2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY

2.1 Hydrometeorology

The region experiences a tropical climate with wide variation in temperature. There are four seasons during the year. The summer season from March to Mid June, the monsoon season from Mid June to September, the post monsoon season in October- November, and the winter season from December to February, May is the hottest month, while January is the coldest. All the climatic parameters are shown in the Figure-2 The normal temperature varies between 8-120 C in winter to 420C in the peak summer. The maximum diurnal variation of temperature and humidity is during March. The maximum aerial variations in temperature also occur during this month. Monsoon rainfall is the main source of recharge to ground water and rainfall pattern has an important impact on groundwater levels in the phreatic aquifer. About 90% of the annual rainfall occurs during the south west monsoon periods from June to September. August is the wettest month. Most of the rainfall (more than 90%) occurs during the south-west monsoon season. The normal annual rainfall for the region is 1073 mm. The variation in normal annual rainfall is between 753.7 mm and 1427.7 mm. The rainfall decreases as we move from East to West and south to North. The highest normal annual rainfall occurs in district (1427.7 mm) followed by Annupur, Balaghat, and Dindori districts, which are in southern and south eastern parts of State whereas lowest normal annual rainfall is recorded in 753.7 mm in district in the northern part of .

The rainfall data for the period June 2010 to September 2010 (monsoon period) of 50 rain gauge stations, maintained by IMD, located in Madhya Pradesh was collected from Indian Meteorological Department, , which is given in Table-1. The isohyetal map for normal annual rainfall, prepared on the basis of data is shown in Figure-2. The State average monsoon rainfall is 1054.6 mm. During the year 2010, only 739 mm rainfall took place in Madhya Pradesh, which is 82% of the normal monsoon rainfall. The southeastern parts of Madhya Pradesh receive more rainfall as compared to western parts of the State. The departure of the monsoon rainfall from normal is computed and is given in Table-1. Monsoon rainfall within ± 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered normal. Monsoon rainfall above 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered excess and monsoon rainfall less than -19% and more than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered deficit and if the monsoon rainfall is less than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall, it is considered scanty. Departure of rainfall for the year 2010 from the normal has also been calculated. During the year 2010, out of 50 stations, 26 stations received deficit rainfall, 22 stations received normal rainfall and only 2 stations received excess of normal rainfall. Major part of Madhya Pradesh received less than normal rainfall, while north-central and northern parts received above normal rainfall. The rainfall received at Katni, Tikamgarh, Sehore Shajapur, , Bhopal Panna and was only 56%,47%,46%, 42%, 42% and 37% respectively of the normal rainfall .

