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The offcial journal of the Wellington Society Inc Volume 37.04 – April 2020

Come to one of The new iPhone SE our meetings

Online Monday 27 April 7:00 pm for 7:30 pm Subject: Catch-up, Q&A, Contact methods Online Monday 4 May 7:00 pm for 7:30 pm Subject: Picking a new Mac notebook iPad Group TBA Help Desk TBA Apple has reused the “iPhone SE” name to introduce a new iPhone with a low price and design similar to the iPhone models, but with the latest inside.

Where to find us Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we will not be able to hold physical meetings under alert level 4 or 3, and they may not be practical under alert level 2. In the meantime we will be running online meetings via Zoom, normally on the same monthly schedule as our Wellington meeting: the evening of the last Monday each month. Meeting invitations will be sent to members via email. If non-members or former members would like to attend a meeting on a trial basis, please email [email protected].

The Birth of the Wellington Apple Users INSIDE The President Writes p2 David’s Tech Guide p3 Group p10 Apple’s 44th birthday p5 Committee Contact Details p12 The Birth of iOS p8

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 1 The president writes ...

With all these disruptions, there is now an opportunity to look at our vision for the future and to work out where we should be going. Looking back to the founding of the group in 1984, it was the young early adopters of computers that banded together in a mutual self help manner, as there was little support available. Graeme Moffatt Most of these energetic and forward thinking [email protected] people were no doubt ostracised by those around them, and I can attest to that as I certainly was. I Hi folks. was not aware of the Wellington Apple Users We never know what is just round the corner Group when I purchased my first computer and and the Covid-19 outbreak and its ramifications are would definitely have joined if I was. I lived in just one such scenario that we didn’t see coming. Nelson at the time and had to teach myself all that I As everyone is now aware, it has played havoc all knew by pouring over the manual that came with throughout the world and we have been affected it. Not long after I came back to Wellington and just as much as everyone else. started working for a in Upper Hutt, doing One interesting aspect of this lockdown is the typesetting and graphic designs on my upgraded manner in which we have decided how we can , it did not take me long to join continue to provide the assistance to our members once I became aware of the group. that we have cherished doing for the many years My main interest at the time was the ability to we have been in existence. acquire low cost and free shareware that the club Credit must go to David Empson who led the made available at each meeting, essentially for the charge on identifying and testing suitable video cost of a . Over the years the society has conferencing before settling on Zoom as progressed and we now need once again to assess being the best under the circumstances. our vision and where we are going and hopefully We have been able to conduct a couple of you will all join in and assist in this process. simulated meeting tests and these have gone very There is a good film about and how well, with from memory around fourteen people he reinvigorated Apple on his return in 1997. being present on the second one. This has given us https://www.youtube.com/watch? some idea of the issues that will confront us once v=5fI3zz2cp3k&t=46s this number increases and David and Shane, who With the current lockdown situation, there is not have been hosts for these meetings, are a lot of news circulating around computers and investigating ways around the small number of how to use particular software so this issue has issues we came across. been largely filled with historic information. It is All other aspects of our society have had to be going to be important that when we come out of put on hold and as the vast majority of our this shutdown of our economic infrastructure, that members are in the most vulnerable sector of the there will be a number of casualties and many community, it may be some time before we are able things will not be the same. Our group I feel, has to resume our normal schedule. weathered the storm pretty well and with has This is something that your committee will be discovered other ways of being able to continue keeping a close eye on and just as soon as we are meetings, and I suspect that we will in fact come safely able to reintroduce our physical meetings, out the better for the experience. we will let everyone know of what, where and That’s all, folks! Graeme Moffatt when these will be held. To contact me, email [email protected], or you can ring me at home (027 660-3094)

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 2 The presidentDavid’s Tech Guide writes ... by David Empson

