Tallinna Linnavalitsuse Uue Administratiivhoone Arhitektuurivõistluse Võistlusülesanne

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Tallinna Linnavalitsuse Uue Administratiivhoone Arhitektuurivõistluse Võistlusülesanne TALLINNA LINNAVALITSUSE UUE ADMINISTRATIIVHOONE ARHITEKTUURIVÕISTLUSE VÕISTLUSÜLESANNE Tallinn 2008 1.1 Arhitektuurivõistluse eesmärk. 1.2 Arhitektuurivõistluse eesmärk on saada parim arhitektuurne ja linnaruumiline lahendus Tallinna Linnavalitsuse ja Tallinna Linnavolikogu struktuuriüksuseid koondavale kaasaegsele hoonekompleksile. 1.3 Arhitektuurivõistluse võidutöö saab aluseks Tallinna Linnavalitsuse uue hoone ja lähiümbruse detailplaneeringule ja ehitusprojektile. 1.4 Uue hoonekompleksi kontseptsioon 1.5 Praegune Tallinna Linnavalituse ja Tallinna Linnavolikogu struktuuriüksuste olukord. 1.5.1 Tallinna Linnavalitsuse ja Tallinna Linnavolikogu struktuur on praegu hajutatud 11 hoone peale, see raskendab Tallinna linnavalitsuse toimimist ühtse organisatsioonina. 1.6 Uue hoone ehitamise eesmärk. 1.6.1 Uus hoonekompleksi eesmärgiks on tugevdada linnakodanike ja linnaametnike vahelist sidet ja muuta kogu linnavalitsuse struktuuriüksuste pakutav teenustepakett kodanikule lihtsalt kättesaadavaks. 1.6.2 Uus hoonekompleks aitab hoida kokku Tallinna linna juhtimise halduskulusid. 1.6.3 Uus hoonekompleks peab läbi hästiorganiseeritud ruumi (söögikoht, poolavalikud puhkealad, samuti hoone ümbruse linnaruumi kujundus) tugevdama linnaametnike omavahelist sidet (sõltumata ametiastmetest) ja soodustama infovahetust. 1.7 Kokkuvõte institutsiooni kujunemise ajaloost: 1.7.1 Tallinna raad Tallinna linnaomavalitsuse ehk rae tekkeaeg ei ole täpselt dateeritav. Selle võiks paigutada 1230- ndatesse aastatesse, mil Tallinna all-linna kohale hakkas kujunema käsitöölistest ja kaupmeestest püsielanikega esialgselt kindlustatud asula. Esimest korda mainitakse Tallinna raadi (consilium consulum civitatis) Taani kuninga Erik IV Adraraha 15. mail 1248 antud ürikus, millega Tallinnale kinnitatakse Lübecki õiguse kasutamise luba. Siitpeale jäi Tallinna raad ligi kuueks ja pooleks sajandiks pea kõiki linnaelu valdkondi juhtivaks institutsiooniks. Rae ülesanne oli linna esindamine rahvusvahelisel areenil - lepingute sõlmimine välismaiste valitsejate ja linnadega, hoolitsemine Tallinna kohustuste täitmise eest Hansa liidu liikmena ja osalemine hansapäevadel, kaubandusläbirääkimiste pidamine, oma kodanike huvide kaitsmine välismaal, õiguslikkuse ja korra tagamine ning linna kaitsevõime eest vastutamine, arvepidamine linna kinnisvarade üle, kodanikumaksude ja muude maksude kogumine, osaline arvepidamine kirikute ja seekide tulude ja kulude üle jne. Raad pidas linna arve-, rendise-, kinnistu- ja kodanikeraamatuid, pidas kirjavahetust teiste sise- ja välismaiste võimukandjatega, vaatas läbi linnakodanike palveid ja kaebusi. Raad koosnes bürgermeistritest ja raehärradest. Viimastest pidas igaüks reeglina mõnda raeametit. Hiljemalt 16. sajandi keskpaigast kuulus rae koosseisu ka sündik. Lisaks oli rae teenistuses palgalisi, kes ei kuulunud rae koosseisu - kirjutaja, kohtuteenrid, majahoidja jne. Raad koopteeris oma liikmeid ise kinniste valimiste teel. Raehärrade arv kõikus 19 ja 25 vahel. Algselt oli raehärra amet auamet ja raad tegutses aasta kaupa