6 Table: - 1 District- wise Normal Annual Rainfall and Monsoon rainfall 0f 2010 S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall( mm) Rainfall 2010 (mm) Departure Status from monsoon non annual Monsoon non Annual normal (%) rainfall monsoon monsoon 1 861.9 50.9 912.8 605.3 0 605.3 -29.77 Deficit 2 Annupur 1204.2 219.4 1423.6 818.9 0.0 818.9 -32 Deficit 3 Ashoknagar 840.6 86.5 927.1 722.00 81.0 803 -14.11 Normal 4 Balaghat 1321.1 69.2 1390.3 1294.5 49.4 1343.9 -2.01 Normal 5 673.3 150.5 823.8 747.2 120.8 868 10.98 Normal 6 Betul 999.3 130.3 1129.6 957.5 154.6 1112.1 -4.18 Normal 7 681.0 73.4 754.4 795 54.4 849.4 16.74 Normal 8 Bhopal 1032.6 94.2 1126.7 597.9 188.2 786.1 -42.09 Deficit 9 788.1 95.7 883.8 648.65 132.8 781.45 -17.69 Normal 10 Chhatarpur 974.1 107.7 1081.7 818.1 97.7 915.8 -16.01 Normal 11 Chhindwara 1019.4 120.0 1139.3 1068.6 64.9 1133.5 4.83 Normal 12 Damoh 1065.4 105.0 1170.4 1025.2 2.9 1028.1 -3.77 Normal 13 Datia 767.0 85.0 852.0 687.3 57.8 745.1 -10.39 Normal 14 Dewas 983.9 85.1 1069.0 777.5 12.7 790.2 -20.98 Deficit 15 796.2 60.3 856.5 778.2 50.3 828.5 -2.26 Normal 16 Dindori 1230.0 146.7 1376.7 980.4 68.0 1048.4 -20.29 Deficit 17 Guna 990.6 92.8 1083.4 722 81.0 803 -27.11 Deficit 18 790.0 95.0 885.0 823.9 97.4 921.3 4.29 Normal 19 Harda 1274.6 99.9 1374.5 913.4 68.5 981.9 -28.34 Deficit 20 Hoshangabad 1225.0 99.5 1324.5 1017.5 65.6 1083.1 -16.94 Normal 21 888.8 88.2 977.0 853.3 105.5 958.8 -3.99 Deficit 22 1157.3 122.2 1279.5 1354.1 44.3 1398.4 17.01 Normal 23 792.3 56.8 849.1 605.3 34.5 639.8 -23.6 Deficit 24 Katni 1055.3 116.1 1171.4 479 29.0 508 -54.61 Deficit 25 861.2 90.5 951.7 821.9 87.7 909.6 -4.56 Normal 26 Khargone 740.6 35.3 775.9 680.7 69.5 750.2 -8.08 Normal 27 Mandla 1263.4 164.3 1427.7 1440.5 50.5 1491 14.02 Normal 28 Mandsaur 814.2 66.7 880.9 616.9 59.9 676.8 -24.23 Deficit 29 Morena 689.4 64.3 753.7 772.8 28.5 801.3 12.1 Excess 30 Narsinghpur 1115.3 102.4 1217.6 772.4 13.1 785.5 -30.74 Deficit 31 Neemuch 783.0 71.9 854.9 790 31.7 821.7 0.9 Normal 32 Panna 1069.6 113.3 1182.9 670 71.3 741.3 -37.36 Deficit 33 Raisen 1086.8 120.5 1207.3 772.9 39.6 812.5 -28.88 Deficit 34 Rajgarh 906.8 79.0 985.8 634.2 79.3 713.5 -30.06 Deficit 35 Ratlam 922.5 70.4 992.9 643.7 45.3 689 -30.22 Deficit 36 Rewa 1020.9 120.6 1141.5 712.6 101.1 813.7 -30.2 Deficit 37 Sagar 1127.8 116.9 1244.6 771.9 11.6 783.5 -31.55 Deficit 38 Satna 960.3 131.9 1092.1 631.1 32.3 663.4 -34.28 Deficit 39 Sehore 1127.8 89.9 1217.7 605.6 52.2 657.8 -46.3 Deficit 40 Seoni 1150.8 173.0 1323.7 1174.9 41.3 1216.2 2.1 Normal 41 Shahdol 993.6 137.8 1131.4 818.9 0.0 818.9 -17.58 Normal 42 Shajapur 941.2 79.0 1020.2 549.6 70.9 620.5 -41.61 Deficit 43 775.7 52.3 828.0 578.3 33.4 611.7 -25.45 Deficit 44 Shivpuri 852.0 77.9 929.8 816.3 28.3 844.6 -4.18 Normal 45 Sidhi 1025.1 129.1 1154.2 781.6 53.4 835 -23.75 Deficit 46 Singrauli 774.6 105.2 879.8 786.9 53.4 840.3 1.59 Normal 47 Tikamgarh 963.7 100.4 1064.1 514 60.5 574.5 -46.66 Excess 48 844.2 70.3 914.5 638.7 74.8 713.5 -24.34 Deficit 49 Umaria 1103.4 139.5 1242.8 799.3 84.4 883.7 -27.56 Deficit 50 Vidisha 1044.6 90.7 1135.3 765.3 58.3 823.6 -26.74 Deficit

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Figure: 2 Climate and Rainfall of Madhya Pradesh

