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Mountains blt Cong Wenzhi PUBLISHED MONIHTY !!! ENGILSH, FRETIICH, SPAN|S}I, ARABIC,'cHrNG GERMAN, PoRTI,GUE5E AND cHlNEsE BY THE cHtNA WELFARE INsirrurE tsooNc Llnci, -CHArRrtiiiirl vol. xxx No. 7 JULY 1981 Artic tfie /l,{onth CONTENTS SOONG CHING LING 60 Yeors of the Chi- Named Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic nese Communist Porfy of 3 Becomes Member of a Speech: in Equality, For Peace 5 Canadian Award Marks Friendship 4 Politicol qn From Mill Hand to Minister 6 Thoughts on Thoughts on an Anniversary 10 Anniversory Major Events ln the Chinese Communist Party's 60 Years 13 Sidelights in Chlno, old ond Economic Province China's Largest Coal Base 16 Economic Results- in 1980 (Charts) 24 throughout. Poge f0 Workers' Living Standards in Tianjin 45 Wang Jinling, the Soybean King 57 SOONG CHING IING Educotion/Scien ce Eminent stoteswomon becomes member ol the A Liberal Arts College Founded by the People 60 Chinese Communist Porly ond Honorory Choirmon (Amoy) University's Overseas Correspondence of the People's Republic of Chino. 'lln Equolity, For College 33 Peoce", her most recent speech. Mount Gongga Biologists' Paradise 34 - From Textile Worker Minister Culture to 2,000 Years of Chinese Pagodas 27 The textile worker Hoo Hongkong Photographer Exhibits in 42 Jionxiu, obout whom Tianjin Collectors Donate Art Treasures to the State 62 Chino Reconstructs first wrote in 1952 wtren Medicine/Society she wos o girl of t7 ond A Woman Plastic Surgeon 32 imented o new method Active Life for the Handicapped 48 in cotton spinning, wos Sports Meet for the Blind and Deaf-Mutes 50 recently oppointed Chino's Minister of Tex. Friendship tile lndustry. Her ex" A Neighborly Visit in the Philippines 64 perience costs light on the growth of the new Notionolities working closs in nerY Dramatic Changes tor the Kucongs 6B Chino. Poge 6 Across the Lqnd Chino's lorgest Cool Bsse The Ancient Port of 51 Shonxi province hos Changzhou Combs 56 obout one-thitd of the Columns ond Speciols Chino's eool deposits ond is the cool Our Postbag bigg 23 field in Chino. e or- Chinese Staple Foods 58 ticle tells of new con- Legends and Historical Tales: Nu Wa Patches Up the Sky b/ struction ond mechonizo. Chinese Cookery: Bean Vermicelli with Dressing 59 tion of its mines ond the Language Corner: Lesson 7 life ol miners. Poge 16 The Lantern Festival 70 Cover Pictures Front: Hao Jianxiu as a young worker, and as Textile Minister Xinhua and Liu Chen Back: "Mirage" Jian Qingfu

Editoriol Office: Wo,i Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chi'no, Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. Generol Dishibutor: GUOJI 5HUDIAN, P O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. Soong ehing Ling speoking ot the First Flenory Session of the Chinese People's Politicol Consultotive Conference on Septennber 21, 1949. At the conferenee she wos choscn o vice-shoirmon of the Eovernment of the Peo- ple's Repubi!e of Chino.

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Somng Ghing Ling Namred Honor ary Chairman of the Feople's Republic of China

rylHE Standing Committee of the National She is one of the beloved and respeeted -E- People'"s Ccrngress, meeting on May 16, 1981, leaders of the Chinese people of all nationali- unanimously adopted a decision to confer the ' ties, including the Taiwan compatriots and honorific title of Honorary Chairman of the overseas Chinese" She is a great patriotic, People's Repub).ic of China on Soong Ching Ling. democratic, internationalist and communist The decision states: fighter and a long-tested pioneer in the car.rse "Ccmrade Soong Ching Ling unswervingly of defending world peace. derroted her early years to the cause of the Comrade Soong Ching Ling has made bril- liant contributions Chinese revolution alongside the great revolu- to the state and people in the course of our country's revolution and con- tionary forerunner, Dr. Sun Yat-sen. She has struction. In view of this, the Standing Com- firrnly stood by the Chinese Communist Party mittee of the National People's Congress hereby and Chinese people the during the people's decides to confer the honorific title of Honorary dernocratic revolution and the sociaiist revolu- Chairman of the People's Republic of China on tion and socialist constructit-rn in China. Comrade' Soong Ching Ling."

$oollg hing [.ing Becomes Mernber &f t e hinese Cormmunist Farty

PELOW is the text of the deci n taken by She has been one of the beloved and L.D 15s Folitical Bureau of the ntral Com- respected leaders of the people of all national- mittee of the Chinese Cornmurrist Party on May ities of China, inciuding the Taiwan com- 15, 1981 accept to Comrade Soong Ching Ling patriots and overseas Chinese. as a full member of the Party. She has been a great fighter for patriotism, Cornrade Soong Ching Ling devoted her democracy, internationalism and communism, a youth to the cause of the Chinese revolution long-tested pioneer cause alongside the great revolutionary forerunner, in the of defending wcirid peace, grandmother Dr. Sun Yat-sen. and a benevolent to all Chinese From ihe lime of the first cooperation children. between the and the Cornmunist She applied to join the Chinese Cornmunist Party in 1923, she unswervingly upheld Dr. Sun Party on many occasions in the past and Yat-sen's revolutionary new Three Feople's tendered her application again recently after she Principles and firmly stood by the Chinese Com- became seriously ill. munist Party during the difficult and arduous The Political Bureau of the C.P.C. Central struggles of the protracted Clrinese revolution. Committee has unanimously decided tn accept She has always been a closest comrade-in-arms Comrade Soong Ching Ling as a full member of the Communist Party. of the Chinese Communist Party.

JUtr,Y 1987 i

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45'& Soong Ching Ling <{ "& - acceDts a Honorary Doctor of Laws degEee conferred on her by Canatla's Victoria University. Zhou Youma

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ward Petch, president of that firm friendship that binds the peo- country's Victoria University, con- ple of China and Canada." the Chinese people's struggle to ferred its degree of Honorary Soong Ching Ling, besides her governmental position, Honor- work together for soeial, political Doctor of Laws on Soong Ching is and economic modernization. Her ary President of the Chinese Peo- Ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen), Vice- ple's Association Friendship unswerving devotion the well- for to Chairman of the Standing Com- with Foreign Countries and Chair- being of the Chinese people has mittee of the National People's man of the China Welfare Institute won for her a special place in the Congress of China, at a special con- which publishes China Recon- hearts of admirers around the vocation of the university held in structs. world. . . Ferv people have ever May in Beijing. Other speakers at the ceremony contributed so many years of active were Wang Bingnan, President of service to improving the welfare of qOONG Ching Ling said of the the Chinese Association for Friend- children, to elevating the status of tJ award, "I accept it not for my- ship with Foreign Countries and women, to extending health care to self but as a token of your respect Michel Quavin, Canadian Ambas- such a large portion of humanity and friendship for the Chinese peo- sador to China. .Present were many and to supporting the goal of world ple and what they have achieved governmental and academic lead- peace." through protracted revolutionary ers as well as Chinese and foreign trVith these words, in a ceremony struggles and in the building of friends of Soong Ching Ling. that established a new bond be- our Feople's Republic. EquaIIy, I The text of Soong Ching Ling's tween Canada and China. Dr. Ho- accept it as a token of the old and speech follows:

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS il EQUNLITY, F(lH PEEOE

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T am honored to accept the doctorate from the to China's struggles for equality and independence. r University of Victoria. It was so, notably, in World War II, when our two I accept it not for myself but as a token of your countries were allies against the fascist Axis. It is respect and friendship for the Chinese people and so today. I would like, among long-term friends, what they have achieved through protracted revolu- particularly to mention Dr. Chester Ronning and. tionary struggles and in the building of our People's Dr. James Endicott, and there are many more. Since Republic. Equally, I accept it as a token of the old, the founding of the People's Republic of China and and firm friendship that binds the people of China especially since the establishment of diplomatic and Canada. retrations between China and Canada the bridge of face each across Pacific. Our countries other the Chinese-Canadian friendship has become more stable, Long ago many Chinese began to go to Canada to broader and stronger, including good state relations, work. They contributed in many ways to the building mutually advantageous trade, and academic and other up of Canada. They won the respect of their fellow- citizens of other origins they have been good amicable exchanges. Canadians. At the same time- they have not forgot- ten their ancestral homeland, whose progress they T N the present, as in the past, we have a common have never failed to assist. In Sun Yat-sen's day they I interest not onJy in continued friendship but, were staunch supporters of his cause he himself tangibly and sharply, in common effort for the spent much time among them. They aided- that cause preservar"ion of world peace. Experience has taught not only financially but by joining its ranks, many both Chinese and Canadians that to guard peace, returning to China to help achieve its aims. Later there must be a clear stand against all aggression by in the struggles to repel Japanese rnilitarist invasion one state against another, all attempts by super-power and still later to found and build the People's Re- expansionists to impose their will on the peoples and public of China, they continued their staunch support. nations of the world. And it is not only they, among the Canadians, As in the 1930s, the choice between two alterna- who have stood by us. Both in the anti-monarchic tives stands stark and clear. One is the course that, revolution Ied by Sun Yat-sen and in the new history has painfully taught us, leads to world war democratic and socialist revolutions led by the the course of illusion, weakness. disharmony and ap-- Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people have peasement that can only embolden and accelerate been helped by justice-Ioving Canadians of European the aggressor's clearly unfolding drive for global ancestry. Their most outstanding representative and hegemony. The other is the course of realism, of noblest symbol was Dr. Norman Bethune, who gave firrnly-knit and determined resistance to halt that his Iife in 1939 while servlng the wounded on China's drive. The international situation is getting increas- most arduous front, the guerrilla front of the ingly tense and turbulent and world peace is under Liberated Areas. Lauded by the late Chairman Mao serious rrenace. The root cause lies in expansion and Zedong's famous essay, "In Memory of Norman aggresSion by hegemonism. We rnust face it firmly Bethune", his name is known among the entire and adopt effective measures to cope with the present people Chinese who regard him as the brightest critical international situation. example of international sharing of weal and woe in Sun Yat-sen, in his last wi1l, called upon 'rls, in the cause of progress and justice. When men, women country, to ensure the of China to a and even children in even the most remote parts of our "elevation position among the nations." our vast country hear the word Canada, they think of freedom and equality goal of Bethune, and when they hear the name Bethune And he wrote that "to ensure this we must bring they think of Canada, his homeland. Bethune's bones about an awakening of our own people and ally rest on Chinese soil, his memory is enshrined in ourselves with those peoples of the world that regard Chinese hearts, he will bind China and Canada us as equals." Today China's international position together for centuries and for mill'enia. In a large is better than ever before., her people are awakened sense, it felI to a Canadian, in China, to become an as never before, and on this basis she is confident international exemplar of the necessary solidarity of that she can achieve the tasks of further progress people from aII countries in battle against a1I would- epitomized in the current goal of socialist moderniza- be enslavers, and this is an honor to both our lands. tion. In this task, too, we must work with a1l those in More generally, numerous 'Canadians, govern- the world who regard us as equdls among whom are ment people, educators and others have been friendly the people and nation of Canada.- tr

JIJI,Y 1981 4 .! S r5l trffi Ei

TIE YUN

Lf,AO JIANXIU was narid Chi- II na's minister of textiles in March. Once an ordinary worker, she is now in charge of more than five thousan

Model Worker Now 45, the youngest member of llao Jianxiu (riBbt) aDtl former textile the State Council, she was born into minister eian Zhiguang. Liu Jiangua a poor family in the coastal city of . Her father was a hauler and the breadwinner of a family of eight, struggling on the edge of starvation. Hao Jianxiu became hei' mother's helper at the age of nine, taking her brothers and sis- ters to pick edible wild herbs or collect coal cinders and shellfish. On a cold winter morning when she was only thirteen, her mother woke her up before daybreak and said, "Daughter, get up and go to the factory and try your luck. It's extraordinarily cold today. Maybe there'll be fewer applicants at the personnel office." But when she got to the textile mill, there was already a long queue waiting for jobs. Ttrey were all as poor as her- self. She waited in the snow till noon and only four were allowed Rcports on Hao Jianxiu's lile through thg gate. Again slle went End career in China Recon- home disappointed structs: March 1952, May 1960 and depressed. and March 1964. A year later, Qingdao rvas liber- ated. But what did liberation mean? Np one in the family knew.

