the Radio Intelligence Section Center, 2001 1972 Hopper, USN, 1947 Pentagon’s DefenseLink (G2A6), born, 1877 website, 1998 President Obama visited NSA USAFSS-crewed RB-50 lost during and USCYBERCOM, 2015 a typhoon, 1956

Labor Day

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 U.S. offensive on the St. Mihiel salient, France, begins, 1918 The Signal Security Agency First U.S. Intelligence Board President Reagan’s National USAF Security Group reorganized as the Army meeting at NSA Fort Meade, Security Decision Directive-145 established, 1947 Elizebeth Friedman departed Security Agency, 1945 1966 briefly gave NSA a role in the Coast Guard, 1946 securing data on federal American cryptologic pioneer computer systems, 1984 Agnes Meyer Driscoll died, 1971

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Joseph Ream hired, first civilian Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman First NSA open house, 1957 British Major John Andre American cryptologic pioneer, Alfred Vail, co-inventor of the deputy director of NSA, 1956 received a patent for the captured with treasonous William Friedman born, Kishinev, telegraph, born, 1807 encryption algorithm RSA, 1983 ciphered letter from Benedict Russia (now Chisinau, Moldova), Arnold, 1780 1891

The “Colorado” field code issued, 1918

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Hubert H. Humphrey visited NSA; Department of Defense and USMC turned over responsibility Edward Hebern received a first vice-presidential visit, 1967 Intelligence Community closed for guarding NSA Fort Meade to patent for an electric coding National Hispanic the Information Operations Federal Protective Service, 1978 machine, the first U.S. cipher President Reagan dedicated Technology Center (IOTC), 2004 machine to use a rotor, 1924 Operations Buildings 2A and 2B; first presidential visit to NSA, 1986 Lieutenant Colonel Frank Heritage Month Moorman, USA, chief of G2A6 during , died, 1953 September 15 – October 15 Allied forces in Italy in World War II battled their way up the peninsula, fighting an enemy that always held the high ground and had a series of well-prepared defensive lines. The Allied commander, Lieutenant General Mark Clark, USA, received ULTRA, decrypts of high-level German messages. Subordinate commanders in the field had access to tactical SIGINT from frontline units that intercepted and analyzed low-level enemy communications. General Clark commended one of these units for its support activities, writing, “The excellent intelligence produced by your detachment has assisted materially in determining the enemy’s strengths ….” Members of one unit are shown working in a van that traveled just behind the front lines to provide immediate support to the warfighters.

oc tober 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 The American Signing of Holden Agreement “Black Chamber” began regarding U.S.-UK naval COMINT National Disability operations, 1919 responsibilities, 1942 Major General Doyle Larson, USAF, born, 1930 AFSA assumed operational Employment Awareness Month control of cryptologic activities, 1949

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U.S. Army and Navy agreed U.S. Army transferred in Middle East USAF aerial reconnaissance RB- The FBI arrested Joseph to “odd/even” day division of Cryptographic Division School began, 1973 29 shot down by Soviet fighters Petersen, “NSA’s first spy,” at effort on Japanese diplomatic from Ft. Monmouth to Vint Hill over , 1952 his home, 1954 cipher, 1940 Farms, VA, 1942 Operation ENDURING FREEDOM began, 2001

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Researchers use 400 linked William Friedman awarded DIRNSA Hayden conducted first World War I trench code “Huron” President George W. Bush’s to factor a 100-digit National Security Medal by NSA “Seniors’ Day” meeting, issued, 1918 Executive Order 13231 creates number, 1988 Director of Central Intelligence 2000 the Committee on National School at Vint Hill Farms , 1955 Security Systems with NSA as a renamed ASA School, 1946 member, 2001 Pendergrass report on use of computers in cryptology, 1946

Columbus Day

17 18 19 USAFSS established, 1948 20 21 22 23 First commercial transatlantic Howard Engstrom appointed Charles Wheatstone, inventor of President Kennedy ordered Captain Laurance Safford, Terrorists destroyed the Marine wireless service began, 1907 D/DIR, 1957 the Playfair cipher, died, 1875 NSC Directive 168 designates naval quarantine of Cuba USN, father of American naval compound in , killing 254, DoD as executive agent for all after intelligence discovered cryptology, born, 1893 1983 Robert Lamphere, FBI, began government COMSEC matters offensive missile sites on island, collaboration with Meredith (DoD further delegates this duty 1962 USAFSS deployed Emergency Gardner on VENONA-related to NSA), 1953 Reaction Unit to Key West, FL, for material, 1948 , 1962 President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board reestablished, 1981