8 2.2 Physiography and Drainage

The State exhibits six distinct physiographic units as follows: . The Plateau . The . The Vindhyan Range . The Mahakoshal Range . The Region and . The River valleys. The main drainage networks and different elevations in the state are depicted in the Figure-3. The region forms a part of the vast of Central . The Malwa Plateau marks the northern span of the Deccan Plateau. The hill ranges run across the plateau. The Satpura range located in the southern part of the State is E-W trending. It has an average elevation of 600 m amsl and highest elevation of 1350 m amsl. The Vindhyan range occupies in the Northern and Central part of the region and has ENE- WSW trend. The Mahakoshal Range also has a similar trend. The Vindhyan range extends into the Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand region. The Vindhyan Range and Mahakoshal Range are separated from the Satpura range by the and vast tract of its basin area. There are two distinct sets of drainage in the region, one formed by the westerly flowing rivers, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Of these the Narmada river system is the major system of the region. The Tapi and Mahi rivers are also westerly flowing rivers. The second set of drainage is formed by the Ganga system, which consists of northerly and northeasterly flowing rivers which ultimately join the river except Son and Tons joining the Ganga and then drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Wainganga River of the Godavari system is an easterly flowing river draining into the Bay of Bengal. The river valleys, other than the Narmada Alluvial Plain and Alluvial Plain, are very limited and form narrow belts along the rivers

2.3 Hydrogeological Units and Aquifer Parameters

The State of Madhya Pradesh has varied hydrogeological characteristics due to which ground water potential differs from place to place. The area is underlain by various geological formations ranging in age from the Archaean to the Recent. Hard rock areas cover more than 80% of total land area of the State. These hard-rock areas show wide variations and complexities in nature and composition of rocks, geological structures, geomorphological set up and hydro meteorological conditions. The crystalline rocks of Archaean age like granite, gneiss, granulites, schist, quartzite and granitoids occupy about 14.7% of geographical area of the State.

The basaltic rocks of Deccan lava flows are the predominant formations and occupy nearly 44.5% of total geographical area. The consolidated sedimentary rocks of Vindhyan Super Group and Mahakoshal (Cuddapah) Super Group of Proterozoic age occupy about 19.1% of total geographical area and the semi consolidated (Gondwana Formation) occupies about 6.7%. Recent unconsolidated alluvial sediments occupy about 14.4% of total geographical area. The Hydrogeological units of the state and their potential is described in Table-2 and shown in Figure-3.

9 Table- 2 Hydro geological Units, their Potential and Groundwater Scenario of Madhya Pradesh Geological Group Rock Surface Occurrence and Hydrogeological Characters. Age Formation Exposure Area (Approx.) Unconsolidated Occur widespread in Bhind (Chambal basin), Hoshangabad and clays and silts, Narsimhapur districts (Narmada basin) and also in Sheopur, Alluvial plains gravels and sands Morena, Datia, Chhatarpur, Jabalpur, Katni, Khandwa, Pleistocene (older and of different mix. 38,000 Burhanpur, Raisen, Sidhi and Balaghat districts and along rivers to Newer Lenses of Peat and Sq.Km. in some other districts. Form very potential ground water Recent Alluvium) organic matter reservoirs with a thick sequence of sandy aquifers down to great carbonate and depths (>300 m.bgl). The aquifers are unconfined, semi-confined siliceous (leaky confined) or confined. concretions (Kankars) Occupy the Malwa plateau covering Nimuch, Mandsaur, Indore, Dhar, Ratlam, Shajapur, Sagar, Rajgarh, Sehore, Badwani, Deccan Trap Basalts 1,43,300 Khargone, Khandwa and Burhanpur districts and parts of Jhabua, Sq.Km. Raisen, Guna, Ashoknagar, Vidisha, Bhopal, Sehore, Betul, Jabalpur, Katni, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narsimhapur, Chhindwara, Cretaceous Seoni, Dindori, Mandla , Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Infra Trappean formation of Bagh & Lametas occur in Dhar, Eocene Jhabua & Jabalpur districts and small patches in Sagar, Bagh and Sandstones cherty 8,500 Hoshangabad and Narsimhapur districts. Weathered, Fractured Lameta Groups limestone Sq.Km. and vesicular basaltic layers of Traps, inter-trappeans and infratrappeans form productive unconfined hallow aquifers and leaky confined/confined deeper aquifers and yield upto 5 lips. (Infra trappeans are less productive). Sp.Yield 1 to 4% Hydraulic conductivity 5-15 m/day. Gondwana Occur in Betul, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Hoshangabad, Palaezoic super Group. Boulder beds Jabalpur, Katni, Sidhi, Umaria , Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Jabalpur, Sand-stones, 28,000 Possess moderate primary porosity. Groundwater occurs under Cretaceous Mahadeva, shales, clays, Sq.Km. phreatic as well as semi-confined to confined conditions. Free Panchet, limestone, coal flowing conditions with free flow discharge of 150 to 200 lpm Raniganj, seams have been recorded in North-eastern part of . Barakars and Talchir Groups Vindhyan Occur in Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Guna, Super Group. Ashoknagar, Rewa, Panna, Satna, Jabalpur, Katni, Damoh, Bhander, Sagar, Chhatarpur, Raisen, Bhopal, Vidisha, Nimuch, Mandsaur Rewa, Kaimur Shales, 58,700 and Dewas districts. Generally, devoid of any primary porosity. Precambrian and Semri Sandstones and Sq.Km. Weathering and denudation, structurally weak planes and (Proteozoic) Groups. limestones fractures impart porosity and permeability in the rock mass. Mahakoshal Solution cavities (Cavernous) in carbonate rocks, at places give (Cuddaph) rise to large groundwater storage/circulation. Sp. Yield value of Super Group unconfined aquifer is generally low (0.2% to 3%). Hydraulic Bijawar and conductivity varies widely depending upon fracture incidence Gwalior (2 to 10 m/day.) Groups. Older Occur in Seoni, Balaghat, Shahdol, Anuppur, Mandla, Dindori, Metamorphics Granitoid Sidhi, Rewa, Panna, Datia, Tikamgarh, Gwalior, Chhatarpur, Sausar, Sakoli gneisses, schists, 31,500 Jabalpur, Katni, Jhabua and Shivpuri districts, as also parts of Archaeans and Chilpi gneisses, Sq.Km. Chhindwara, Harda, Hoshangabad, Narsimhapur and Dewas Groups. & quartzites and districts. Do not posses primary porosity. Weathering, Bundelkhand granites fracturing, jointing impart secondary porosity. Groundwater Granites. mostly occurs under phreatic conditions and at some places also under confined/semi confined conditions.