6 CI'X}iA &ECONSTBU#TS ttr In November. 1949, IIao Jianxiu watched the veteran workers close- In 1952, Hao Jianxiu was sent 'Workers' Short- v,,ent to the Qingdao Cotton Mill ly and founld out their "secret" in the and Peasants' state-owned joining ends: The shorter the ends cours€ Middle Schooi attached to No. 6 -and irl this time-now was eccePted' The world the quicker the joining. Later, to the Chinese People's University dis- semi-literate, had really changed! The cadres of avoid walking unnecessar)r Beijing. Still oniy worke.d out a regular studYing. Ex- the people's government hoiding tanc.es, she she had difficultY route round the frames. This en- for the time she needed to eat t6ading positions in the factorY, cept abled her to inspect a1i 200 spindles and sleep, she sPent every minute she recalled in a recent interview, every two and a half rninutes, reading, memorizing equatior:s and were all kind and soft-sPoken. The cleaning up fluff as she "'rent aIong, doing homework. But her grades was setting up a systerrl of factory repairing thread breaks whenever were low and she became terribJY insurance, including a nurs- labor she came acros.s them and Putting depressqd. She recalls horv the sanatorjum and €ry, workers' in a refill wherever one was need- leaders of the school encourag€d Workers were evening school. ed. The resuli 'uvas: time saved, 'her: "Have You considered care- put forarard ration- encouraged to waste reduced and labor intensity fully why the PartY has sent. You alization proposals. tr{ao Jianxiu lessened. here to studY? The ParLY wants was deeply moved bY all this. '"1 In less than tvro Years' time, Hao you to shoulder heavier tasks in was a poor child saved bY the Jianxiu had been able to set uP her the building of socialism and corn- Party from the abYss of miserY," own method of oPeration. She nolv munism..." she said, "What I have in mind as looked after 600 sPindles' The minister of textiles is to do all I can chairman of the National Tex'iile StudYing hard to increase Production and rePaY Trade Union, Chen Shaomin, iet the PartY and the Party's kindness." visiting Qingdao in MaY, 1951 with Not wanting to Hao Jian- She got three months of training a work team, studied her ex- ttre working class dowrr, before she was assigned to take perience and named it the "Hao xiu studied harder than ever be- grades graduallY care of 300 sPindles. But when she Jianxiu Method". It was PoPu- fore and her start working on the loom, she larized throughotit the textile in- improved. school, noticed that the Yarn rvas often dustry that August. At the age of After finishing middie cotton blcwn 1?, IIao Jianxiu was designated a she lvas enrolled bY the East China brolcen by bits ol in She discovered graduallY national model worker, and at- Textile Engineering Institute back. in four that keeping the loom clean tended the first nationai conference Slianghai in 1958 and Years subjects. would reduce hreakage" So she be- of outstauding workers, where she she completed 30 life was gan to clean the frames and work- was received by the iate Chairman Participating in Pubiic been ing areas much more often. She IMao and Premier . one of her difficutties. She'd

JdIt-g x98t had before; the'variety of cloth produced had leaped from two or three to more than a hundred. Hao Jianxiu was aware that although she had acquired a lot of scientific knowledge at the institute, it would not be easy to combile theory with practice. She worked in the scutching workshop with the veteran worker Pan Yunting. whom she respeeted as her teacher. She always took on the dirtiest and heaviest jobs. Gradually, word spread among the lvorkers that Hao -?ianxiu hadn't changed: She was still their "Little Hao". In a year and a half she was be- ing regularly elected model worker of the workshop at every quarter- a ly assessment. And in 1964 she The nrinister maintains contact with 0extile workers. Yu lluiru was elected an advanced worker of the faetory. In 1965, Hao Jianxiu was named eleeted to the National People's her, especially those on subjects vice-director of the State Congress in 1954, and every year Qingdao that she found hard, and studied Cotton Mill No. SI:.e had never had to take a month off to attend B. between meetings. dreamed of becoming senior NPC sessions. To r.nake up for lost a Sun Huimi.n, Hao ,Jianxiu's executive time, slie earrid her books with of a factory with more classmate at college, now the vice- than 3,000 peopie. She was carefutr secretary of the Party co:umittee of not to let herself becr:me divorced Beijing Cotton Mill No. 1, said, from ph3zsical labor and the "The kind of industrious spirit Hao masses; she visited the rvcirkshops Jianxiu had was exceptional daily with the engineers and tech- among the rarorker-students" Even nicians, worked with the miII after lights-out, she would go and hands and helped improve the read under the dim iight in the technology. She helped remodel toilet." the twistlng frame, thus increasing On July 2\, 1962 she stood be- the speed of the rotation and rais- fore the examining professors of ing labor efficiency by 6A%. the East China Textiie Engiheering It pained her to see so much 3 Institute and defended her gradu- grain used in starching the yarn. ation thesis. Clearly and eloquent- . Eager to find a substitute, she at ly she explained her design for a last discovered that a gelatinous llao Jianxiu checks up on supply and 30,000-spindle textile factory. The substance extracted from marine demand. Liu Jianguo professors aII agreed that her de- algae worked as well, and the sign was of high quality, practical, starch substitute was quickly ac- advanced and economical. Her cepted by textile mills in the thesis was marked "good", coastal cities. Like many factory leaders, she ) . -," I was labeled. a "capitalist roader" From Theory to Practice during,the "". Eut she stood the test. Production In October, 1962, Hao Jianxiu in the factory was not interrupted. was sent to work as a technician in She became stronger than before her old factory in Qingdao. After and weathered the "violent storm an absence of nine years, she found and fierce wind". that tremendous changes had been In 1977 after the gang of four made: The old machines had been was toppled, Hao Jianxiu attend- replaced by new ones; there were ed the llth Party Congress and Taking the minisky bus to work. even new looms for weaving was elected a member of the Cen- Liu Jianguo broadcloth which they never had tral Committee.

I CEINA RECON'"; i. ilri{::Ts In 1978, 42-year-old Hao Jianxiu Why should I stop doing house- ,A.fter graduation, Qiang Rui- was named vice-minister of tex- work after becoming a mintster?" chun plucked up his courage and tiles. The first thing she did was They have two children, a boy in wrote his first love letter: to organize a nation-wide demon- primary school and a girl in junior ". . . With your fame and position stration contest of skilled textile middle school. Both can handle (she was already a member of the workers in Tianjin; she herself put some housework independently. National People's Congress), you The parents prepare breakfast and could choose man po- on her white cap and her apron a of higher supper for the family, while the litical and financial status and performed with dexterity. and children prepare their own lunch. more eapable than I. If someone The point was not lost. "W'e've The parents eat theirs at their asks what my assets are, my reply never seen such skill in a vice- unit canteens. is: a pair of hands that can work minister," people said. We were curious to know how 'and a mind that hasn't rusted. . ." Hao Jianxiu visited two-thirds they feil in love. Dr. Qiang said, Hao Jianxiu accepted his proposal. of the country's provinces to deter- "Do you know what people called They were married on National mine the distribution of textile her at college? 'Icicle'. Quite a Day, 1965 while Hao Jianxiu was factories, productive caPacitY, few young inen showed interest in on a business-trip to . quality goods the level of her. But she always said, 'I2m still Dr. Qiang said, "The foundation of and young. administrative competence. At I have so much to learn. of our marriage is a solid one. It's Love can come later, gradua- the grass-roots level, she gained after withstood the test of the 'cultural tion.' So gradually the nickname revolution', when many mar- much valuable information from so Icicle stuck." riages were destroyed." veteran and workers. cadres When did this icicle start to We asked Hao Jianxiu to say Last year she went to the minori- melt? something about her interests and ty communities in Yunnan and Dr, Qiang was then a student at hobbies. She said, "The Party provinces to find out the Shanghai Medical College No. and the people have placed such their special need in textiles. Soon 2 and the chairman of the Shang- heavy tasks on my shoulders. I the people there were getting hai Student Union. At one of its feel that my knowledge and ex- goods in patterns and colors they meetings a speech by Hao Jianxiu perience are far from enough to wanted. left a deep impression on him. cope with them. Besides doing Hao Jianxiu has been very strict Later they encountered each other my work well, I still have a lot to with herself since she became a quite freq,uently on public occa- learn about textile technology. So t- minister. Reguiation entitles her sions such as when meeting foreign there isn't much time Ieft for other guests, qne to a secretary, but she has refused. National Day celebrations pursuits. Rea1ly I have just people She does her own secretarial work. and trips abroad with studbnt interest to see the of our delegations. - Instead of commuting to work by country better clothed." tr car, she takes the ministry bus. She and her family of five, rep- Hao Jianxiu and her husband and chiklren. resenting three generations, live in an ordinary 60-square-meter apart- ment, though she is entitled to a much larger one. Her predecessor, Qian Zhiguang, now 80 years old and an advisor to ri!$- the State Council, told Chi.nu Re^ constructs: "Hao Jianxiu is modest as always, industrious, conscien- tious.and ready to learn. She is the youngest textile minister we've ever had, and the most ^,# promising one."

Her Family {\*- . s'i,ir We visited Hao Jianxiu at home one Sunday. Her husband, Qiang Ruichun, a physician, said, "She's not a minister at home. She does everything-cooking, -washing, shopping, cleaning the house and educating the children." Hao Jian- xiu smiled. "I'm of worker origin.

JULY 1981 Thoughts oh an Anniversary

ISRAEL EPSTEIN

rfHIS month. July 1981, marks example was the political hai Gulf, the British in Weihaiwei r the 60th birthdav of the Com-. make-up of Tianjin (Tientsin), on the peninsula, and munist Party of China. As one the northern port city where the French in the present southern who has lived in this country for I grew up. Only a small port of Zhanjiang (then known as most of these 60 years, I would part of it was Chinese ad- Kwangchouwan), to cite some like to share some memories and ministered. The rest was di- examples. thoughts. vided into five "concessions" In the center of Beijing itself, British, French, Japanese, Italian- China's capital, Ioomed a "Legation SUBJECTION TO and Belgian with their own Quarter" which Chinese were not INDEPENDENCE municipal regulations,- taxation allowed to live in or even freely f N the early 1920s China was in and, in the first four cases, foreign enter. Guarded by American, r about as desperate and hu- military garrisons and police. Up British, Japanese and French miliating a plight as could be to the end of World War I there garrisons, it was surrounded not had been three more the only its own fortress but imagined. - by wall National independence? The Czarist Russian, German and beyond that by a no man's land country was semi-colonial or in Austro-Hungarian concessions, cleared of all buildings so as to the bitter phrase of Sun Yat-sen,- making eight in all Other foreign allow the foreign troops a clear the founder of the first Chinese enclaves continued to exist in field of fire in case any Chinese Republic which had been set up Shanghai, Guangzhou (Canton), tried to challenge this national with such high hopes in 1911 severaL inland ports along the disgrace. "hypercolony", not of one -abut Changjiang (Yangtze) River, Virtually the entire country was of many foreign powers. An Xiamen (Amoy), Yingkou and marked out, by the major world elsewhere. Besides, there were powers of the time, into their , a journalist in ports and naval bases completely "spheres of influence". Railroads China, the U.S.A. and elsewhere for under alien rule. The Japanese and internal and coastal shipping some 50 years, is editor-in-chief of China Reconstructs. He became z wielded the power in Dalian and were largely foreign owned; har- Chinese citizen in 1957. Lushun (Port Arthur) on the Bo. bors and pilotage foreign-control-

Chinese worhers armed themselves in the famous Shanghai fJprlslng of 1927. They fought against domestic and foreign oppression, as exemplified (right) by foreign troops and police arbitrarily checking on bhirrei" civilians in the city.