[email protected] (A13 vs A110) so the SE is about 40% faster for 04 976 9755 processing tasks and twice as fast for graphics. The iPhone SE also gains Wi-Fi 6 support and eSIM as well as the nano-SIM, which allows it to operate simultaneously on two cellular networks. One feature is gone compared to the iPhone 8: 3D-Touch. In the iPhone 6S through 8, X and XS New iPhone SE (but not the original SE), this feature meant the https://www.apple.com/nz/iphone-se/ display is able to detect how hard you are pressing Apple has released a new iPhone called the and the software can behave differently, e.g. by “iPhone SE”. It is based on the same design as the displaying a pop-up menu on the home screen iPhone 8 (physically similar to the iPhone 6, 6S and rather than launching an app. In later iPhone 7) with a 4.7-inch display, glass back and home models Apple has replaced this feature with “haptic button with Touch ID. touch”, where you use a long touch (with physical Internally it has component updates, adopting feedback) to get a similar result. the same processor as the iPhone 11 (A13 Bionic), Some retailers are still offering the iPhone 7 and with a single lens rear camera that improves starting at $599 (32 GB). This is another generation on the iPhone XR. older (A10 processor) and I do not recommend The starting price is NZ$799 for 64 GB storage, buying a new one now. An extra $200 to get the SE which is $70 cheaper than the previous price of the rather than the 7 gives you a much faster phone iPhone 8 with the same storage. with more storage, more features (e.g. wireless Higher capacity options are NZ$899 for 128 GB, charging) and longer software support. NZ$1099 for 256 GB. If you are considering upgrading to the new Colours are white, black or (PRODUCT)RED. If iPhone SE from the original iPhone SE or a similar you buy the red model, Apple will make a older model (iPhone 5, 5C or 5S), there is the contribution to the global fund to combat obvious change in size: 4.7-inch display rather than COVID-19. 4-inch, which basically rules out using the iPhone The iPhone SE is available for order now from with one hand. Apple’s online store and local cellphone companies The iPhone SE concept is not “small”. It is “new and retailers. hardware in a familiar design for a great price”. It seems unlikely that Apple will release a new Comparing the SE with older iPhone as small as the 2016 SE any time soon. If you Apple has a handy page which lets you see want a new iPhone because yours is getting too old, specifications of the iPhone SE side by side with and want to stick with Touch ID rather than Face ID older iPhone models (SE through 8): (or not spend too much), then the 2020 iPhone SE is https://www.apple.com/nz/iphone-se/why- the one you should be getting. upgrade/ Apple has stopped selling the iPhone 8 and 8 Why get an iPhone XR, 11 or 11 Pro? Plus via their web site, but they are still available The SE has the same processor as the 11 and 11 through some retailers. At the moment it seem the Pro, and is much cheaper. The main reasons to get iPhone 8 price has not changed (starting at $869), an iPhone 11 rather than an SE are: which is overpriced compared to the new SE. • Face ID rather than Touch ID. Apart from The iPhone 8 Plus has some advantages over the face unlock, this lets you use features that some new SE due its larger size: display area, battery life may consider frivolous like Animoji. It also and an extra telephoto camera. brings changes to gestures that The processor in the iPhone SE is two take a little relearning, but are not difficult. generations newer than the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 3 • Larger display in a larger body, You should still be aiming for a MacBook Pro if proportionally taller due to eliminating the you use advanced software which requires bezels at the top and bottom. sustained performance from the CPU, and there • A second rear camera (ultra-wide) which may be other benefits such as better graphics offers more options for taking photos. hardware. We’ll have to wait and see what Apple • Slightly better performance due to having offers in the refresh. more RAM (memory, not storage). • Ultra wideband chip, which offers spatial macOS Catalina Status Report awareness features. So far this only adds Apple has released macOS Catalina 10.15.4, directional AirDrop, but more uses are followed by a supplemental update. expected in future, such as more accurately Unfortunately there are still reports that the Mail locating Apple’s rumoured . application has issues with losing messages in some • Longer battery life. situations, so I’m still not willing to risk running • Better water resistance. Catalina as my main system. The iPhone XR has most features of the iPhone In the meantime I’ve been using Catalina for 11 Pro but is a a generation older (A12 processor) some tasks on my secondary (newer) MacBook Pro so is a little slower. It also misses out on the ultra- and apart from Mail and my ongoing wide camera (its single wide angle camera is disappointment with the application it seems actually not quite as good as the one in the SE). to be reasonably stable. The iPhone 11 Pro has a third rear camera Fall Detection (telephoto) for even more photo opportunities, and I had a nasty fall recently which resulted in cuts, an OLED rather than LCD display, which improves bruises and a sprained ankle, but luckily no major colour contrast (very deep blacks). It is slightly injuries. This is the second fall I’ve had in recent smaller than the iPhone 11. Battery life is better memory (both due to losing my footing while than the SE but not as good as the iPhone 11. Water walking downhill). resistance is better than the iPhone 11. Since the first fall, there was one technical The iPhone 11 Pro Max has an even larger change: I upgraded from my original Apple Watch display and even more battery life, otherwise is to the Series 5. One of the features of the Series 4 similar to the iPhone 11. and later models is fall detection. I am pleased to report that the feature worked as Other News designed. Immediately after I fell and was working Still waiting for the 13-inch MacBook Pro out whether I was seriously injured before trying to Now that the MacBook Air and 16-inch stand up again, the Apple Watch demanded my MacBook Pro have adopted a scissor-switch attention. On the second buzz I saw that it was keyboard, the 13-inch MacBook Pro is the last Mac saying that it had noticed I had fallen and was model left using the problematic butterfly switch asking if I was OK (the other option was to say I keyboard. hadn’t failed and it was mistaken). I am still expecting Apple to release an updated If I had not responded in time by choosing one of 13-inch or perhaps 14-inch MacBook Pro soon the options, it would have automatically contacted (May or June being most likely). emergency services (via my iPhone which I had In the meantime, if you desperately need a new with me, and which was not damaged), supplied Mac notebook computer, can’t wait a month or them with information about my location and that I two, and don’t want something as big or expensive had fallen and wasn’t responding (which I think it as the 16-inch MacBook Pro, you should seriously does via a text), and sent a message with my consider the 2020 MacBook Air. location to my emergency contacts (my partner). The MacBook Air is fine for typical home A cellular Apple Watch would be able to do this computer use, and the option of a quad-core even if I didn’t have my iPhone with me, but I don’t processor (custom option for the base model, have one of those. Yet. standard in the $2349 model) brings it into consideration for some complex workloads.