10 Archaeans Archaeans comprise old metamorphic, granites, gneisses and schist. They are hard and compact formations with low primary permeability, forming poor aquifers. Ground water occurs in these only in the weathered mantle and underlying fractured zone. Dug wells in this formation have depths of 5-30 m with water levels between 3-17 m bgl. where thickness of aquifer is considerable. Specific capacity ranges from 20-200 lpm/m of draw down. Hydraulic conductivity is generally less than 1 m/d and specific yield less than 3%. The yield of open wells ranges between 40-135 m3/d.

Vindhyans These are composed of sandstone, shale and limestone. The sandstone and shale are hard and compact and form poor aquifers. Ground water occurs in these in the weathered mantle and fractured zone. The limestone is different in its hydrogeological properties having large solution cavities, which give rise to immense secondary permeability. The wells in limestone formations yield 100-500 m3/day for 3m draw down. Specific capacity ranges from 100-300 lpm/m of draw down, hydraulic conductivity varies between 5-15 m/d and specific yield ranges from 1-3 % in good karstic zones.

Gondwana The Gondwanas are sedimentary formations rich in granular zones and form good aquifers. They support both dugwells and tubewells, capable of yielding 100-500 m3/d for the drawdown of 6-10 m. the specific capacity ranges between 75-250 lpm/m of drawdown, hydraulic conductivity varies between 10-25 m/d and specific yield is from 1-3 %.

Infra Trappeans The Bagh and Lameta beds and sandstone are also sedimentary formations but have a limited extent and poor to moderate permeability. The limestone and calcareous clays when karstified form productive aquifers. The corralling limestone, the marls and nodular limestone are hard and compact having poor permeability. The Nimar sandstone has intergranular porosity, joints, fracture, bedding planes, which give moderate scope for ground water movement. The depth of wells varies from 3 to 13 m and depth to water level between 2 to 12 m bgl.