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Influential Killian report on defense and intelligence First combat employment Senator Daniel Patrick President Lincoln approved First U.S. intercept in France in Center for Cryptologic History submitted to President of Native American Moynihan introduced bill establishment of Military World War I, 1917 published The Friedman Legacy, Eisenhower, 1957 codetalkers, 1918 that would create the Public Telegraph Department, 1861 containing transcripts of the Interest Declassification Board, First message sent on DoD- famed “Friedman Lectures,” 1999 Lambros Callimahos, noted funded ARPANET, forerunner of 1992 National Cryptologic Museum NSA cryptanalyst and teacher, modern Internet, 1969 31 recognized Dr. David Kahn for died, 1977 contributing his collection to the museum library, 2010 Elizebeth Friedman died, 1980 The callsign recovery section of the Pacific, located on Oahu in Hawaii in World War II. Navy personnel were trying to recover Japanese Navy callsigns in support of cryptanalysis and .

n ovember 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 6 Britain’s GC&CS established, 1919 William Friedman died, 1969 NSA established, 1952, The Android mobile operating The “Seneca” field code COMINT station established on Lieutenant General Ralph J. system debuts, 2007 released, 1918 Guadalcanal, 1942 Canine, USA, became first DIRNSA Captain Joseph Wenger, USN, First NSA Newsletter, 1953 became head of OP-20-G, 1944

National Cryptologic School becomes operational; first commandant is Frank Rowlett, 1965

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Lieutenant General Ralph J. First NSA Field Chiefs Armistice signed ending AEF Radio Intelligence Section First World Wide Web page Canine, USA, first DIRNSA, born, Conference, 1975 World War I, 1918 opened intercept site at Souilly, written, 1990 1895 France, 1917 NSA designated a Combat First fixed U.S. field station at Center for Cryptologic History Support Agency, 1988 Houlton, ME, began operation, established, 1989 1918 DIRGRAM 00 began the “100 Days of Change,” 1999

Veterans Day

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 President Clinton’s Executive Herbert O. Yardley hired as State Attempt to rescue POWs from Order 13026 eased exports of Department code clerk, 1912 Son Tay, North Vietnam; tactical encryption products, 1996 SIGINT was superb, but the POWs were moved before the raid, 1970

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 First permanent ARPANET link Herbert O. Yardley fired by The Data Encryption Standard Lieutenant General John Ronald Pelton, former NSA OPS 3 (now the Frank B. Rowlett established, 1969 Canada’s National Research approved as federal Samford, USAF, became DIRNSA, analyst, arrested for spying for Building) dedicated, 1968 Council, 1941 standard for all unclassified 1956 Soviets, 1986 government communications, Vice Admiral Laurence Frost, 1976 USN, became DIRNSA, 1960 Lieutenant General John Samford, USAF, officially opened the OPS 1 building, 1957 Thanksgiving Day

28 29 30 Charles Chibitty of the Comanche Nation received Knowlton Award for codetalking contributions during World War II, 1999 National American Indian Heritage Month Lights in NSA’s headquarters building on Ft. Meade used to be turned on to spell out a holiday greeting in December. Unlike today, at that time religious symbols such as the rooftop star were sometimes displayed. “Joy” and “Pax” were used several times, and the pictured configuration was popular in the early 1970s when Vice Admiral Noel Gayler was NSA’s director.

december 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4

Polish Cipher Bureau first solved First “Muzak” in NSA spaces, Executive Order 12333 issued ENIGMA message, 1932 1964 on intelligence community roles and activities, 1981 JN-25B code was introduced by the Japanese Navy, 1940

ATLAS operational, first U.S. cryptologic computer, 1950

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Pre-employment polygraph Japanese attacked Pearl SecDef announced that the The Sperry Rand Corp. Official end of Spanish-American Germany and Italy declared became mandatory at NSA, Harbor in Hawaii, 1941 Global Positioning System unveiled the Univac 1107, the War, 1898 war on the United States, 1941 1952 (commonly known as GPS) first electronic computer to use was complete. The system was thin-film memory, 1960 accurate to 100 meters, 1993