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 4 Apple Has Just Celebrated its 44th Birthday Compiled by Graeme Moffatt

Apple just celebrated its 44th birthday so it is appropriate to take a look into the history of the company. This article has been reproduced largely from a report by along with some additional bits from elsewhere. The aim is to give a look into the history of Apple Computer over a period of a few issues and in this one, we will look at Apple up until the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984. Steve Jobs and first met in mid-1971, when their mutual friend, , introduced then 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Their first business partnership began later that year when Wozniak, a self-educated electronics engineer, started to build his original “blue boxes” , it was the archetype of every modern that enabled one to make long-distance phone calls computer, but Wozniak wasn't trying to change the at no cost. Jobs managed to sell some two hundred world with what he'd produced - he just wanted to blue boxes for $150 each, and split the profit with show off how much he'd managed to do with so Wozniak. Jobs later said that if it hadn't been for few resources. Wozniak's blue boxes, there wouldn't have been an It almost didn't happen, though as Woz was Apple. heard to say that "I was shy and felt that I knew Jobs and Wozniak then worked together on the little about the newest developments in Breakout while Jobs was working computers." He came close to ducking out at Atari and Wozniak was working at HP - Jobs had altogether, and giving the Club a miss. Jobs saw convinced Woz into helping him reduce the number Woz's computer, recognised its brilliance, and sold of logic chips required. Jobs managed to get a good his VW microbus to help fund its production. bonus for the work on Breakout, of which he gave a Wozniak sold his HP calculator and together they small amount to Woz. founded Apple Computer Inc. on 1 April 1976, attended the Homebrew alongside . Computer Club together - a computer hobbyist The Apple 1 was sold as a (with group that gathered in 's Menlo Park from CPU, RAM, and textual-video chips)—a base 1975. Woz had seen his first MITS Altair there - kit concept which would now not be marketed as a which today looks like little more than a box of complete . The Apple I went on lights and circuit boards - and was inspired by MITS' sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66 build-it-yourself approach (the Altair came as a kit) ($2,995 in 2019 dollars, adjusted for inflation). to make something simpler for the rest of us. When MOS Technology released its $20 6502 chip in 1976, Wozniak wrote a version of BASIC for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was designed by the same people who designed the 6800, as many in left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak's earlier 6800 paper-computer needed only minor changes to run on the new chip. Woz produced the the first computer with a typewriter-like keyboard and the ability to connect to a regular TV as a screen. Later christened the