Deccan Traps These form the most important aquifers in the region. Being the most extensive. The weathered, fractured, jointed and vesicular units of basalts form moderate to good aquifers. These formations have highly variable yields ranging from 10 to 750 m3/d. Dug wells range in depth from 4 to 20 m with water levels varying between 2 and 14 m bgl. The specific capacity ranges from 50 to 150 lpm/m of drawdown, hydraulic conductivity varies between 5 and 15 m/d and the specific yield is 1-3%.The Deccan Traps formations can be tapped by dug well, dug-cum-bore and bore wells. It is observed that the yield increases by 5-10 times when 10-15 m bores wells extending down to the lower vesicular and bore well are drilled at the base of dug wells. Yields of 400-600 m3/d can be obtained in this way. In some areas the control of doleritic dykes on occurrence of ground water is observed. Wells located on the upstream side of these dykes produce yields. Also wells located on tectonic lineaments gave better yields.

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Figure: 3 Hydrogeology of Madhya Pradesh

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Figure: 3 Legend of Hydrogeology of Madhya Pradesh 13 Alluvium It consists of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, clay in various proportions and has primary inter-granular porosity and permeability. Hence it is the most promising formation for ground water development. The thickness of alluvium varies from 10 to 318 m with aquifer thickness from 10 to 160 m being more in the Ganga basin than in the Narmada basin. The depth to water ranges from 5 to 30 m bgl. The transmissivity is high in the Ganga basin being upto 3000 m2/d. In the Narmada basin transmissivity ranges between 83-283 m2/d. the yields vary from 30 to 50 m3/hr for shallow wells and 30-200 m3/hr for deep wells in the Ganga basin. In the Narmada basin the yields are of the order of 15-30 m3/hr in the phreatic zone and 70-200 m3/hr in the deeper zone. In the Waingangā sub basin the wells yield 60-600 m3/d. In the Tapi basin, the yields are 25-95 m3/d.

2.4 Scenario of Ground Water Levels in Madhya Pradesh

2.4.1 Depth to Water Levels

Groundwater level refers to underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water. The upper surface of the zone of saturation is the water table. In case of wells penetrating confined aquifers, the water level represents the pressure or piezometric head at the point. The configuration of the water table depends upon topography, geology, climate water yielding and water bearing of rocks in the zones of aeration and saturation which control ground water recharge. The groundwater level data of National Monitoring wells monitored during May 2010, and November 201, have been compiled , analysed and given in Annexure-IIIB. The depth to water level in the phreatic aquifer varies widely and was mainly controlled by the topography, geology, and development in the area. Maps showing depth to water level were prepared for each measurement and are given in various plates and also discussed below.

A. Depth to Water Level: May- 2010

Depth to groundwater level for May 2010 and the distribution of monitoring wells in different depth zones is shown in Figure-4. In general the depth to water level in Madhya Pradesh ranged between 5 and 20 m bgl, except in small localized patches. Very shallow groundwater levels ranging between 0 and 2 m bgl were observed in only 2 isolated monitoring wells, one each in Balaghat and Seoni districts. Shallow groundwater levels ranging between 2 and 5 m bgl were observed in 7.0 % of monitoring wells in isolated patches, spread all over the State, mainly in Betul, Chhindwara, Khargone, Dewas, Seoni, Balaghat, Dindori, Mandla and Jabalpur districts. Depth to water level ranging between 5 and 10 m bgl was observed in 43.0% of monitoring network wells. Depth to water level ranging between 10 and 20 m bgl was observed in 45.0% of monitoring network wells. Very deep water levels more than 20 m.bgl were seen in some small pockets spread in parts of Bhind, Rewa, Dewas, East Nimar, Panna, Sehore districts and observed in 5.0% of monitoring network wells.

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Figure: 4 Pre monsoon Water level (2010) Map of Madhya Pradesh 15

B Depth to Water Level: November-2010

The post-monsoon water level stands after the major portion of rainfall recharge has taken place. DTW ranges from 0.01 to 48 metres below ground level (mbgl) in the state. Very shallow water levels up to 2 mbgl are seen as a continuous patch in southern parts of the state covering mainly Chhindwara, Betul, Seoni, Dindori and Jabalpur districts and isolated patches in central part of state. About 19% of wells fall in this category. About 29% of wells spreading all over the State have recorded a DTW of 2- 5 mbgl. Depth to water levels ranging 5-10 mbgl are noticed prominently in major parts of eastern districts and western periphery of the State. About 31% of wells fall in this category. Deeper ground water levels ranging 10-20 mbgl are seen in a narrow continuous patch in northern parts and in isolated patches in western and eastern parts of the state. About 18% of wells fall in this category. Ground water levels of more than 20 m are found in less than 3% of the wells.

