2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY 2.1 Hydrometeorology The region experiences a tropical climate with wide variation in temperature. There are four seasons during the year. The summer season from March to Mid June, the monsoon season from Mid June to September, the post monsoon season in October- November, and the winter season from December to February, May is the hottest month, while January is the coldest. All the climatic parameters are shown in the Figure-2 The normal temperature varies between 8-120 C in winter to 420C in the peak summer. The maximum diurnal variation of temperature and humidity is during March. The maximum aerial variations in temperature also occur during this month. Monsoon rainfall is the main source of recharge to ground water and rainfall pattern has an important impact on groundwater levels in the phreatic aquifer. About 90% of the annual rainfall occurs during the south west monsoon periods from June to September. August is the wettest month. Most of the rainfall (more than 90%) occurs during the south-west monsoon season. The normal annual rainfall for the region is 1073 mm. The variation in normal annual rainfall is between 753.7 mm and 1427.7 mm. The rainfall decreases as we move from East to West and south to North. The highest normal annual rainfall occurs in Mandla district (1427.7 mm) followed by Annupur, Balaghat, and Dindori districts, which are in southern and south eastern parts of State whereas lowest normal annual rainfall is recorded in 753.7 mm in Morena district in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh. The rainfall data for the period June 2010 to September 2010 (monsoon period) of 50 rain gauge stations, maintained by IMD, located in Madhya Pradesh was collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Bhopal, which is given in Table-1. The isohyetal map for normal annual rainfall, prepared on the basis of data is shown in Figure-2. The State average monsoon rainfall is 1054.6 mm. During the year 2010, only 739 mm rainfall took place in Madhya Pradesh, which is 82% of the normal monsoon rainfall. The southeastern parts of Madhya Pradesh receive more rainfall as compared to western parts of the State. The departure of the monsoon rainfall from normal is computed and is given in Table-1. Monsoon rainfall within ± 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered normal. Monsoon rainfall above 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered excess and monsoon rainfall less than -19% and more than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered deficit and if the monsoon rainfall is less than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall, it is considered scanty. Departure of rainfall for the year 2010 from the normal has also been calculated. During the year 2010, out of 50 stations, 26 stations received deficit rainfall, 22 stations received normal rainfall and only 2 stations received excess of normal rainfall. Major part of Madhya Pradesh received less than normal rainfall, while north-central and northern parts received above normal rainfall. The rainfall received at Katni, Tikamgarh, Sehore Shajapur, , Bhopal Panna and Khargone was only 56%,47%,46%, 42%, 42% and 37% respectively of the normal rainfall . 6 Table: - 1 District- wise Normal Annual Rainfall and Monsoon rainfall 0f 2010 S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall( mm) Rainfall 2010 (mm) Departure Status from monsoon non annual Monsoon non Annual normal (%) rainfall monsoon monsoon 1 Alirajpur 861.9 50.9 912.8 605.3 0 605.3 -29.77 Deficit 2 Annupur 1204.2 219.4 1423.6 818.9 0.0 818.9 -32 Deficit 3 Ashoknagar 840.6 86.5 927.1 722.00 81.0 803 -14.11 Normal 4 Balaghat 1321.1 69.2 1390.3 1294.5 49.4 1343.9 -2.01 Normal 5 Barwani 673.3 150.5 823.8 747.2 120.8 868 10.98 Normal 6 Betul 999.3 130.3 1129.6 957.5 