YF'g s{f8B .& w r :

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS to behave like a superpower herseif. This is one reason for celebrat- ing the jubilee of the Chinese Comn:unist Pariy.

THE SOCIAL CIIANGE NTOW for the social picture. When 1\ r was growing up. the peasants, the vast majority of Chinese, had been almost unimag- inably impoverished by landlord exactions and the depredations of contending warlords. In "normal"

In l98l nearly two-thirds of the 207 pea- sant households in a cotton-growing brigade have bought TV sets. In 1939, three generations of a peasant family begging in a street.

led. Nationals of the main foreign decades to give effective leadership countries were not subject to to the vast, protracted and complex China's legislation, but could be political and miJ.itary efforts judged in criminal cases, and required something none of sued in civil ones only in their China's -other parties had been own courts in specially privileged able to do. It led not ,only enclaves, China's financial, postal in foresight and method but and Customs administrations were., also in self-sacrifice and self- to various extents, foreign-super- correction of errors. In 1927 vised or run, often as security for and again in the 1930s, the Ioans, for China was in pawn. Party and its armies were deci- More indirectly, but no Iess mated, always to rise again. The years, millions died of hunger; in effectively, all China was exter- Long March, and during its course bad crop years, tens of millions. nally dominated. Her governrnents, the accession of a tested central. Waves of refugees poured into the monarchic or republican, had long body headed by , was cities. I remember them begging, been tributary to foreign powers the turning point. The eight-year sleeping and freezing in the streets which propped them up against anti-Japanese War (1937-a5) fol- of Tianjin once I found a boY of their own people. The situation did lowed by the four-year War of about 12 (my- own age then) a stiff not improve afier the 1920s. It Liberation (1946-49) brought' the huddled , corpse in a doorwaY became even worse when, from the victory that ended a century of where he had vainly sought 1930s on, Japan directly occupied national subjection and more than shelter from a winter gale. Young a large part of the country, and in twenty centuries of feudalism, men among the refugees thought the latter 1940s when the Chiang established the People's Republic themselves lucky if they could Kai-shek regime depended wholly of China and put China on the road find work as porters, carrYing on U.S. intervention. Only with to socialism. monstrous weights on their backs the liberation in 1949 was China's In post-liberation times, too, or pulling carts. Girls were often independence restored. China under the Party's Ieadership pushed or sold into Prostitution has proved able to withstand or to slavery in rich homes, or in T IBERATION had its history. It renewed miJitary, economic and spinning mills to which theY were Lwas the culmination of a cen- political pre$sures by both the contracted en bloc by feudal labor- tury of struggles by the Chinese superpowers against her newly- gang bosses. The textile workers people-epic in scale and heroism. won fullness of sovereignty. No would die in a few years of TB Victory finally came when the longer stage-prop, pawn or prey on and other diseases induced bY Chinese Communist Party, a- the world arena, but an equal and grinding toil plus lack .of food, chieved the integration of its important participant, she stands clothing and shelter .._ often I used Marxist-Leninist analysis with for her own independence and to see them going off their dawn- China's realities which is called supports that of all other countries, to-dusk shifts, gaunt, lint-covered, Mao Zedong Thought after large or small, and is thus a coughing their lungs out. Thg its chief theoletician and practi- strong factor for world peace. A porters and pullers would, as tiemer. It learned over some three huge country, she is pledged never quickly, die of exhaustion or be

JULY I98T 11 Women textile workers in China today. And yesterday: Kuomintang police subject women workers to body searcb at a pre-Iiberation textile mill sate.

literally crushed by the burdens in ruins. "A different breed . . as During my boyhood here, what- they carried I saw several killed though in a different country,', ever was made of steel, not only at one time- by the collapse of a said a_mazed observers, including things like bicycles but even pen stack of huge flour sacks. U.S. pilots shot down in Japanesel points and thumbtacks that peasants occupied territory who were picked wouldn't flatten against walJ.s, had TRUE, had repeatedly up by guerrillas passed I rebelled, with and down to be imported usually from such *u"po* safely, often over thousands - they could muster, during "". of Britain or Germany. Safety- China,s kilometers and over many battle ,,foreign thousands of years of feud.alism _ matches, known then as lines, to Yanan and ultimately to 'Sweden. and in the early 1920s fire", came from No they were their own units. But it the still doing so in ,,Red. ,was motor vehicles were made, or even the Spears,, same China, the same people. and other armd formations for assembled, in China until well which the What was different was a leader- after the liberation. It wasn't that rulers could find- no ship that could inspire, release word ,,bandit,,. China couldn't or didn't want to other than But it and organize their latent strength. was do these things: basic industries only after the Communist To Chinese and foreigners alike, had been started, Party came on the scene, and the message was, and collapsed, started particularly continues to again, collapsed again under Mao Zedong,s be that all ideas that held the since the 1870s. bold and original Marxist 1ead&- Chinese people incapable of solving Though few, there had long ship, that spontaneous rural pro_ their o1vn problems were then been skilled workers, trained en- test was organized and provided disproved. gineers, capitalists not only of the with a real program to ensure the The leadership of the Party comprador variety but also those destruction of the age-old feudal among the peasants is, essentially, anxious to build national industry. system and thus the birth of .a leadership by the working elass But the weight of foreign politico- new China. and its outlook, economic domination, plus the per- Anyone who, like myself, went Among China's urban workers sistence of feudalism and the during World War II from the themselves, it was the Party that endless internal civil wars, had defeatist and demoralized atmos- organized their first unions, led aborted industrial growth. phere of areas ruled by Chiang them from the early 1920s in great In 1949 came the victory of the Kai-shek to Yanan and the Com-- strikes in mining, railroads, ship- revolution led by the Chinese munist-led liberated areas wrested ping, tobacco, textiles, etc., forged Communist Party and supported from the Japanese occupation their links with the peasantry and by all classes and groups that had could see the historic meaning of all other democratic elements, in- suffered under the previous order the full awakening of China,s tegrated all forms of activity with (including the national capitalists). peasantry. The rural people there, the armed struggle that decided OnIy then did industrial develop- though'faced by murderous and the issue in China. Since 1949 it ment really move forward. Every modern-weaponed enemy, were has led them in the- tasks of piece of machinery, truck, car, unbowed, unafraid, confident of socialist construction, during which tractor, ship, airplane, locomotive their own strength, producing for the urban working class has risen or even bicycle flowing off from self-sustenance. Fighting back some 3 million to some 100 China's own production lines side million. by side with the people,s army today provides an added rea- composed of their own brothers THE TECHNOLOGICAL son f or celebrating what her and sons, they proved unconquer_ CONTR,AST people, under the Communist able Party's leadership, have achieved. by war or blockade _ even Technologically and industrially though many of their villages lay the China of the past was pitiable. (Continued, on p. 31) t2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS taior Events in the Chinese Gommuni$t Party's 60 Years

JULY 1921 : The Chinese Com- munist Party was founded in Shanghai. Thirteen delegates, among them Mao Zedong and , representing a mem- bership of some 50, attended its First Congress. was elected secretary of the C"entral Bureau. JULY 1922: The Second Con- gress of the C.C.P. formulated an anti-irirperialist, anti-feudal pro- gram for the Chinese revoiution. JUNE tr923: The Third Party Congress worked out the policy of establishing a revolutionary united front with the Kuomintang Party headed by Sun Yat-sen, initiating the first period of Kuomintang- Communist cooperation. 1924-1927: The Party organized and developed the workers', youth site of the First National congress of the c.c.p. iu shanghai. young pioneers and peasants' movements in China: come here to be educatetl in revolutionary trailition. Zhing Liuren and helped the Kuomintang reorganize itself and form the Na- the consolidation of the revolu- province, a military campaign (the tional Revolutionary Army. After tionary base in Guangdong Northern Expedition) was launched to overthrow the warlord regime Party, attenderl the Kuomintang,s with its center in Beijing. t Kuomintang-Communist coop€ra_ APRIT 12,1927: The right wing Sun yai-sen (right), leader of the gether. ,cbf the Kuomintang represented by Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the revolution and perpetrated an im- mensemassacre of Communists and progressives in Shanghai. On July 15, Wang Jingwei's Kuomintang govertment at also turned againat the Communist Party. Because the Party was then dom- inated by the Right opportunist Iine represented by Chen Duxiu, it 4 failed to organize an effective resistance. The revolution was defeated, and the first period of Kuomintang--Communist coopera- tion ended. AUGUST l, \927: By decision of the Party Central Committee Zhou Enlai, , He Long, , Liu Bocheng and others organized and led the Uprising, which marked the beginning of the agrarian-revolution war in

JUI,Y IgET 13 China. In September the same Zedong to be excluded from the year the Party, with Mao Ze: leadership of the Red Army, which dong in direct charge, Ied the subsequently failed to defeat the Autumn Harvest Uprising of armed fifth "encirclement and suppres- peasants, with some workers par- sion" campaign. In October 1934 ticipating, in Hunan, , Jiang- the Red Army was forced to xi and Guangdong provinces. abandon its central base and AUGUST 7,L9272 An emergency embark on the Long March. meeting of the Party Central Com- JANUARY 1935: During the mittee repudiated the Right- Long March an enlarged meeting of deviationist line of Chen Duxiu the Central Political Bureau was and laid down a general policy for held at Zunyi, Guizhou province. the agrarian revolution and the It firmly established the leadership armed struggle against Kuomin- of the correct line represented bY tang massacres. Mao Zedong. As a result, the Red OCTOBER 1927: Mao Zedong Army smashed the enemy's encir- led the forces which had taken clement, pursuit and interception part in the Autumn Harvest Upris- to reach the North revolu- ing to the Jinggang , tionary base in October 1935, thus where they were joined in April victoriously completing the 12,500 1928 by the remaini-ng contingents km. Long March. of the Nanchang Uprising led by 1937: Japanese imperialists Zhu De and . These formed Iaunched an all-out war of aggres- the new Chinese Workers and sion against China, Pressure from Peasants Red Army, and the Jing- the popular patriotic movement gang Mountains became the Com- The headquarters of the Nanchang Up- compelled the Kuomintang to reach risiog on August f, 1927' munist Party's first rural revolu- agreement with the Communist tionary base. Later the Red Army Party on ending the civil war and established bases in southern cooperate with it in fighting and western . against Japan. This period i.s JUNE 1928: The Communist known in history as the second Party held its Sixth National Kuomintang-Communist coopera- Congress in Moscow. By now it tion. The Chinese Workers and had 40,000 members. Peasants Red Army and the 1928-34: In the base areas, the guerilia forces remaining in the Chinise Workers and Peasants Red southern provinces were re- Army smashed four "encirclement d.esignated respectively as the and suppression" campaigns Eighth Route and the New Eourth mounted by the Kuomintang. But Army, and the nation-wide War of interference by Wang Ming's Left- Resistance against Japanese Ag- opportunist line caused Mao gression began.