2.4.2 Water Level Fluctuation:

Ground water is a dynamic system. The ground water level or head is subject to change both due to natural and man made causes. The zones of aeration and saturation play important roles in ground water recharge and ground water level fluctuation. Groundwater level is an important indicator for the recharge of the aquifer, groundwater abstraction and the discharge from the aquifer to surface waters and to some extent groundwater quantity. Groundwater level can vary significantly over time and seasons. Decline in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (low rainfall), changes in land use, or as a result of over abstraction. Rise in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (heavy rainfall), changes in land use, or as a result of artificial recharge to groundwater by rainwater harvesting Analysis of water level data collected during different periods of the year 2010 was carried out to identify the changes over that period. The pre-monsoon water levels of May 2010 have been compared with those of November 2010. The annual fluctuations in water levels between the two consecutive measurements of the same month have also been analysed. The various fluctuations are given in Annexure-IIIC.

A Water Level Fluctuation -May-2010Vs November-2010

The water level data of May 2010 was compared with that of November 2010. This fluctuation is an outcome of monsoon recharge. Fluctuation of more than 4 m in water levels was observed in entire area and noted in 40% of monitoring wells. Fluctuation of between 2 and 4 m in groundwater levels was seen pockets spread in entire area and observed in 30.0% of monitoring wells. Fluctuation of less than 2 m in water level was also noted in 28. % of monitoring wells.

B. Water Level Fluctuation - Decadal Average (May 2000 to 2009 Vs. May 2009)

Water level of May 2010 was compared with the average water level of May (2000- 2009). The groundwater levels were influenced by monsoon rainfall received in the area during the year 2007. There was rise in ground water levels where good (more than normal) rainfall was received while fall in ground water levels where deficient (less than normal) rainfall was received.

16 In general fluctuation of ±2m was recorded in entire Madhya Pradesh during May 2010 as compared with average water level data of May month from 2000 to 2009. Fall is observed in 65% of the wells, especially in Bhind, Morena, Guna, Sehore, Ujjain, Umaria, Shahdol, Rewa, Satna, Panna and Chhatarpur. The fall was noted in northern parts of Madhya Pradesh. Fall in groundwater levels upto 2 m was observed in 43% of monitoring network wells. Fall between 2 and 4 m in water levels was observed in some small pockets in parts of Bhind, Morena, Datia, Sheopur, Shvpuri, Guna, Sagar, Damoh, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Panna, Satna, Rewa, Sidhi, Jabalpur, Vidisha, Ratlam, Indore and Burhanpur districts and recorded in 14% of monitoring wells. Fall in groundwater levels of more than 4m was observed in large pockets in parts of Rewa, Satna, Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Datia districts and small pockets in Mandsaur, Sehore, Vidisha, Ratlam, Khandwa and Burhanpur districts of Madhya Pradesh and noted in 7 % of monitoring network wells.

Rise in water levels are found in about 35% of the wells, mostly in Gwalior, Datia, Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone, Seoni, Vidisha and Seoni districts. Rise upto 2 m in water levels was observed mostly in Western Madhya Pradesh as also spread in some districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh and noticed in 27 % of monitoring network wells. Rise between 2 and 4 m in water levels was observed in pockets in Khargone, Barwani, Dhar, Jhabua, Rajgarh, Betul Balaghat, Anuppur and Satna districts and recorded in 6% of monitoring wells. Rise of more than 4 m in water levels was observed in pockets in parts of Betul, Rajgarh, Shajapur and isolated wells in Sheopur and Datia districts and observed in 1.65% of monitoring network wells.