154.6 1112.1 -4.18 Normal 7 Bhind 681.0 73.4 754.4 795 54.4 849.4 16.74 Normal 8 Bhopal 1032.6 94.2 1126.7 597.9 188.2 786.1 -42.09 Deficit 9 Burhanpur 788.1 95.7 883.8 648.65 132.8 781.45 -17.69 Normal 10 Chhatarpur 974.1 107.7 1081.7 818.1 97.7 915.8 -16.01 Normal 11 Chhindwara 1019.4 120.0 1139.3 1068.6 64.9 1133.5 4.83 Normal 12 Damoh 1065.4 105.0 1170.4 1025.2 2.9 1028.1 -3.77 Normal 13 Datia 767.0 85.0 852.0 687.3 57.8 745.1 -10.39 Normal 14 Dewas 983.9 85.1 1069.0 777.5 12.7 790.2 -20.98 Deficit 15 Dhar 796.2 60.3 856.5 778.2 50.3 828.5 -2.26 Normal 16 Dindori 1230.0 146.7 1376.7 980.4 68.0 1048.4 -20.29 Deficit 17 Guna 990.6 92.8 1083.4 722 81.0 803 -27.11 Deficit 18 Gwalior 790.0 95.0 885.0 823.9 97.4 921.3 4.29 Normal 19 Harda 1274.6 99.9 1374.5 913.4 68.5 981.9 -28.34 Deficit 20 Hoshangabad 1225.0 99.5 1324.5 1017.5 65.6 1083.1 -16.94 Normal 21 Indore 888.8 88.2 977.0 853.3 105.5 958.8 -3.99 Deficit 22 Jabalpur 1157.3 122.2 1279.5 1354.1 44.3 1398.4 17.01 Normal 23 Jhabua 792.3 56.8 849.1 605.3 34.5 639.8 -23.6 Deficit 24 Katni 1055.3 116.1 1171.4 479 29.0 508 -54.61 Deficit 25 Khandwa 861.2 90.5 951.7 821.9 87.7 909.6 -4.56 Normal 26 Khargone 740.6 35.3 775.9 680.7 69.5 750.2 -8.08 Normal 27 Mandla 1263.4 164.3 1427.7 1440.5 50.5 1491 14.02 Normal 28 Mandsaur 814.2 66.7 880.9 616.9 59.9 676.8 -24.23 Deficit 29 Morena 689.4 64.3 753.7 772.8 28.5 801.3 12.1 Excess 30 Narsinghpur 1115.3 102.4 1217.6 772.4 13.1 785.5 -30.74 Deficit 31 Neemuch 783.0 71.9 854.9 790 31.7 821.7 0.9 Normal 32 Panna 1069.6 113.3 1182.9 670 71.3 741.3 -37.36 Deficit 33 Raisen 1086.8 120.5 1207.3 772.9 39.6 812.5 -28.88 Deficit 34 Rajgarh 906.8 79.0 985.8 634.2 79.3 713.5 -30.06 Deficit 35 Ratlam 922.5 70.4 992.9 643.7 45.3 689 -30.22 Deficit 36 Rewa 1020.9 120.6 1141.5 712.6 101.1 813.7 -30.2 Deficit 37 Sagar 1127.8 116.9 1244.6 771.9 11.6 783.5 -31.55 Deficit 38 Satna 960.3 131.9 1092.1 631.1 32.3 663.4 -34.28 Deficit 39 Sehore 1127.8 89.9 1217.7 605.6 52.2 657.8 -46.3 Deficit 40 Seoni 1150.8 173.0 1323.7 1174.9 41.3 1216.2 2.1 Normal 41 Shahdol 993.6 137.8 1131.4 818.9 0.0 818.9 -17.58 Normal 42 Shajapur 941.2 79.0 1020.2 549.6 70.9 620.5 -41.61 Deficit 43 Sheopur 775.7 52.3 828.0 578.3 33.4 611.7 -25.45 Deficit 44 Shivpuri 852.0 77.9 929.8 816.3 28.3 844.6 -4.18 Normal 45 Sidhi 1025.1 129.1 1154.2 781.6 53.4 835 -23.75 Deficit 46 Singrauli 774.6 105.2 879.8 786.9 53.4 840.3 1.59 Normal 47 Tikamgarh 963.7 100.4 1064.1 514 60.5 574.5 -46.66 Excess 48 Ujjain 844.2 70.3 914.5 638.7 74.8 713.5 -24.34 Deficit 49 Umaria 1103.4 139.5 1242.8 799.3 84.4 883.7 -27.56 Deficit 50 Vidisha 1044.6 90.7 1135.3 765.3 58.3 823.6 -26.74 Deficit 7 Figure: 2 Climate and Rainfall of Madhya Pradesh 8 2.2 Physiography and Drainage The State exhibits six distinct physiographic units as follows: . The Malwa Plateau . The Satpura Range . The Vindhyan Range . The Mahakoshal Range . The Bundelkhand Region and . The River valleys. The main drainage networks and different elevations in the state are depicted in the Figure-3. The region forms a part of the vast Deccan plateau of Central India. The Malwa Plateau marks the northern span of the Deccan Plateau. The hill ranges run across the plateau. The Satpura range located in the southern part of the State is E-W trending. It has an average elevation of 600 m amsl and highest elevation of 1350 m amsl. The Vindhyan range occupies in the Northern and Central part of the region and has ENE- WSW trend. The Mahakoshal Range also has a similar trend. The Vindhyan range extends into the Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand region. The Vindhyan Range and Mahakoshal Range are separated from the Satpura range by the Narmada river and vast tract of its basin area. There are two distinct sets of drainage in the region, one formed by the westerly flowing rivers, which drain into the Arabian Sea.