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 5 Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation Family and friends were persuaded to sit at a between the number and the mark of the beast, and kitchen table at Job’s parents house in Los Altos, that he came up with the price because he liked California and help solder the parts, and once they'd "repeating digits”. been tested Jobs drove them over to Shop. Jobs was banking on producing enough working computers within that time to settle the bill out of the proceeds from selling completed units to Byte Shop. The risk involved was too great for Ronald Wayne, and it's ultimately this that saw him duck out. When you think that only 200 were built, the Apple 1 was a great success. It powered its burgeoning parent company to an unprecedented growth - so much so that the decision to build an

Why Apple was named Apple The name Apple was to cause Apple problems in later years as it was uncomfortably similar to that of the Beatles' publisher, Apple Corps, but its genesis was innocent enough. Woz credited Jobs with the idea as he was working from time to time in the orchards up in Oregon. They both tried to come up with better names but neither them could think of anything better after the name Apple was suggested. The name also likely benefitted by beginning with an A, which meant it would be nearer the front of improved design was not a difficult decision to any listings. make. They built each computer by hand, and although Jobs handled the business end, mainly trying to Woz wanted to sell them for little more than the cost convince would-be investors that the personal of their parts - at a price at that would recoup their computer market was about to explode. Eventually, outlay as long as they shipped 50 units - Jobs had Jobs would bring in Mike Markkula, who made a bigger ideas. crucial $250,000 angel investment and came to work Jobs made a deal with the Byte Shop in Mountain for Apple as employee No. 3, with a one-third share View to supply it with 50 computers at $500 each. in the company. This meant that once the store had taken its cut, the Apple would officially incorporate in 1977, thanks Apple 1 sold for $666.66. to guidance from Markkula. A man named was brought in at Markkula's suggestion to serve as the company's first president and CEO as the thought was that Jobs was too young and inexperienced to serve as CEO. 1977 also saw the introduction of the Apple II, the personal computer designed by Wozniak that would go on to take the world by storm. The Apple II's killer app was , a groundbreaking software that propelled the computer ahead of market leaders Tandy and Commodore. With VisiCalc, Apple could sell the Apple II to the business customer.

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 6 The Apple III was a relatively conservative design for computers of the era and Jobs did not want the computer to have a fan. He wanted the heat generated by the electronics to be dissipated through the chassis of the machine, forgoing the cooling fan. The physical design of the case was not sufficient to cool the components inside it however and by removing the fan from the design, the Apple III was prone to overheating. Thousands of Apple III computers were recalled and a new model was introduced in 1983 to try to rectify the problems, but the damage was already done.

By 1978, Apple would actually have a real office, with employees and an Apple II production line. The Apple II was one of the three "1977 Trinity" computers generally credited with creating the market (the other two being the Commodore PET and the Tandy Corporation TRS-80). A number of different models of the Apple II were built thereafter, including the Apple IIe and Apple IIGS, which continued in public use for nearly two decades. The Apple II series went on to sell about six million units in total before it was discontinued in 1993. On December 12, 1980, Apple went public selling 4.6 million shares at $22 per share, generating over $100 million, which was more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956. Several venture capitalists cashed out, reaping billions in long-term capital gains. By the end of the day, the stock rose to $29 per share and 300 millionaires were created. Apple's market cap was $1.778 billion at the end of its first day of trading. By August 1981 Apple was among the three largest companies, perhaps having replaced Radio Shack as the leader. Revenue in the first half of the year had already exceeded 1980's $118 million, and InfoWorld reported that lack of production capacity was constraining growth. In 1980, Apple released the Apple III, a business- Because of VisiCalc, businesses purchased 90% of focused computer that was supposed to compete Apple II’s and large customers especially preferred with the growing threat of IBM and . But Apple. the Apple III was only a stopgap, and Jobs Xerox There is a very good interview of Steve Wozniak PARC visit had gotten the young Jobs thinking in a talking about founding Apple Computer and his different direction.