C Water Level Fluctuation - Decadal Average (November 2000 To 2009 Vs. November 2010)

Water level of November 2010 was compared with the average water level of November (2001-2009). In general there was rise/fall in groundwater level of ±2m in entire State during November 2010 as compared to decadal average. 49% of wells show a rise in water level. Rise upto 2m in groundwater levels was noted in 39.8% of monitoring wells. Rise between 2 and 4 m in water levels was observed in 6.4% of monitoring wells. Rise more than 4 m in groundwater level was observed in a few isolated wells and noted in 2.9% of monitoring wells. Fall is found in 51 % of wells scattered throughout the State, covering mainly northern parts of the state. Fall upto 2 m noted in groundwater level was observed in 31.3% of monitoring wells. Fall between 2 and 4 m was observed in 10.5 % of monitoring wells. Fall more than 4 m in was observed in pockets in parts of Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, Ashoknagar, Bhopal, Shajapur, Rajgarh, Dewas, Ratlam, Dhar, Narsimhapur Sidhi, Satna and Rewa districts and many isolated pockets and noted in 10.42% of monitoring wells.49% of wells show a rise in water level, 40 % between 0-2 m, 9 % between 2-4 m and more. Decline is found in 51 % of wells scattered throughout the State, covering mainly northern parts of the state. Such declines in water levels may also be due to developmental activities apart from the poor saturation of aquifers.

17 2.4.3 Ground Water Level Trend

Groundwater is replenished from precipitation and from surface water, but the rate of abstraction (withdrawal by humans) may exceed the rate of natural recharge, leading to reduction of the resource indicated by declining trend of water level. Rising trend in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (heavy rainfall), changes in land use, construction of pond or reservoir or as a result of artificial recharge to groundwater by rainwater harvesting. Declining trend in pre monsoon water level at a rate (-0.2 m/year) is observed over smaller areas in northern fringe of the state namely Morena, Gwalior and Bhind districts and in isolated patches of smaller areal extant over the entire state. In post monsoon, there is a general declining trend (-0.2 m/year) of ground water levels during the past decade over the major part of the state.

2.4 Ground Water Quality

Ground Water samples were collected from 820 NHS stations during May 2010 and monitored for chemical quality of ground water (phreatic aquifer). Detailed analysis of the chemical sample was carried out for 13 parameters. The ground water quality in shallow aquifers of Madhya Pradesh collected from National Monitoring Wells during 2010 reveals that quality is generally good for drinking water with Electrical Conductivity, & Residual Sodium Bicarbonate parameters/indices falling under classification showing low range of corresponding values, except for high nitrate concentration recorded at many places. The distribution of EC in ground water shows that in most parts of the area EC is in the range of 750 to 1500 s/cm at 250C or below (Figure-3). Moderate to high EC in the range of 1500 s/cm at 250C to 3000 s/cm at 250C is found in pockets of North, Central and Western parts of the State. High to very high EC more than 3000 s/cm at 250C is found in a few localized pockets in parts of Bhind, Ratlam Indore, Gwalior, Sheopur, Khargone and Jhabua districts. Very high EC of 4300 s/cm at 250C was found in a well of Pipaliya buzurg of . Nitrate is a non-essential constituent of ground water and concentration of nitrate in excess of 45 mg/l in water is harmful for human consumption. The study of Nitrate concentration on the ground water reveals that in about 38.5% water samples, nitrate concentration is above 45 mg/l and in about 104 water samples, nitrate concentration is above 100 mg/l. Very high Nitrate concentration of 546 mg/l was found in the ground water sample from Pipliya buzurg, Khargone district followed by Nitrate concentration of 380 mg/l in ground water of Bamhori, . Fluoride concentration in the water samples of Hydrograph Network Stations show that fluoride concentration is generally low except in some samples. The fluoride in excess of 1.5 mg/l is harmful and causes fluorosis. High fluoride problem is encountered in Jhabua, Mandla, Chhindwara and Shivpuri in many parts of state in isolated pockets in Shajapur, Satna, Guna, Jabalpur, Vidisha, Sehore, Ujjain, Seoni, Datia, Gwalior, Rajgarh, Shahdol, Bhind, Dhar and Morena districts. Fluoride analysis reveals that there is no specific trend observed for distribution of Fluoride in the state. Fluoride concentration above 5.0 mg/l have been observed at (5.5mg/l), and (5.7mg/l) . Sulphate contents in the water samples of Hydrograph Network Station in Madhya Pradesh are generally low except in few places. Maximum 900 mg/l SO4 is found in Bhind district. At Chhindwara, Dewas, Indore, Rewa & SO4 contents are around 300 to 400 mg/l.

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