,*.i qi[4'":';

Bet\p€en Oc[ober 1934 anal Ogtober 1935, the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Arrny went on the world-famous Long March. Itrere it is shown crossing snow- coveretl mountains. The second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation brought about nation-wide resistance against Japa,nese aggression. Units of the Bed Army, redesignaterl as the Eighth Route Army, crossed the Huanghe (Yellow) River to fight the Japanese invaders.

L4 CTIINA' RECONSTRUCTS sive against the liberated areas. the Party and stri.ve for building a Led by the Party, the army and strong socialist China. Party civilians in these areas fought membership reached 10,730,000. back in self-defence. In July 1947, The same year saw basic com- the Chinese People's Liberation pletion of the socialist transforma- Army counter-attacked and by the tion of agriculture, handicrafts, end of 1948 and the beginning of and capitalist industry and com- 1949. in the course of three decisive merce. China thus became a battles the Liao-Shen, Huai-Hai socialist society. and Ping-Jing- campaigns wiped At the Third (1964) and the out the main strength of the- Kuo- Fourth (19?5) National PeoPle's mintang army. In April 1949, the Congresses of the People's Re- People's Liberation Army crossed public of China Zhou Enlai, on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River behalf of the Central Committee of and liberated Nanjing, sounding the C.C.P., put forward the goal the death knell of Kuomintang of modernizing China's agricul- rule. ture, industry, national defence OCTOEER 1, 1949: The People's and science and technology by the Republic of China was founded. end of this century. In the next three years, the Chinese MAY 1966: The "cultural revo- people, Ied by the Party, rehabil- lution" began. It ended with the itated the national economy, and fall of the gang of four in October at the same time successfully 1976. Chairman Illao Zedong proclaiming the carried out the Land Reform and AUGUST 1977; The Chinese founaling of the People's Republic o{ China from the Tian An Men rostrum the War to Resist U.S. Aggression Communist Party's l1th National on Octbber l, f949. Dong Biwu is on his and Aid Korea. Congress proclaimed the beginning richJ. L9522 The Party put forward of a new historical period in the general Iine for the transition China's socialist revolution and period. It called for industrializa- construction. APRIL 1945: Toward the end of tion and the socialist transforma- DECEMBER 1978: At the third the 8-year war, the ?th National tion of China's agriculture, handi- plenary session of its 1lth National Congress of the Chinese Com- crafts, and capitalist industry and Congress, the Party decided to munist Party, held in Yan'an, commerce. shift the focus of its entire work formulated a political line of fuily SEPTEMBER 1956: The Party's to socialist modernization. mobilizing the masses, expanding 8th National Congress was held in July 1, 1981, marks the 60th the people's forces and, under the Beijing. It called on its members anniversary of the founding of the Ieadership of the Party, defeating to unite with ail the forces that Chinese Communist Party, which the Japanese aggressors, triberating can be united with in and outside now has 38,000,000 members. tr the whole people and building a New-Democratic China. By then, tne bnirO Plenary Session of the llth Party Central Committee helcl in December the Party had a membership of 1978 voted unanimously to shift th€ focus of all Farty work to socialist construction. 1,210,000. Wang Xinqing AUGUST 1945: In concert with the world-wide war against Fascism, the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan, with the Communist Party in the lead, forced the unconditional surrender of the Japanese imperialists. AUGUST 1945: The Central. Committee of the Chinese Com- munist Pariy sent Mao Zedong, Z);.ou Enlai, Wang Ruofei and others to to negotiate peace with Chiang Kai-shek. On October 10 the two parties signed an agreement to prevent civil war. 1946-49: Soon, however, Chiang Kai-shek broke his word and in June 1.946 ordered a general offen-

JULY 198I 15 $hanxi ProyinGe- Ghina's largc$t Coaf Base WEN TIANSHEN

OAL accounts for 70 percent of fr\,t plant coal" One-third of the coal 15" energy China uses; the faces in Datong have complete sets country is the third largest coal- of modern equipment. In 1980, producer in the world. One-fifth Datong turned out 24.5 million of last year's total of 600 million tons, more than any other coal field tons came from province Shanxi - in the country. Some 1,400 carloads China'S largest coal base - situated of coal are dispatched daily to in the loess plateau 1,000 meters every part of China. above sea level. Shanxi alone has Liu Erkang, an assistant chief greater reserves than such world- engineer, told me many coun- renowned coal fields as lhat -and the Soviet tries had long ago achieved full Union's Donbas West Ger- mechanization in coal mining, and many's Ruhr, and it is high-quality China is striving to catch up. FulI coal of several varieties. One variety, Jurassic coal, mechanization, he explained, can be used includes for both coking and power plants. setting supports, and ex- tracting and transporting coal with Satellite City advanced equipment. The Datong mines not only use In , the provincial hydraulic supports which can capital, I was told that a new field withstand 600 tons of pressure per of high-quality coking coal was 1.5 square meters, but also power- Down a tunnel where team being developed in Gujiao, 56 kilo- No. ful extractilg machines and con- meters away. Its five pitheads 3 was working, rails, pipes and veyor belts, replacing old equip- electric have a designed capacity of ,16 wires had been well ar- ment and metal supports that could million tons. The seam is as much ranged. On the mine face, five withstand only 45 tons of pressure. as 13 meters thick. One kilogram workers were using pneumatic Last year one of the teams in the produces guided of this coal as much heat drills by a cluster of red mine produced 920,000 tons of as three-fourths kilograms of laser beams. coal, a national record. petroleum. Each pithead will be That night, from a nearby An elevator took us down 150 fitted out with a coal-washing hilltop I got a bird's-eye view of meters plant. to the tunnel where the the whole mine field. The brilliant record-holding team was working. This was intriguing, left and I night scene called. to mind a line Each of the 20-odd teammates on for Gujiao by bus, accompanied ,,It by in a poem of the Tang dynasty: duty wore his prize medal. Along a comrade from the provincial coal seemed the Milky Way had fallen the 150-meter-long coal face, a bureau. We first crossed the from the sky." large coal cutting machine bran- Luliang mountains, 1,800 meters A miner who had come with me dished its sharp teeth, cutting 300 above sea 1evel. In the valley,-has a pointed out the lights of apart- 47-ki-lometer electric railway tons per hour which it dumped into ment buildings, schools, clubs, a loader. Each shift produces been built, running 18 thus through dining-rooms and department tunnels and over seven bridges the equivalent of three days' out- stores. With the development of across the winding Fenhe put with the old methods. River. the coal base, a satellite city for The Xiqu mine in Gujiao, a The working face is a steel cor- with 200,000 is going up. capacity of 3 million tons annually, ridor with more than 100 movable has begun to take slape. On the supports, each consisting of four surface, a high-tension 220,000- Record Holders thick steel pillars supporting a volt power subetetion iq under canopy-like beam. The pillars can From Gujiao construction" Other buildings are I went to Datong be raised and lowered with the going up on either side of the river. 355 kilometers north of Taiyuan, contour of the tunnel; one miner site of the aricient Buddhist told me he and his mates no longer WEN TIANS.IIEN is c staff reporter for Yungang Grottoes and today worry about injuries from col- China Reconstructs. China's major producer of power. Iapsing tunnels. Many persons

16 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS The Yurtgang mine" llu OingtlLrtn Motor room of Shentou mining power plant in Datong coal fields. Xie .htn

One of the 32 fully mechanized coal faces in the Datong coal field. Xie Jun

,||.,;::",.

'+;. ir::!].-+'il were needed to set the timber props that were used before. Now only two operators work . the control board. Some Faots and FigurGs on the Coal

Two Engineers ffiines of $hanri Prouince Li Xueqian, an outstanding en- o 57,000 square kilometers r 2,000 state- or locallY- gineer, designed and built the of coal fields occupying 37% run mines. Large and me- advanced hydraulic suPPorts. of Shanxi's 156,000 square dium-size mines are 50% Fourteen years ago, when he saw kilometers. mechanized, l8T" more than miners setting timber ProPs with o 200,000 million tons of the national average. pick, risking disaster, known deposits one-third an ordinary with he determined to imProve the of China's total. - r Five main railroads situation. By 1974, working side o 1980 output of 120 million branches totaling 2,200 kilo- by side with the miners, Li suc- tons, one-fifth of national meters" Eleven special mine ceeded in producing hydraulic sup- production. railroads are being built. ports with available technologY" o High quality: A kilogram o Daily average of 70 coal- power- Soon after the new suPports of Datong Jurassic carrying trains outbound, to produces 8,000 were installed, the tunnel roof col- plant coal Large kilocalories; Jincheng an- all parts of China. lapsed onto the protective canopy. quantities exported to JaPan, moment, in- thraci.te is 55% lumps. Many At that critical Li Romania, France, the Nether- on going to the coal face seams are stable, with gentie sisted West GermanY, the and observing how well the sup- gradients and with deposits lands, ports functioned. Since then, the between 300 and 400 meters United States, tsangladesh and Datong-typd supports have been below the surface. Burma. perfected.

stacle: an ancient pond under the area for cooking and heating, pit. To get a clear Picture, she saving 90,000 tons of raw coal a went to the bottom where the year. Atl the mines have in- mud was knee-deeP and there troduced modern gas alarms with were many large rocks. She Pro- automatic cut-off of electricity. posed to tili the Pond with stones Lao Gao pointed to the antennas while the project continued, thus above the apartment buildings and permitting completion not onlY on said that one out of five families schedule, but safely as well. Her there has a TV set. latest innovation is an elliptical The comrade in charge of Pur- coal storehouse which greatlY chasing noted that supply priority facilitating the transport of coal' is given to underground miners. underground and on the surface. A new coki storage sYstem has a capacity of ten thou-sand tons of Life of the Miners fish, rneat, eggs and PoultrY. Lin Junyi, a returned overseas Chinese Every mine has a dining hall anC engineer. Xie Jun Heading south from Datong. we 'citY" a cigarette and wine stand. Bu-t the eame to "anthracite people's representati.',re has The high mountains- local Yangquan. because Lin -,Iunyi, woman engineer at afford a panoramic view of the asked for still more stores rniners averaE{e Datong was an ovel'seas Chinese the area. -A 230- the underground four mines in (inciuding who returned to China 29 years railwaY cuts 150 yuan Per month kilometer electric an ago, at the age of 18, giving uP through the city. About half the wages and bonus), twice what the easy life in Singapore and an population are mine workers. ordinary worker makes, and theY to opportunity to study in Britain. Guided by Lao Gao, a reporter for have to travel Iong distances After graduation with good grades The Miner, I visited a new res- spend it. twcr from the Northeast Engineering idential area occupied last Year We visited the homes of workers driver Zeng Bingiie Institute in Liaoning province, she by about 3,000 families. Not the - volunteered for the most hazard- 110,000 square meters of new and miner Wang ChangYi. Each ous work at Datong: drilling and buildings, but the gas stove in has a two-roorn aPartment total- Zer,g's blasting. eiach apartment made the deePest ing about 2? square meters. Once, designing a new Pit, she impression on me. Gas from the wife is a primarY schooi teacher encountered an unforeseen ob- mines is piped to the residentiaL and his moth"r also works; their