kahes vahetuses: korraga olid ametis vaid pooled raeliikmed, kes moodustasid nn. istuva e. istungeid pidava rae (sitzender Rat). Aastaks tagasi tõmbunud osa raest nimetati vanaks või puhkavaks raeks (alter Rat). Vaba aastat kasutasid raehärrad isiklike äriasjade korraldamiseks. Oma tegevuses lähtus raad Lübecki õigusest ning andis igal aastal lisaks omalt poolt välja määrusi ja korraldusi (bursprake, willküre), mis linnaelanikele avalikult välja kuulutati. Tähtsamate otsuste langetamisel pidi raad arvestama olulisemate gildide seisukohti, kusjuures mõjukaim oli Suurgild. 2 Rae töövormiks olid istungid, mida reeglina peeti raekojas, turuplatsi (st. Raekoja) platsi ääres asuvas kirjutajatoas või Pühavaimu kirikus, mida kasutati ka raeliikmete ühiste jumalateenistuste läbiviimiseks. Maahärra vahetumine ei toonud reeglina kaasa olulisi muudatusi rae tegevusse. Eraldi vahepeatüki Tallinna omavalitususe ajaloos moodustab aga nn. asehaldusaeg, mil keisrinna Katariina II 1785. a. linnadeseadus - nn. armukiri linnadele - asendas rae kui linnavalitsuse ajutiselt linnaduumaga. Rae endised funktsioonid taastas 1796. aastal keiser Paul I. Murranguline etapp Tallinna linnaomavalitsuse ajaloos algas 26. märtsil 1877, kui keiser Aleksander II ukaasiga kehtestati Balti linnades 1870. aasta Vene üldine linnaseadus. Raad asendati valitava volikogu (duuma) ja linnaametiga (uprava). Linnavolikogu valis ka linnapea. Esimesed Tallinna linnavolikogu valimised toimusid 24.-25. novembril 1877. Uue volikogu esimene istung peeti 22. dets. 1877; esimeseks linnapeaks valiti sel istungil Oscar Arthur von Riesemann. Raad jäi püsima vaid kohtuasutusena. 9. juulil 1889 kehtestati Balti provintsides Vene 1864. aasta kohtuseadus, millega Tallinna raad likvideeriti. Rae viimane pidulik istung peeti 17. novembril 1889. 1.7.2 Tallinna linnapead 1.8 Tulevikuvisioon 1.9 Eesmärk on parandada Tallinna linna pakutavate funktsioonide kättesaadavust linnakodanikele. Seda tehakse paljus e-keskkonda arendades, kuid on oluline ka võimaldada linnakodanike ja koostööpartneritele kogu linna teenustepaketi kättesaamist ühest kohast. 3 1.10 Tallinna linnast 1.11 Looduslikud olud: 1.11.1 Koordinaadid – 59°26´ põhjalaius ja 24°46´ idapikkust. 1.11.2 Maastikutegurid – Põhja-Eesti rannikumadalik, Kirde-Eesti paekivi, Põhja-Eesti klint. 1.11.3 Maavarad – savi, paekivi, liiv, põhjavesi, järvesetted. 1.11.4 Veekogud – Soome laht, Ülemiste järv, Harku järv, Pirita jõgi. 1.11.5 Joogivesi – peamiselt Ülemiste järvest, vähesel määral põhjavesi. Kliima – keskmine õhutemperatuur +5.0ºC, sademete hulk 550mm, vegetatsiooniperiood 175 päeva. 1.11.6 Loomulik vegetatsioon – männimets, klindi jalamil segamets. Rabad – Pääsküla ja Tondi raba, Suursõjamäe raba, Õismäe raba. 1.11.7 Looduskaitsealad – Natura 2000 linnukaitseala Paljassaare poolsaarel, Pirita ja Nõmme maastikukaitsealad, mitmed pargid (suurim Kadrioru park). 1.11.8 Kliima - Tallinnas valitseb mandrilise ja merelise kliima vaheline üleminekuline paraskliima. Ilmad on pehmemad kui sisemaal. Aastas sajab 550–880 mm. Aasta keskmine temperatuur on +5 °C ringis või sellest veidi kõrgem. Kõige külmem kuu on tavaliselt veebruar, mil keskmine temperatuur on -5 °C. Kõige soojemaks kuuks peetakse juulit, mil keskmine temperatuur on +18 °C. Küllaltki sagedased on olulised kõrvalekalded normidest (nii külma kui ka sooja puhul). Valitsevad läänetuuled. 