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 7 The Birth of the iOS Compiled by Graeme Moffatt

The Internet is the cornerstone to mobile feature, limited its sales. This led to Apple technology and has its origin in the efforts to build ultimately discontinuing the platform at the and interconnect computer networks. This arose direction of Steve Jobs after his return to the from research and development in the United company and production officially ended on States and involved international collaboration, February 27, 1998. particularly with researchers in the United Following on from his return to Apple, he asked Kingdom and France. the company's engineers to investigate the use of touchscreen devices and tablet computers. He had expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were not good choices as high-demand markets for Apple to enter, despite receiving many requests for Apple to create another PDA. He believed that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access, and that mobile phones needed to have excellent synchronisation software. At that time, instead of focusing on a follow-up In order to look at the rise in the popularity of to their Newton PDA, Jobs had Apple focus on the mobile telephony, of which the iPhone was one of iPod and also had Apple develop the iTunes the major instigators, the development needs to be software. This could be used to synchronise assessed in terms of several key technological content with iPod devices and iTunes was advances. The exponential scaling and subsequently released in January 2001. miniaturisation of MOSFETs down to sub-micron The iPhone beta was created in 2004 to test the levels during the 1990s–2000s made it possible to commands of the Apple team, and while build portable smart devices such as . technically may have first iPhone ever created, it The first commercially available device that was never released to the public, so this beta was could be properly referred to as a "" not considered the true first iPhone. began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by On September 7, 2005, Apple and Motorola IBM engineer Frank Canova in 1992 and released the ROKR E1, the first mobile phone to demonstrated in November of that year at the use iTunes. Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR, COMDEX computer industry trade show. In feeling that having to compromise with a non- addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the Apple designer (Motorola) prevented Apple from touchscreen-equipped phone could send and designing the phone they wanted to make. receive faxes and emails and included an address On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced the book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, first iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving world time clock and other software. substantial media attention. Jobs announced that Apple started developing a device in the personal digital assistant category called the Newton in 1987 and shipped the first devices in 1993. These devices ran on a proprietary operating system, Newton OS and were the first devices to feature handwriting recognition. The Newton was considered technologically innovative at its debut, but a combination of factors, some of which included its high price and early problems with its handwriting recognition

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 8 the first iPhone would be released later that year and on , 2007, the first iPhone was released. Questions arose about the legality of Apple's arrangement after the iPhone was released. Two class-action lawsuits were filed against the company in October 2007 and according to the suits, Apple's exclusive agreement with AT&T violated antitrust law. Early estimates by technology analysts estimated sales of between 250,000 and 700,000 iPhones in the first weekend alone, with strong sales continuing experience right. It focused on speed, consistency after the initial weekend. between apps, and a making a few features Fundemental to the release of the first iPhone radically better than anything else that was was thew development of the iOS operating system available in 2007. which during the original iPhone announcement, Until iOS, smartphones either didn't have a Apple touted that it ran on the same Unix core as touchscreen or used a resistive touchscreen and a Mac OS X and that it used many of the same tools. stylus. The iPhone changed that with its capacitive When the original iPhone launched, the OS was touchscreen, but more importantly Apple carefully called "iPhone OS" and it kept that name for four wedded that new hardware capability to a new years, only changing to iOS with the release of iOS user interaction model that was simultaneously 4 in June of 2010. simpler and more powerful than systems that had It may be difficult to imagine in the current day, come before it. when the original iPhone was introduced, it was Apple used its already-massive iTunes and iPod actually well behind the competition. Windows ecosystem to provide an "anchor" for the OS and Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian, and even BlackBerry the beginnings of what would eventually become a were all established systems in 2007, had a wide huge ecosystem of music, movies, television, books, and deep array of features. The iPhone didn't and apps. support 3G, it didn't support multitasking, it didn't The software keyboard on iOS 1.0 was perhaps support 3rd party apps as well as a number of other the first genuinely usable keyboard that could be well developed email typed on with your fingers. functions of its The next major moment for iOS came in July of competitors. 2008, when Apple introduced the to iOS. Yet those missing 3rd party apps for smartphones were the furthest features hardly thing from new, but Apple managed to make them mattered and instead feel that way with its system for developing, of competing on browsing, and installing them. specs, Apple focused This was a huge change from how mobile apps on getting the core were distributed before: primarily over the web or via 3rd party app stores that were poorly integrated (if at all) into the device. An interesting video titled “The Struggle of the Original iPhone - The Untold Story” is worth watching and can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=24O00Jz8R04&t=68s. This video is also worth watching https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xxBc1c3uAJw.