JULY 1S8X 21 l[,:s:i!dimr: :t ttr:'.trre]. Chen l-iana Bridge No, 6 across the f,'enhe River. Chen Liane

and offered me a taste of the day's In recent years, about forty of dish *- rice with frieci meat. They his paintings have been published said that sometimes they have in neu,spapers and magazines. fried egg sandrviched betrveen I aiso talked with the worker- pancakes. composer Wang Chengshun. He's an organizer of the mine's Song Cultural Acdivities and Dance Ensemble and its Jin peopie The Yangquan miners told me Opera Troupe. About 600 abcrtrt a vrorker-painter, Zhaa working at the mine are active in Rongji. and I went to visit him. literary and art groups, perform- CIf medium height with a thin ing on festivals or holidays. Of face, Zhao lives in a donnitory tinem, 22 have been trained by room full <;f traditional Chinese famous artists and have become paintings and sketches. One of his members of the Shanxi provincial ink and wash pictures, of a doctor associations of arti.sts, musicians, from the mining area making her opera actors, and cross-talkers. In round of visits, had attracted Yangquan, I heard a very promis- much -attention. He'd been in ing singer a young miner named Beijing a few days before, par- Bai Junjie.- ticipating in the exhibition of The day before I was to leave I ,,{ ra:Xlvay uriiier ctnstrtsotion at the Spr:ing Festival pictures with a u,as invited to visit a workers' col- .{.irajinrrniuii" Ch*n L,i*ng picture of miners cooking on gas lege where 88 worker-students are stove. Recounting his experience stud;ring on a th'ee-Year Paid as a painter, he said he was learze from the rnine. Its three irn:.:L.l irr-L,me ir; 2{]0 ;ru-an. llheii fascinated by the dyes at the departments-extraction, electro- r''rlr., 1i1! ;{r'i} f ;ruished with a set of prinling and dyeing mill where he mechanics and coal-cutting i:+riilr'.elade fui'nitr::'e" a nelv iape worked as a child laborer before teach higher mathematics and- r-+il{, rLJ r,.!: a:tfi 5 con$oL€ radio. rhe liberation. "After the found- mechanical engineering. Mu 1,1,'ar ''"l.ith iJ ii r"*sr hin rqife, thair ing of new China," he said, "l had Xiuchang, 25, a student in ihe oi:.i-er: ,iar;lghter, and her h,-rsbanrl; an opportunity to go to school and electromechanics department told ei1 except. Mrs. Wang are employed got rny teacher's help in painting. me that having got the oppor- encl theii' iotal monthi;r income is Then I was assigned to work as an tunity to study, he makes the most )itifi yu*.r:. qFlis ynunger daughtel electrician at the mine. I some- of it, stayiag at schooi even on hire rxe;:riqri and moved away.) tinres sketched the new people and holidays to review lectures he has ALI- i:'ui: iike to grow flowers, and new things around me in pen and recorded, in an effort to understand 'nright, ih*-ir rcoms are clean, anEL ink, posting them at the entrance difficult theories. His mother, he ias.;efr;.ily' furnisi:rld. or on the wail of the site. I drew said, has been urging him to get As in otiier rnines, tl're rainers at very quickly, and rvould often married, and he's been trying to YLngquan are selved a free lunch have drawings up for one shift of explain to her that there'll be ev*r']i day. They rvere having things that had happened on the plenty of time for that after he luuch rvhen I arrived at the rnine. previous shift." graduates two years from now. X

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS provide more of this type of article t

JULY 1981 ZJ Total industrial and agricultural output (value) 661 ,900 ,itrion y,,n Economic Achiev

Total industrial output 300,600 million kwh 620 mitlion tons (value)

100 100 99,200 million yuan t Coal

105.95 million tons 14,274 million cu.m. 79.86 million tons

00 ;i 100 li Natural gas

222,000 12.32 million tons 818,000 to,'

100 100 Motor vehicles Steel ships for =.--Chemical fertilizer Tractors civilian use

450,0.00 to,' 13,470 million meters

t00 Television sets EI cameras Chemical fibers D E

13.02 mirrion 2.57 mittion tons

100 100 Bicycles Wrist watches Radios Sewing machines Sugar ')) tr t' r*-.,,* National income 363,000 .irrio, y,,n ements in 1980

Total agricultural 318.22 mittion tons output (value) 2.71 mittion tons 7.69 million tons 162,700 million yuan

Grain Cotton 0ilseeds

304,000 ton' 12.06million tons 4.50 million tons

1 13.5 t 04.5

100 100

\)

Tea Pork, beef, mutton Aquatic products Total freight, all carriers of transport Fixed assets added 1 ,202,600 mirlion ton-kitometers

42,700 million yuan 105.6 100 Passengers, all carriers

228,1 00 rilrion passenger-kitometers

115.8 New housing, tota! floor space 00 + 214,000 mirion yuan lmport and million yuan total value 128.7 r00 56,300 ,,,"0, yuan

lmports 29,100 miuion yuan Retail sales, total value

Hospital beds

102.6 100

Tourists and other visitors Frofessiona! medical workers from Hongkong, Macao and ahroad ?..8 105.9 million 10{t

Total employed in state and . urban collectively-owne ;fiil iln 104.44 ,"irrio, (4.77 million over 19ru; 920 ,ittion yr.n National average wages, 32 workers and staff 762 ,"* 114.1 100 Foreign exchange earned (Converted to Renminhi) College students I .l4mirion Population (an increase of 124,000 students over I g7g) million

Statistics for Taiwan province are not included. The 1979 total value of retail sales is correspondingly The base figure for 1979 national income was readiusted readjusted to 180,000 million yuan from the original175,25O from original 337,000 million yuan to 335,000 million yuan. million yuan, a 12.2 percent increase, if rise in retail sale Agricultural and industrial output values are counted at prices is accounted for. constant prices of 1970. The increase in real wages was 6. I percent after deduction for The retail sale figure includes 6,900 million yuan from retail a 7"5 percent rise in the cost of living. sales by peasants to the non-agricultural population in 198O. Chart by Fan Kai-ve 2,000 Years of Chinese Pa$ as

LUO ZHEWEN

,{ ,r'*'. "., ,B TIIRAVEIERS see pagodas every- I where in China in cities, on mountaintops, beside- rivels, near temples. The oidest of them date from the first century A.D., rvhen Buddhism was introduced from India. Previously, the only tall buildings in China rn ere those built so feudal rulers could meet "immortals" who were said to Uve amidst the clouds.

LUO ZHEWEN is a staff rnemher of the State Atlministratiye Brlreau of Museurns and Anchaeological Data,

The Miyanshita style pagoda (523 A,E,l in the Songyue ?ernple on &tf." SortEr i!! province. Lu

At first, pagodas were the central it l\'as called Bai Ma Si - - {he building of a temple, around which White l{or"se Temp)e. Tht i'naitr the monks prayed, Later, they building was a square pagr: *, the were placed elsewhere on the first in China. temple grounds, and more recently Since then, many pagodas hrave still have been built without been buili, most -- but not all -:- reference to temples. eonnected with the Buddliist rradi- In 67 A.D. during the Eastern tion in China. For instance, the Han dynasty, two Indian priests, " Xuan Zang (Hsuan-tsang) Pagoda Kasayapa Matanga and Dhawara in Xi'an, Shaanxi prorrince, lvas Keha, came to preach Buddhism built to commemorate Xuan Zang, in Luoyang (in today's Henan prov- an outstanding Tang

.IL'H,',tr 1981 el polygonal, or circular, with many Pauilion stgle, one-story build- storiqs separated by projecting ings most of which are tombs of roofs or eaves. They may stand abbots and other high monks. The singly or in groups, and may be earliest still standing is the Simen built of any rnaterial, including (four-door) Pagoda built in 611 miniature pagodas of silver and A.D. in the Shentong Temple in gold. Licheng county, Shandong prov- Chinese pagodas can be ciassified ince. It is square, with a single by design: roof and one door on each side. Touer stgle, the principal design Lamaist style, similar to Indian of the early pagodas. The oldest dagobas. A dome-like structure is and tallest of this type is the mag- set on a large pyramidal platform; nifieent wooden pagda in ying- on the dome is a spire capped with xian county, Shanxi province. a cro\^.n. A familiar example i"s Built in 1056, it is an octagonal the.. White Dagoba in Beijing's structufe of five stories (pIus four Beihai Park; another is in the which are not apparent from the Miaoying Temple. also in Beijing, outside), altogether 67 meters high. designed by a Nepalese craftsman Mi.yanshita style, so called for in 1271. the many tiers of closely-set eaves Various other styles are repre- atop a tower. Most are built of sented by fewer extant examples. The Santa Fagoda in Kaiyuan 1.emple, brick or stone, without doors or These include the flowery pagoda Tainan in Taiwan province. windows except for holes that ad- (with flowers carved on the upper mit light. The earliest example is part), the archway pagoda (street in the Songyue Temple on Mt. traffic passes through the arch), 17 .years, he returned with 600 Song in Henan province, built and the diamond-throne pagoda sutras and had them translated in 1,500 years ago in the Northern (two small pagodas o'throne" set oR a Xi'an's Ci En Temple. The Dayan Wei dynasty. The 40-meter shaft with elaborate carvings (Wi1d Goose) Pagoda was built to has twelve sides capped by 1b tiers on all sides). The unique Bamboo- store the sutras. of eaves. Shoot Pagoda in Jinghong county, But pagodas al.so served secular Yunnan province. comprises a cen- purposes. In north China, pagodas tral pagoda in the shape of a lotus \,qere built as military watch- The flowery pagoda in Fangshan flower and county, BeiJinS, eight smaller ones sur- towers. In south China, seashore built in the llth een- turY. Luo Zheu,en rounding it; from a distance it and riv.erbank pagodas guided looks like a bamboo thicket. There navigation. Sailore u,se,d to climb are also clustered pagodas, iike the Gu.ang Ta Pagoda in the Huaisheng Pago.da Forest in the Shaolin Temple in Guangzhou (Canton) to Temple, Henan province. It is the observe weather conditions before largest of this type, with 220 brick going to sea. The Liuhe Pagoda at and stone structures. the Qiantang River estuary in Zhe- jiang province was built 1,000 years Main Features ago, sutr)posedly so people could pray for protection from disastrous The typical Chinese pagoda has fioods; it aciually benefits naviga- these elements: tion. Other pagodas which may The underground hall, for stor- once have had religious signifi- ing sacred relics. Some were cance have taken on new historical also used to store gold, silver, identities, like the pagoda on books, paintings, and inscriptions. Fenghuang (Phoenix) HilI in The platJornr, or foundation of Yan'an (Yenan) which has come to the pagoda. This may be a simple symlolize the cradle of the Chi- structure, or it may be elaborately nese revolution. decorated. The body, the main part of the Architectural Styles pagoda, which may be solid or hol- low. In the latter case, a spiral The ancient Chinese pagoda took stairway leads up through the in- on its own distinct style when terior. Images of the Buddha are architects combined the features carved on the outside wal]s. Most of circular Indian Buddhist pago- pagodas have an odd number of das with those of traditional Chi- stories, from 3 to 17. On top is a nese pavilions and to.ivers. Chi- crown decorated with iewels. nese pagdas thus may be square. pearls. and vases.

