Cleavages in Contemporary Finland

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Cleavages in Contemporary Finland Jussi Westinen Cleavages in Contemporary Finland A Study on Party-Voter Ties What kind of a cleavage structure is there in Finland? How are party choice, social structural positions and values and attitudes of the voters entangled with Jussi Westinen each other? The author examines these questions in | 2015 in Contemporary | Cleavages Finland Westinen Jussi this study by analyzing data from the 2003, 2007 and 2011 Finnish National Election Studies. The results Cleavages in Contemporary Finland indicate that the overall effect of social structural positions on values and attitudes is rather weak. A Study on Party-Voter Ties Despite this, a few rather strong connections be- tween these two cleavage elements were identified and they were also linked to voters’ choice of a party. The study implies that old cleavages, those based on native language, type of residential area and occupa- tional class, still exist. The political parties involved in these cleavages are largely the old ones. The volatile parliamentary election in 2011 not only destabi- lized the party system but also renewed the Finnish cleavage structure. The conflict that is based on both occupational class and education and that is reflected in the sociocultural and EU dimensions has the most potential to evolve as a cleavage. By assessing the contemporary cleavages in Finland, the study highlights the similarities and dissimilari- ties in the conflict structure between Finland and other West European countries. The cleavages based on native language and the type of residential area accentuate the specialty of the Finnish case while the potentially emerging cleavages accentuate the more common sources of contlict. 9 789517 658003 ISBN 978-951-765-800-3 Jussi Westinen Born 1984 in Taipalsaari, Finland Master of Social Sciences 2011 (University of Tampere) Åbo Akademi University Press Tavastgatan 13, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 215 3478 E-mail: [email protected] Sales and distribution: Åbo Akademi University Library Domkyrkogatan 2–4, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 -215 4190 E-mail: [email protected] CLEAVAGES IN CONTEMPORARY FINLAND Cleavages in Contemporary Finland A Study on Party-Voter Ties Jussi Westinen Åbo Akademis förlag | Åbo Akademi University Press Åbo, Finland, 2015 CIP Cataloguing in Publication Westinen, Jussi. Cleavages in contemporary Finland : a study on party-voter ties / Jussi Westinen. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2015. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765-800-3 ISBN 978-951-765-800-3 ISBN 978-951-765-801-0 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2015 Förord År 2006 deltog jag som andraårsstuderande på ett seminarium vid Tammerfors universitet, där det lottades ut vem som skulle få skriva sin uppsats om partival i riksdagsval. Som tur var, drog kursens hållare Sami Borg mitt namn ur hatten. Kursens andra hållare, Heikki Paloheimo, introducerade senare skiljelinjernas fascinerande värld för mig i egenskap av handledare för min avhandling pro gradu. Den vägen, som har tagit mig från Tammerfors till Åbo, har jag fått fortsätta längs så här långt. Jag vill tacka min handledare, professor Kimmo Grönlund, för att du gjorde så mycket för att denna väg förverkligades från första början. Jag har kunnat fokusera på avhandlingen oavbrutet – tack för att du alltid har sett till att finansieringen varit säkrad. Jag är tacksam för att jag även fått möjligheten att gästforska i Göteborg och Uppsala. Både språkmässigt och vetenskapligt var dessa vistelser viktiga och gav mig dessutom många fina minnen. Jag vill tacka universitetslektor, docent Elina Kestilä-Kekkonen för hennes enorma hjälp, kommentarer, villkorslösa engagemang, sporrande och stöd under avhandlingsprocessen. Idéer har utvecklats ännu bättre med mysiga kanelbullepauser emellanåt! Tack för att du alltid har haft tid för mig. Du är en viktig mentor och god vän, Elina! Som en finskspråkig kille från Södra Karelen var det speciellt spännande att år 2011 komma till Åbo Akademi, inte minst med tanke på språket. Jag blev varmt emottagen och det var ganska lätt att anpassa sig till ÅA. Jag kommer ihåg hur Jutta uppmuntrade mig att bara prata modigt, och hon tyckte att det var roligt att få en kollega med rötter i (och kanske också karaktär från) Östra Finland. Dessa fyra år har inte enbart handlat om att utveckla mig som forskare, utan det har också gällt att bli en modigare människa. Jag har njutit av tiden vid akademin eftersom jag har upplevt så mycket och fått många fina nya vänner. Jag vill speciellt tacka Inga, Maria och