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 9 The Birth of the the Wellington Apple Users Group by Graeme Moffatt

This is probably an appropriate time to look back Given this background, along with the fact that at our user group and just what contributed to its computers at this time were pretty new and strange existence and why at that particular time. devices, I bought my first Apple II Plus around this The group was founded in March 1984 and this time, and there was very little in the way of support was not long after the time that the Macintosh was for those early adopters. With a new and improved first introduced publicly being aired during the computer just released, with a graphical interface, third quarter of the American Super Bowl XVIII on as against the text based ones on every other January 22, 1984. This introduction was an advert computer, it made sense for users to band together titled “1984”. This was effectively only aired once for mutual cooperation. This was beginning to and that was during this football game but has happen in a widespread manner around the world become one of the most iconic adverts ever and Wellington became one of the first cities in produced. You can watch it at https:// New Zealand to follow this trend. www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtvjbmoDx-I. David Empson held up a copy of the very first The story behind this advert and how it became Capital Apple published in May of 1984 during our so renowned is shown in this short film https:// first Zoom test meeting and has scanned it so that www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsjMmAqmblQ and we can all see how our society began and what was is also worth watching. being discussed at that time.

CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 10 CAPITAL APPLE – APRIL 2020 PAGE 11 I’m sure that you have found this blast into the Many may not know that Steve Wozniak visited past to be entertaining and will give an insight to Wellington twice in those early years and was what was being discussed in 1984. It was not quite entertained by members of our society on both as George Orwell had prognosticated however occasions. Building on from our low key there was a major change taking place in the world beginnings, it is now the time to ask are we going to and we were a very fundamental part of it. survive or hang up the keys for a final time?

The Wellington Macintosh Society Incorporated is a non-profit editor or the Wellington Macintosh Society Inc. Copyright of trade- organisation formed in April 1984 with the following objectives: marks and trade names used remains with the owners at all times. • To exchange and disseminate information among the members Advertising rates: $35 full page, $20 half-page (members); $50 full concerning the computer arts and sciences. page, $35 half-page (non-members). For details, contact the editor. • To publish books, newsletters, magazines and periodicals for the benefit and education of members and the public. Home phone • To conduct and sponsor seminars, lectures and courses relating Patron Steve Wozniak to the computer arts and sciences. President Graeme Moffatt 905 6321 • To provide technical assistance to members of the group. Vice President Shane Gordine N/A • To seek privileges and discounts for members. Secretary Andrew McPherson 971 1914 Subscriptions: $30 a year from date of joining. Treasurer Peter Kirby 478 5386 Website: http://www.welmac.org.nz Journal editor Graeme Moffatt 905 6321 Email: [email protected] (email addresses for committee Membership Secretary Shane Gordine N/A members are available on the website) Committee David Empson 976 9755 Joseph Booth 526 5141 Please contact the information officer for all enquiries regarding Martin McKendrick N/A meetings and other activities. Membership enquiries should be (Tony Phillips) N/A directed to the membership secretary. Information Officer Dennis Hamblin 478 9466 The views expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of the

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