DO ao CHINA RECONSEiiUITS The archway pagoda at the Puning Temple in Chengde, F{etrei province. It was built in 1755. Lrro Zlrctvtt

The seven-sro11 Daran Pagoda in Xi'an. Built in 652 A.D . ir is 64 merers high. l-he wooden pagoda in Yingxian county, Shanxi Province' .Yir .rtt, The Diamond Throne Pagoda in Hohhot, Inner Mongolian Autono- mous Region. It was built in 1727 as a repository for Buddhist relics. LLrt Zltet ert Shengxiang Pagoda, built during Beijing's Western IIilIs, where a the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) in tooth-relic of the SakYamuni Wuchang, Hubei province, was Buddha is said to be stored) and ^*# moved when the Changjiang the latter mainly to commemorate (Yangtze) River Bridge was built revolutionary martyrs. in the presentday city of Wuhan. Among these latter is the Feb- The pagoda was rebuilt according ruary 7 Monument in Zhengzhow, to its original plan on Snake Hill. capital of Henan province. The 14- high, is Due to erosion and earthquake, story pagoda, 62 meters cracks had appeared on the famous composed of two Pentagonal the Pagoda at Erhai Lake in towers linked together. Inside Qianxun docu- Da1i, Yunnan province. In 1977, twin towers are disPlaYed the government sent exPerts to ments and artifacts of the 1923 restoration, which took general strike of railwaY workers direct its war- three years. During this opposing imperialism and Period, August more than 600 valuable Tang and lordism. The 45-meter-high objects were found, 1 Monument in Nanchang, caPital including Buddhist sutras, pearls, of Jiangxi provinee, was built in granite facade is en- and musical instruments PlaYed 1978. Its the The White Dagoba (1582 A.D.) on Mt. during worship. These items have graved with a brief historY of Wutai, Shanxi province. Wang Wenrt prove'd important in the studY of uprising on August l, 1927 which Yunnan history. marked the birth of the Chinese As cultural relics, ancient pago- Som.e pagodas and towers draw- Red Army (now the Chinese Peo- das have been protected and reno- ing to various extents on Pagoda ple's Liberation ArmY). On the vated by the Chinese government architecture have been built since other three sides are 1arge, life- since the People's Republic was 1949, the former for religious Pur- tike reliefs connected with the founded in 1949. For example, the poses (such as the Foya Pagoda in event. tr

THOUGHTS ON AN in per capita production, due to under the Party's leadershiP waYs ANNIvERSARY her immense population, China is have been found of overcoming still. (Conti.nued from p. 72) stilI very far from being in the toP them, as is true international ten; often she is in In this issue of Chtna Re- the hundredth or so Place. This TgfHAT makes China imPortant in constructs the reader will find the shows the distance which, asa W today's world? Her vast size latest figures of the country's in- developing countrY, she still has and population? TheY were alwaYs dustrial production. Textile output to travel. there. Her ancient culture? That is the highest in the world, steel In agriculture, though advance was there too. Yet neither kePt production is almost 30 times that has also been uneven, gross outPut her from being weak, hungrY, pre-liberation (and higher than has persistently outstriPPed the despised, trampled on, Penetrated Britain's, France's or West Ger- growth of population which is and exploited (as was true of many's), output of oil 1949.- Medical the - now double that of other large, PoPulous and ancient virtually none of which was pro- care, education, housing - aII are countries as well). If todaY she is duced befo,re, is the eighth in the provided in quantities that are an equal among the nations, a world, motor vehicles and standard multiples of ten or more over the factor in the international scene tractors are produced in hundreds past and free of charge or at none can overlook, the reason is of thousands eactr year. In the very- low cost. the Chinese revolution. higher branches of technology, the In short, "Without the Com- new China has done some striking f N aII these respects, along with munist Party there would be no things. The Changjiang (Yangtze) I advances, there are insufficien- new China," and "OnIY socialisrn River has been bridged and cies in amount and qualitY some can save China" are not just dammed neither Chinese nor grave. There are difficulties- of ad- sayings but truths attested bY foreign enterprises- were able to vance. But had the older, more history. accomplish this earlier. In the basic problems not been solved bY Realism teaches confidence in nuclear and rocket fields, China the revolution, the bountrY would the future of both PartY and has moved from stage to stage not have had the oPPortunitY of country. And in the caPacitY of faster than other countries. tackling, much less of solving, socialist China, one fourth of This is the distance covered: To these new ones. China's revolu- mankind, to contribute commen- and people with memories as long as tion has Rever been free of hard- surately to human Progress mine, it is very impressive. But shi1x, setbacks or errors, but the defence of world Peace. D

JUI,Y T981 31 Dr. Dong (second left) operates on a patient. With a small patient. The baby girl was born with a clett palate. It was remedied by ptastic surgery.

A Plastic Surgeon's Coreer

LIU BINGQI and ZHANG TIANLAI

J N an operating room under a sutured the wound. The opera- worker from Dandong in the I shadowless lamp, Dr. Dong tion took three hours. northeast had lost the right side of Shufen, noted woman plastic sur- In the lounge after the opera- her scalp in an accident. Dr. Dong geon, professor and deputy head tion, Dr. Nix asked how much the had transplanted long hair flaps of the Xi'an Medical College Hos- patient had to pay. Told it was 20 for her, leaving a beautiful girl pital No. 2, was operating on a yuan (about 13 U.S. dollars), he with thick braids. A girl near 30, patient for a facial deformity was amazed. "In the United badly pockmarked, acquired a caused by a severe injury. Dr. States," he said, "it would cost 10 face almost as unmarked as a Nix, an American dental surgeon, to 20 thousand dollars." He in- normal person's. stood beside her. A visitor, io vited Dr. Dong to the United China, he had volunteered to States to lecture and do surgery. Training and Early Efforts assist in this difficult case. Laughing, he saidr "lf I'm a The soft tissue of one side of the Dr. Dong, a hard worker, be- millionaire, you could be a multi- gan as a dental surgeon in a Tian- patient's face was raised, and the millionaire !" once-f jin hospital. During the Korean ractured fragments were Knowing that American restored to their normal position. the War of the early 1950's she was in doctor was joking. Dr. Dong re- the first group of doctors to go to Then Dr. Dong deftly drilled plied, rvilling holes, fixed the pieces and quickly "I'm to study in the a hospital for the wounded. As a United States but I don't aim at new Communist Party member being a multi-millionaire. I'm and doctor in charge, she worked Before (left) and after rhinoplasty by satisfied to be serving the people day and night. Once she had to Dr. Dong, here." reconstruct a nose for a wounded An album of photos of facial soldier. She used a piece of the deformity cases was brought out. skin of the man's forehead and re- One pictured an 18-month baby built the nose. But she felt sorry with a cleft nose, the brain tissue after the nose turned out unshape- protruding from a skull fissure. Iy and a scar was left on his Dr. Donpf repaired the cranial forehead. The experience made fissure with bovine cartilage and her decide to become a plastic reconstructed the nose. An "after" surgeon. photo showed a normal, good- In 1952 Dr. Dong entered the Iooking boy. A young woman Beijing Russian Language' Train- ing School,. and in 1954 went to LIU BINGQI and ZHANG TIANLAI study in the Soviet Union. In 1957 are reporters for the Guangming Daity. she returned to work in the Xi'an

32 CEINA RECONSTRUCTS Medical College. Here she did her born with two clefts under her first plastic nose surgery for a nose. The parents had taken her young woman, which played a to doctors everywhere without Oorrespondence' Gollege role in her marriage. result. Dr. Dong succeeded in Li Xiuyuan, a worker in the restoring the child's face to nor- Ior $tudents Abroad Shenyang Cement Plant, who had mal. "People are sometimes Iost his nose and upper front teeth afraid to look at the patients who in a battle during the War of Lib- come to me," she said, "but I \f IAMEN (Amoy) University eration (1946-1949), came to Dr. think how lovely they are!" A f6undq6 60 years ago by Mr. Dong for help. She reconstructed Lei Yuan, a technician in the Tan Kah-kee, a patriotic overseas the nose with the tubed flap Fi- Yinchuan Cement Plant, had Chinese, set up an overseas corre- latov method. At that time most burned his face, neck and hands spondence department in 1956. Ex- plastic surgeons were using fore- so badly in a fire that his chin had panded and renamed the Overseas head skin. But Dr. Dong did not adhered to his chest, his eyelids Correspondence CoIIege in 1980, its want to leave the forehead and lips were only scars, his fin- purpose is to provide foreigners as scarred. She pared the subcutan- gers had become webbed and his well as Chinese residing overseas eous fat of the Filatov tube as ears were molded to his head. His and in Hongkong, Macao and Tai- thin as possible but retained the deformity threw his young wife wan with opportunities to learn subcutaneous mesh. The opera- of six months into despair. something about Chinese language tion was successful. Asked to Dr. Dong did 13 skin grafts, and culture, and thus to promote identify the patient among other allowing him to straighten his cultural and friendly relations be- people in a photo, no one could do neck and have better facial fea- tween China and other nations. it. tures. The function of his hand This year the correspondence was restored. Meanwhile; she had college offers two courses, one on other Still Hard at Work long talks with the wife to help the Chinese language and the her understand that one loved a on traditional Chinese medicine Now over 60, Dr. Dong still oper- man Ior his heart and not his face. (internal). There will also be two ates four or five times a week. Lei Yuan is now back at 'work. special classes, one for advanced She tries to increase her skill by "Dr. Dong has no children," the studies in the Chinese language observing facial lines and muscu- couple said, "but we are her and the other on acupuncture. In- lature. children and our baby wiII be struction is given mainly in Herself childless, Dr. Dong her grandchild."- Chinese. At the end of a course, puts particular energy and love Since 1975 Dr. Dong's plastic certificates are issued to stu'dents into her work with children. One surgery has freed 8,900 patients who pass their in-term tests and of her patients was a baby girl from physical and mental distress, final examination. only several months old who was a record to be proud of. tr Enrolment in the college began in May and will last until the end of August, Prospective students (irrespective of nationality) should Dr, Dong anil visitors, e group of American rlenial surgeons. Photos Zhu Yousheng apply directly to the college, en- closing school transcriPts (or ii evidence of equivalent education), :l and a letter of recommendation Ft from an employer or other resPon- sible organization. Entrance exam- ination is conducted by correspond- ence, and those who Pass will be so notified. Tuition and sundry fees are paid at registration. The college also has a short-term $ Chinese language class for foreign- ers. The term of studY is about six weeks at the school, followed by a two-week tour in China. Applicants may write directly to the college for a 6rochure on enrolment regulations. The ad- dress is: Overseas Correspondence Col- lege, Xiamen, Fujian province People's Republic of China

9D JULY T98I Mount Gongga - Biologists' Faradise QIU CmN and LIU LU

OST ranges in China to subtropical. This, plus the again. As we collected run east speci- and west, but the complicated terrain, has produced mens, we were regaled with the soaring peaks and deep ravines of a profusion of animal and plant sight of innumerable the Hengduan flowers. Range meandei life, attracting the attention of Soon we had collected more than north and south through the biologists in China and abroad. a hundred different specimens, of western parts yun- of Sichuan and Between 1973 and 197? a team whieh several dozen were azaleas. nan provinces and the southeast_ frsm the Sichuan Biological Re- After collating ern part our specimens, of the Tibetan Autono- search Bureau made a survey of we continued up the mountain. mous Region. the vegetation in western Sichuan, Gradually, snow drifts began to Mount Gongga, the highest including a fairly exhaustive appear, peak and were kneedeep by in the northern section of survey of the western slope of the time we reached pass the the at range, stands at the juncture Mount Gongga. This was follow- 4,500 meters. The weather at of Sichuan's , Luding ed by a survey of the eastern this altitude and is unpredictable; a Jiulong counties. Its main slope in 1979 arid 1980. As a re- shrieking wind arose as we peak, neared 7,556 meters high, is capped sult we now have a reasonably the peak, driving snowflakes into with snow the year round. From complete picture of the region,s our faces so that we could hardly there eastward to the Dadu River plant life and the distribution of open our eyes. But when we and southward 'to the yalong grassland, brush and forest. reached the summit, the blizzard. .River the distances are only 30 died down and the clouds began and 105 km. respectively, but the Majestic Mount Gongga to disperse. The summit itself drop in altitude is as much as In June, 1974 our research team was an expanse of rock and 6,000 meters. The intervening set out from Kangding county for broken stone almost devoid of soi1, area is one of the few in the the western slope of Gongga. but between the melting snow world with such a complete and Rain held us up for four days at drifts we found such mountain complex climatic spectrum Mount Longga, a 5,000-meter plants as down-covered Saussurea ranging from frigid through- peak west of Gongga. Then at and Eriophyton usalli.chi.i, dirninu- temperate and warm-ternperate sunrise on the 5th day we set off tive PegaeophEton scapi,florum, and bun-shaped Sandwort. The Yunnan pines specimens we collected had roots Lu Rongsen up to ten times as long as the stems. These roots and the specially-adapted leaves enabled the plants to survive in these in- clement surroundings. Gongga was barely visible through the haze. But soon a breeze swept aside the veil of mist and the splendid peak stood before us, pristine white and thrusting sword-like at the blue void above. The spectacle lasted but a moment, and billowing clouds gathered again to gird the mountain. Below the clouds were forests, brush, meadows and lifeless screes in orderly suc- cession; above, the spires of snow- clad peaks were magnificently set off against the sky.