Sarah för alla roliga och uppiggande stunder! Jag har också haft möjligheten att träffa trevliga kolleger i Vasa. Särskilt givande har det varit med seminarier där jag träffat andra doktorander som arbetar på sina egna avhandlingar: hälsningar speciellt till Janne och Jenny där uppe i Österbotten! i Många kolleger har bidragit till att jag har kunnat utveckla avhandlingen vidare. Härmed vill jag tacka dem som gett mig sina synpunkter inom Finlandssvenska forskarskolan och det allmänna forskarseminariet, samt på seminarier i Göteborg och Uppsala. Alla dessa har hjälpt mig att förtydliga logiken med skiljelinjer. Jag vill tacka mina förgranskare, direktör och docent Sami Borg och universitetslektor, docent Maria Oskarson för värdefulla synpunkter som gjort manuset bättre. Dessutom tackar jag Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland och Rektor vid Åbo Akademi för stipendier under åren 2014 och 2015. Omistan ison kiitoksen äidille ja isälle kannustuksesta. Into opiskelua kohtaan, usko omiin voimavaroihin ja itsensä kehittäminen monipuolisesti kumpuavat kotoa. Rehulasta ja Saimaan aalloilta on voinut ammentaa vankan pohjan elämään. Isosiskoani, vuonna 2014 väitellyttä Elinaa, haluan kiittää erityisesti tsemppauksesta sekä kouluaikoina että väitöskirjaprosessin aikana. ”Oot auttanu mua jatkaa enemmä ku kerran, vaan sil on väliä”. Kiitokset myös ystäville energian antamisesta arkeen! Hanna – thank you for being such a lovely and lovable wife! Kiitos suurenmoisesta tuesta, myötäelämisestä, antoisista keskusteluista, kiireettömistä hetkistä sekä kyvystäsi syleillä elämää! Eftersom det ofta också är ensamt att jobba med forskning är det en resurs att ha vänskap, värme och positiv laddning kring sig. Disputationen representerar en slags av etapp i livet och då är det bra att sakta farten, andas djupt och reflektera. Förhoppningsvis finns det även många fina etapper framför i livet. Jag citerar min far (Tuure Westinen 2003): Elämän etapeilla Hengähdät hetken Katsot taakse Ja katsot eteen Vuosien läpi näet elämän saaren Tajuat heti vaistoat heti Kantaa ystävyys pitkän kaaren Tammerfors, den 3 september 2015 Jussi Westinen ii Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... v List of Appendix Tables ................................................................................................ vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Research design ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1. The concept of cleavage ....................................................................................... 5 2.2. Background, research problem and research questions ................................ 17 2.3. Placing Finland in a comparative perspective – a brief overview ................ 25 3. Cleavage approach in electoral research ................................................................. 33 3.1. The contextualization of the cleavage approach ............................................ 33 3.1.1. Models in the field of electoral research ................................................ 33 3.1.2. The Lipset-Rokkan-model ...................................................................... 37 3.1.3 The legacy of the Lipset-Rokkan-model in West European party systems ................................................................................................................. 43 3.2. Erosion or update of cleavages? ........................................................................ 49 3.2.1. Social structural position and group identity ....................................... 49 3.2.2. Party-voter ties from a social structural perspective ............................ 53 3.2.3. Moving towards values and attitudes .................................................... 60 3.2.4. In search of new cleavages ....................................................................... 64 3.3. The path to the present – interpretations of cleavages in Finland ............... 79 4. Detecting cleavage elements in Finland in the 21st century ................................. 92 4.1. Data and limitations of the study ..................................................................... 92 4.2 Social structural basis of cleavages .................................................................. 101 4.2.1. Old cleavage bases in social structure .................................................. 102 iii 4.2.2. Emerging new cleavage bases in social structure ............................... 120 4.3. Value/attitudinal dimensions in the electorate ............................................ 130 4.4 The effect of social structural position on values and attitudes .................. 155 5. Bringing
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