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Panay Incident; U.S. Army USAF launched the POPPY 1 First NSA holiday party, 1958 Death of Johannes Trithemius, NSOC inaugurated in 1972; the Guglielmo Marconi proved DoD Directive 5200.28, “Security decrypts of Japanese RED satellite into orbit, 1962 Three MIT researchers filed for author of first book on official ribbon cutting ceremony radio messages could cross the Requirements for ADP Systems,” code informed U.S. response to a patent for what came to be cryptography published in was held in February 1973 Atlantic, 1902 established the first computer incident, 1937 known as the RSA public-key Europe, 1516 security regime for DoD, 1972 encryption algorithm, 1977 National Cryptologic Museum NSA Georgia fully operational, opened to the public, 1993 1995

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Robert Patterson’s 1801 letter solved KGB Terrorists sponsored by Libya Specialist James Davis, USA, USS Pueblo crew released by Arlington Hall Station Civilian to Thomas Jefferson included a message containing list of blew up Pan Am flight 103 over became first American , 1968 Welfare Fund began serving challenge message in code not scientists working on Manhattan Lockerbie, Scotland, 1988 cryptologist killed in Vietnam, AFSA members, 1949 broken until 2007 by Dr. Lawren Project, an important 1961 Smithline, mathematician at development in the VENONA CCR-Princeton. Decrypt turned project,1946 Astronauts aboard NASA’s out to be the Declaration of Apollo 8 spacecraft transmitted Independence the first live telecast from outer space, 1968

Christmas Day

26 27 28 29 30 31

Stone Board report on Brownell Committee established, William Friedman became the centralizing U.S. cryptologic which led to the creation of first civilian cryptanalyst with organizations issued, 1948 NSA, 1951 the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1921 Glossary ADFGVX: A cipher comprising the six letters identified, which Germany GCHQ: Government Communications Headquarters, the UK began using in 1918 cryptologic organization AEF: American Expeditionary Forces, World War I HoH: Cryptologic Hall of Honor AFSA: Armed Forces Security Agency (predecessor to NSA) INSCOM: U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command ARPANET: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. NARA: National Archives and Records Administration Developed by the Department of Defense, was first operational National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency switching network, precursor of the Internet NGA: NRO: National Reconnaissance Office ASA: Army Security Agency National Security Operations Center (formerly National Electromechanical device used by the Allies during World NSOC: Bombe: SIGINT Operations Center) War II to decrypt messages generated by the German ENIGMA machine Public key cryptographic algorithm, named after Rivest, Shamir, British-U.S. agreement to partner on SIGINT matters RSA: BRUSA: and Adleman, its co-inventors CAST: U.S. intercept site on , World War II SECAF: Secretary of the Air Force Machine developed at Bletchley Park to break high-level COLOSSUS: Secretary of Defense German cipher; the world’s first programmable, electronic, digital SecDef: computer SIGABA: Highly secure U.S. cryptographic machine used to encipher communications from World War II to the 1950s COMINT: Communications Intelligence SIGINT: COMSEC: Communication Security Secure Digital Voice Communications machine used in World Defense Special Missile and Aerospace Center SIGSALY: DEFSMAC: War II DIRNSA: Director, National Security Agency SIS: Signals Intelligence Service (forerunner of Army DIA: Defense Intelligence Agency Security Agency) DoD: Department of Defense USAFSS: U.S. Air Force Security Service D/DIR: Deputy Director, National Security Agency WAAC: Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps ENIGMA: German cryptographic device, World War II WAVES: Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, U.S. Navy FRUPAC: Fleet Radio Unit Pacific, World War II VENONA: U.S. program from 1943 to 1980 that discovered Soviet diplomatic communications and dealt with espionage matters as well G2A6: Organization that conducted battlefield communications intelligence support for AEF units in World War I GC&CS: Government Code and Cypher School (predecessor to UK’s GCHQ) NOTES The NSA Fort Meade headquarters campus in 1984. Construction had begun on the OPS 2A building. Note the absence of a perimeter fence or vehicle checkpoints. Access to the campus was open to employees, visitors, and pizza delivery folks.

For more information on the historical references in this calendar, please contact the Center for Cryptologic History 301.688.2336 or [email protected]

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