QIU CIIEN antl LIU [,U are researchers at the Sichuan Bureau of Eiological Research under the Chinese Acaalemy of Sciences.

CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Mount Erlangshan on the eastern approaches of Mount Gongga. Saussurea"

.!N. S*' ; *.,

.,F

*. Gongba glacier on Mount Gongga.

Rest breal( during an cxpedition The Dadu River valley. On a clear day, we crossed the Next we carne to an oak woods. one took a potshot at them, and, 5,000-meter Mount Jichou to ar- The thick foliage blocked the unexpectedly, the report of the rive at Lake Wuxu. Situated high sunlight. Fallen leaves and gun startled a flock of Tibetan in the mountains amid thick branches rotted slowly on the cool eared pheasants. We also saw forests, its waters rippled clear ground, covering it so thickly as the droppings and footprints of and transparent over multi-co1or- to inhibit the growth of brush many other wild animals in the grass, ground mosses ed algae growing on the lake bot- and while forests. were forced root on tom. Interspersed among the to take the trunks of trees. In these woods The Yalong willo-ws and silvery-leaved com- , River we found stretches of delicate mon seabuckthorn on the lake star-leaved Circaeaste'r agratis, a Southward along the , banks and the dark-green spruces fairly primitive class in the evolu- as its bed cuts deeper into and firs further back were soft- tion of plants. Oaks, too, are a the terrain, the valleys become branched Chinese larches. In the carry-over from ancient plant life. narrower and their banks steeper. background, snow-capped moun- They used to be very widespread, ,A.s we negotiated the small paths tains rose into a clear blue,sky. but during the period on the wall-like precipices, the sky Quaternary overhead was We entered the spruce arid flr about two and a half miilion often but a slim blue threadl Deep chasms yawn- forest to walk among the close- years ago, the ancient Qinghai- ed at our feet. We came upon growing tree trunks, tall and Tibet plateau rose, causing the huge ancient Meditemanean different types of forests: mixed straight. Sun-io epiphytes hung coniferous and broadleaf forests from the branches like the white (Tethys) Sea .to retreat westward and dividing the oak family into of hemlotk, birch and maple; beards of old men. There was forests three parts. One part i6 now of Armand pine or Yun- little underbrush; underfoot lay nan pine; situated on the banks of today's and evergreen broadleaf a carpet of moss, som,etimes more Mediterranean, another on the forests of cinnamon, nanmu than 20 cm. thick, dotted here southern slopes the , Phoebe and Cyclobalanopsis of glaucoides. and there with blossoms of the and still another on the Hengduan purple Emerging Jiulong Bergenia. In a small area Range. This last is the most, de- from the we found no less than seven kinds veloped, with about ten different valley we came to the Yalong Its turbid waires thundered of spruce and fir, with. trunks specres. River. out of mountains engulf generally more than 80 cm. thick As we were working, a hail of the to and 40 meters high. We estimat- the clear waters of the Jiulong ripe acorns rattled down on our River ed that each hectare of forest heads, knocked down by a pair and rush on eastward with magnificent 61an. contained as much as 500 to 1,000 of flying squirrels each chasing Because dry cubic meters of timber. other among the branches. Sorne- of the warm, winds that prevail in the Yalong valley, rainfall is scant and con- ol Suruey Team centrated. Evaporation exceeds the yearly precipitation, resulting in a hot, arid climate. After the Jiulong River, we seemed to hqve come to a different world. No more forests clothed the riverbanks; instead, a few straggling Yunnan pines clung to their upper slopes, overlooking the stunted, drought- acclimatized shrubs and grasses below. There were thorny acacia and Osgri.s ui,ghtioima, fuzzy longleaf mullein, aromatic Yunnan pistache, common bluebeard and lemongrass, and fleshy-stemrned common pricklypear and ancients euphorbia all looking somewhat parched and- wilted. The only touch of color and freshness was provided by the occasional scarlet flow.ers of the common prickly- pear, a type of cactus. An in- teresting plant was the Selaginel- la pultsi,nata, whose leaves curl up in the dry season to avoid the blistering rays of the sun, and un-

JULY 1987 39 furl only to soak up the dew in by our day's trek, we rolled into with the same spruces and firs the early mornings; it has been our blankets and fell asleep at growing here as in the mountains called "the grass with nine lives". once. on the fringe of the Sichuan In like manner each plant here The next morning we awoke as Basin. It was very damp in the has developed its own means of cuckoos, crimson tragopans, and forest. Glossyleaf chinacane grew survival in the withering heat. a hundred other songsters trilled, fairly thickly, and the epiphytes With a broiling sun overhead, whistled or chirped outside our on the tree trunks were mostly of we continued downstream until tent. the moisture-loving species. Par- we came to a small village with Qingshiban is surrounded by ticularly striking among these a fruit-laden tree known as the mixed forests of evergreens and last was the Rhododend.ron den- oil tea eamellia. As we rested in deciduous broadleaf trees. Dark- ilrocharts with its bright red its strade, the owner told us that green evergreens such as tan oak, blossoms. Phoebe Picking our way through the it had been brought here 200 years cinnamon and nanmu were interspersed with J.ight green forest we soon came to the famous ago, and that it provided aII the deciduous broadleafs such as the Hailuogou glacier. The longest oil needed by the ten members of katsura tree and the tetracentron. modern glacier at Mount Gongga, his family. We were surprised Rose-red magnolia blossoms, its kilometer-wide tail comes that this tree, native to the low proudly erect on their branches, down into the forests at an hills on the lower Changjiang multicolored azaleas adorned altitude of around 3,000 meters. (Yangtze) River, had managed to and Inside. the Seen from where we stood, it survive here, 2,000 meters above the leafy canopy. forest, hoary trees towered up to looked like a silvery dragon, sea level. There were other fruit hide the sky with their heavy blindingly white in the sunlight. trees around the village peach, foliage, and the densely-growing There are not many glaciers in p1um, pear, walnut, and - tangerine, glossyleaf chinacane formed the world that descend to such a the prettiest being the pome- side almost impenetrable barriers be- Iow altitude and exist side by granates, with their young fruit forests, yet there are low. There were a profusion of with the festooning the branches and on Mount Gongga. epiphytes, parasitie plants, and several flame-red flowers nestling amidst survey showed that the lianas and vines. Actinidia, Chi- Our the green foliage. vegetation and plant types on the Franchetvine, magnoliavine, na eastern slope are more comPlex Wonders of Hailuo Ravine and Milletia twined up tree than on the western sloPe, due trunks and thrust their leaves and more In May, 1980 we began our to the warmer climate and tendrils above the forest canopy abundant water, and that a far survey of the eastern slope of for their share of the warm sun- Mount Gongga. Setting out from Iarger variety of ePiPhYtes, shine. One member of the lily parasites and vines grow in the , we drove through Ya'an family hung from the branches, forests. Perhaps the most salient and Tianquan counties to Mount 30-cm.-long leaves suspended its f eature was that most of the Erlangshan on the border of Lu- from stems so fine one could hard- plant species peculiar to southwest ding county. Here, the magnifi- ly see them without a magnifying China, such as the tetracentron cent sight of Gongga's main peak glass. Growing on the trunk of a and katsura tree, were found on once again greeted our eyes. tan oak two meters thick we saw the eastern slope. Following the twists and turns a whole range of epiphytic plant During our two surveys we col- of the mountain road, we soon forms, Iower or higher on the Iected nearly 2,000 Plant sPeci- reached the banks of the Dadu evolutionary scale. A sudden ex- mens and saw a good many River. Masses of peach and plum clamation from one of our col- strange natural phenomena. The blossoms graced the branches and leagues brought everyone cluster- reason f or the multiPlicitY of a warm breeze from the river ing around him. Pushing out plant species and the unusual valley caressed our faces. lrom the ground at his feet were combinations of different tYPes Through Hailuo Ravine a stream pink shoots of the Gastrodia of vegetation lay not onlY in the flows from Mount Gongga east- elata-a rare and much-sought- geological shifts and movements ward into the Dadu River. About after ingredient in Chinese herbal of the remote past, but also in the 20 to 30 meters wide, the stream medicine as well as Ki,ngdonta existence of mountains and rivers is studded with huge boulders uniflora, -a primitive plant with that served as convenient bridges among which the water foams little leaves like parasols. or passages f or the coming to- and eddies. The banks are lined Leaving Qingshiban behind, we gether of plantS from diverse re- with steep rocky cliffs, and the pushed forward along trails over- gions. The different tyPes of trails winding along them were grown with bamboo and, heart climate and terrain also favored tough going. At dusk we reached in mouth, crossed several flimsy their growth, differentiation and the place called Qingshiban where bamboo suspension bridges before proliferation. Ail these, however, we had decided to make camp, getting to the upper end of the are subjects that require further and night fell by the time we ravine. The forest here \Mas investigation and studY. and our finished our supper. Exhausted especially green and Iuxuriant, work is just beginning. tr

40 CIIINA R.ECONSTBUCTS GUANGDONG CHEMICALS

BAKETITE

HIGH ABRASION FURNACE CARBON BLACK: Averoge porricte sizet 27-35 mu. INTERMEDIATE SUPER ABRASION FURNACE CARBON BLACK: Averoge porticle sizet 22-26 mv. GENERAT PURPOSE FURNACE CARBON BLACK: Averose porticle size: 50-70 mu. FAsr EXTRUDING FURNAGE cARBoN BtAcK: Averose porricre sizer 3l -58 mu. CARBON LUMPS: I 5-40mm. ond 50- I 50mm. CALCIUM CARBONATE: 98o/ min. CHTORINATED PARAFFIN: 50 /o min. ETHYL ALCOHOL: 95 o/ min. IRON OXIDE BLACK: No.722 FerO, 95o/o min. IRON OXIDE BLACK: No. 721 FerOo 9So,( min. IRON OXIDE MAGNETIC: ToPe grode, FezOo, Coercivity (He) 300 Oersteds (Oe) min. LITHOPONE: 28130)( totol zinc content colculored os Zn8. LITHOPONE: 30 \ min. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATET 99o/ min. COTOR PROCESSING: Kit No. 1. COLOR PROCESSING: Kit No. 2. SODIUM HYDROSULFITE: 85ol' min. TITANIUM DIOXIDE: Enomel grode 98ol min. TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE: 99.5 o/o min.