1.11.9 Idakaartes moodustab kesklinna loodusliku piiri Põhja-Eesti paekallas, mille jalamil paikneb Tallinna suurim park Kadriorg. Paekalda kohal asuvad Ülemiste ja Lasnamäe. 4 1.11.1 Tallinna kujunemine (D.Bruns „Tallinn. Linnaehituslik kujunemine“ alusel, skeemid ja fotod samast raamatust, samuti on kasutatud mõtteid P.Lehtovuori artiklist „Tallinna rannaala arendamisest“ ajakiri Maja 1/2008). Tallinna linnaehituslik areng on algusest peale olnud tihedasti seotud mere ja sadamate arenguga. Maapinna järkjärguline kerkimine on muutnud rannajoont selliselt, et sadam tekkis (R.Zobeli hüpoteesi järgi) kusagile „Kalevi“ siseujula kohale, vanalinnast põhja poole jääv neem kaitses nõnda mandrisse ulatuvat väikest lahte hästi valitsevate lääne- ja loodetuulte eest. Soodne geoloogiline asukoht (soodne sadamakoht koos Toompea linnusega) ilmselt tingiski siin linnalise asula tekkimise. XIII sajandi rannaäärne territoorium oli umbes 2,1-2,6 meetri võrra madalamal tänapäevasest, mistõttu ulatus meri umbes 1 km, XI-XII sajandil aga 1,5 km võrra sügavamale linna maa-alale, eriti kaugele sisemaa suunas ulatus rannajoon ida pool vanalinna, praeguse „Kalevi“ siseujula ja Viru väljaku piirkonnas. Alles Kadrioru kohal oli rannajoon umbes samal kohal praegusega võrreldes. 5 Juba Tallinna varasel arenguetapil tekkisid linnatuumiku läheduses üksikud asustuskolded – vanimate eeslinnade alged. Nende asukoha määrasid põhiliselt maastiku iseärasused ning läheduses kulgenud iidsed teed. Üheks vanimaks eeslinnaks oli Kalamaja – kalurite, mündrikute, lootside asula, mis paiknes loode pool vanalinna Tallinna lahe kõrgel rannikul. Nii Kalamaja kui ka teiste eeslinnade tekkeaja kohta esineb erinevaid seisukohti. Kalamaja ja vanalinna vahel asus köiepunujate elupaik (Reperbahn) – Köismäe eeslinn oma töökodade ja pika köisteega köite valmistamiseks, millest esimene kirjalik teade on 1352. aastast. See paiknes praeguse Suur-Patarei tänava (mida varem nimetatigi Reperbahniks), Vana-Kalamaja ja Suurtüki tänava vahel ning ulatus vanalinna kindlustusvööndini. Selle lähedal madalal laherannal paiknes tõenäoliselt vanim kalurite sadam. Aja jooksul kasvasid Kalamaja, Köismäe ja Kalarand kokku ja asundus hakkas kandma Kalamaja nime. Väljaspool linnaruumi asuva territooriumi asustamine, aga ka hoonestamine käis keskajal äärmiselt aeglaselt. Esiteks võimaldas vanalinna pindala väga suurel inimhulgal sinna elama asuda, teiseks aga linna kaitse seisukohast lähtudes takistati väljapoole ringmüüri ehitiste püstitamist, sest pealetungi puhul võinuks vaenlased kasutada neid varjupaigana. Meile on teada mitmed magistraadi nõudmised väljapoole vanalinna siiski tekkinud ehitiste lammutamise kohta. Suuri muudatusi esialgsesse planeerimisstruktuuri tõi 16-17 sajandil ümber vanalinna rajatud lai muldkindlustusvöönd. Sel maaalal olnud teedevõrk, linlaste aiamaad ning kõik ehitised likvideeriti. Ühtlasi hävisid radiaalseid kaugteid omavahel ühendavad rajad, mis kulgesid linna ringmüüri lähistel. Nende asemel hakkasid tekkima uued, nüüd juba väljaspool kindlustusvööndit. Bastionide ees oli üsna lai lage esplanaad, kus ehitustegevus oli rangelt keelatud.
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