CHINA NATIONAT CHEMICALS IMP. & EXP. CORP.

GUANGDONG BRANCH

6l Yon Jiong Rood (t ), CUINGZHCU, CHTNA

CABLE: "SINOCHEMIC" GUANGZHOU

TELEX: 44076 HAGON CN Hongkong Photogropher

Exhibits in Be ijing

WU YINXIAN

Jian Qingfu

I N exhibition by Hongkong pho- Jian's success lies in his use of "Red SaiI", and "The Tree Is fL lsgpapilsl Jian Qingfu held composition, color, light and shade. Watching", are pastoral scenes early this year in Beijing won high "Good Earth", for instance, shows rich in poetic charm and tran- praise for both his art and his skill. the beauty of a vast landscape quility. In "Fingers of the Dawn" It is not technically difficult to with rich and harmonious color the photographer cleverly uses take a good picture, given modern and careful composition. A few light, shade and color to heighten equipment, but technical accom- people standing far in the distance the atmosphere of early spring, as plishment is needed to express an are carefully arranged; the woman sunbeams through towering old artistic conception, and Jian Qing- with a water bucket walking away trees reveal the new leaves. fu clearly has both. makes the picture's color perfectly Jian's work reflects the beauty harmonious. pictures WU YINXIAN is a well-known photo- and vitality of life. His grapher and vice-chairman of the Pho- "Good Earth", along with "Fin- cover a wide range of subjects in- tographic Society of China, gers of the Dawn"o "Fairyland", cluding people, animals, and land- scapes; in all of them simple artis- tic form camouflages high technical skill. Jian presents ideas clearly in well-organized compositions, giving full play to the role of color either through striking contrast or complete harmony, At the exhibi- tion, Jian displayed his huge print of "Fairyland" ',\dth a 135 contact print attached at the corner. There had been no cropping; the com- position was all there in the negative. In his black and white Photos, Jian pays special attention to shade and lines, as in "Piscatorial Design", "Hunting", "Two Nuns", and "Water Palette". His animals and birds are particularly lifelike. It isn't easy to photograPh an ani- mal or bird in motion while main- taining good composition, but Jian does it weII, in such works as "Arabesque" and "Fighting Jian Qingfu's works on show. Bull'1. n

+2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The Tree ls Watching

FailylancJ Fighting Bull Workers' Liying $tandards in Tianiin LIU HONGFA

T]AS the stan

LIU HONGFA is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

JULY llisr 45 building in southwestern Tianjin. After we had talked for some money on food or clothing?" I The other room of the flat belongs time, Wang Xiujun excusd herself, asked. "On food," Wang Xiujun to another family. She and her saying it was the time for her to replied. "We don't care much neighbor have separate kitchens, go to the food market. I invited about clothing," she smiled, "as but share a toilet. myself along, to check the prices you can see from what we're wear- When we arrived, Wang Xiu- in the market. The market was ing," "But,", her husband interruPt- jun's daughter was playing a toy not far from her home. A board on ed, "she's a good tailor. She makes piano. The bright and pretty girl the wall listed some prices: pork all the child's clothes. Look, they're yuan per 2 quite nice, aren't they?" had been in a kindergarten for a at 2.4 kilogram, beef yuan, 2.4 consisted six dishes, while. Although there was no yuan, mutton 2 eggs Lunch of yuan, croakers and butterfish 1.8 plus wine. They said that most tuition-a government incentive yuan, rape 0.28 yuan, celerY 0.4 days they have three dishes, but for families having only one child yuan and Chinese cabbage 0.72 on Sundays they often have six or the kindergarten was far from - yuan. Wang Xiujun bought a fuJ.I more. When there are guests, theY their home, so Wang Xiujun had basket of vegetab}es, meat, fish may have as many as a dozen recently asked the child's two and eggs, and a piece ot dishes. Song Maoting likes wine, grandmothers, both living nearby, chocolate for her daughter. She so there's always some in the to look after the girl in turns. She invited us home for lunch. house. pays about 15 yuan a month for Wang Xiujun and her husband Their f urniture seeme'd quite the child's foo'd. On Saturday prepared the meal together. I stood new, so I asked whether it had afternoon she takes her home for by their side, watching them work- been bought recently.' TheY told the weekend. ing. "Do you spend most of your me they bought the wardrobe, the

(100 yuan, at this writing, equals US$ 62.31, UKE 27.64 or HK$ 325.54)

WeII-off family Low-income Family Wang Shufang's+ Jin Wenjiang'sl

Family members 4 4 Working members 4 2 1 Total net family income** 3252.00 160S.00 1093.50 Monthly per-capita 67.75 44.69 22.78 Total expenditures 331?.00 1560.50 1082.50 Total food expenses 1750.00 831.00 722.00 Staple foods 375.00 128.00 267.00 Non-staple foods 925.00 445.00 321.00 Other grocery items 450.00 258.00 134.00 (cakes, cigarettes, wine, etc.) Total clothing 946.00 282.00 184.00 Si1k, wool and fur garments 667.00 86.00 14.00 Daily necessities 176.00 2t4.00 27.00 Books and entertainment 157.00 26.00 39.00 FueI and other articles 119.00 69.00 65.00 Rent 67.00 32.00 (private house) Living space 23 mP 14.5 m2 11 m2 Water and eLectricity 34.00 24.00 10.00 Transportation 6.00 36.00 26.00 Repairs 12.00 13.00 7.00 Medical expense*x* 2.00 2.50 1.50 Educaiion and recreation 48.00 31.00 1.00 Savings Dec. 31, 1980 219.00**{.* 416.00**{.*s 11.00

+Refers to Wang Shulang's mother's living outside the household and money ****Trhe family's expenditure for the household. Wang Shufang now lives spent on gifts. year was 65 yuan more than its income. with her huskrand and father-in-Iaw. ***Medical treatment is free; this ex- Savings at Dec. 31, 1979, were 75 yuan. **Includes wages, supplementary pense covers registration fees and +****Inclucles 1979 savings of 155 yuan. wages, subsidies and bonuses, after ceitairl items, Iike dentures, not payments for support of oId people provided by state-paid medicine.

,I5 CHINA BECShISTXIUCTS chest of drawers and the two easy chairs not long ago, but Song Mao- ting made the round table himself. ! The family planned to. go to a park that afternoon and see a film ln the evening. Head of Household

Well-off Family Wang Shufang Wang Xiujun Jin Wenjiang The next day, we visited the home of a department-store clerk, Bicycles 4 0 (home-m Wang Shufang. Her husband, He Sewing machines 1 1 0 ffeiqun, also works at the store. Wrist watches , .) 1 Shufang is a third-grade worker Radios 2 1 1 (home-made) 6nd her husband a second-grade TV sets 1 1 0 'ivork are not high, Phonographs 1 0 0 but and bonus-es. Tape recorders 1 0 0 their sehold income Electric fans 1 0 0 is 6?.75 yuan, They were married Easy chairs (pairs) I 1 0 in the fall of 19?9 and have no qhi.).dren as yet. He Weiqun,s father, a retired worker, lives with them" fang's father is in his late fifties, mittee. "I'm lucky i{ I get ten He receives a pension of 60 yuan, and her sister too works, so with days' work and barn 10 yuan a 75 percent oi his original wage, the mother's retirement pay, the month," she said, every month, So the family can family has three incomes, and is of A little while later, their two be considered one of the city,s well- course well-off. children, a boy and a gir1, came off households. I asked the father how their life home from school. Both are Young . Wang Shufang's family lives on is today, whether it has been irn- Pioneers, and wore bright red the first floor of a two-story build- proved and if so, in what reSpects, scar\res around their necks. They ing in southwestern Tianjin. When In 1977, by the time both hi.s chil- were clean and neat, though their we arrived, the young couple and ctren had jobs, he said, their life clothes were old and becoming out- fle Weiqun's father were all at began to show improvement. In grown. Before iong Jin Wenjiang home. Their two rooms were neat the past four years, they've bought also came home. Inciuding myself End well arranged. The furniture, a TV set, a tape recorder, a phono- and a Chtna Reconstructs photo- the TV set and the sewing machine graph, four bicycles, two good- grapher, there were six people in were nelv, as the young couple had quality wrist watches, and an elec- this ll-square-meter room. It was been married less than tw.o years. tric fan. Now they plan to buy a really too small. There were stains Wang Shufang told me her hus- washing machine. on the wall, where rain had leaked band had made the furniture with Shufang's mother added that in. "Why don't you get your room itre tretp of some comrades from they'd had quite a lot of new repaired?" I asked. "It's our owri the store. Her mother had given clothes made recently. Aside from house," Jin said. "I can't afford her 1,000 yuan worth of weJding those she had prepared for - to repair it." presents, so they spent only 400 fang's wed'ding, the family had Jin Wenjiang earns 81 yuan per yuan to set up housekeeping. bought four overcoats, four pairs month. With his wife's earnings, . they had bought of leather shoes and several wooien their total monthly income is o he day before, I sweaters and some knitting wool. around 91 yuan, only enough to year yuan ? plans for future Last they spent 900 on feed the four of them. In emer- purchases. "Now we are getting clothes. gencies, they can apply for a sub- prepared to have a child,,, He Wei_ sidy from Jin's work unit, which qun Low-income Families said. "Then I want to buy a is usually forthcoming. The as- tape recorder, but Shufang wants a Families with more dependent sistance comes from the plant's washing machine. She says it will old and young people find their welfare fund. relieve her from household chores. budgets a bit tight. Jin Wenjiang's Jin said that since 1977 he has Maybe her wish is more rea_ family is one of these. He's a bench been promoted twice; with bo- .sonable". worker at the Tianjin No. 4 Build- nuses and subsidies, he now earns With the couple, I went to the ing Construction Company. 30 yuan a month more than he did home of Wang Shufang,s mother. When we entered his room, his before. But with four mouths to father and younger sister. Their wife was sitting on the bed weav- feed, it's still not much. The rising flat is on the fir:st floor, and has ing material for covering electric cost of some items, especially two bedrooms, a kitchen and a wire on an old-fashioned spinning vegetables, threatens to push his foilet. They had a 14-inch black wheel. She doesn't have a regular familyls consumption down, and hnd white TV set, a tape recorder job, and so does temporary work what he hopes for most is that the gnd a phonograph. Wang Shu_ assigned by the neighborhood com- government will stabilize prices.E

JULY T98T 47 e

the Shanghai Oil Pipe FactorY - its twenty-six blind musicians played with great enthusiasm and liveliness. Backstage, erhu player Zou Rongquan said, "This is our festival, the first one bY blind and deaf-mute people in thirtY years. The audience was terrific! It explains one thing: We can perform like normal persons and are getting as much care and con- cern as anybody." This was a reflection of how all the Perform- ers felt. In the Shanghai Oit PiPe Factory, specially set uP bY the Shanghai Civil Administration 800 workers Pipe Factory. Bureau, half of the Blind People's Traditional Instrument Orchestra of the Shanghai Oil are blind or deaf-mute, the sightless in the majoritY. There are 14 such factories in Shanghai. The blind orchestra of the factorY was organized in 1965 but stoP- ped functioning during the frctive [i$e ffsr & e llamdicaPPed n'cultural revolution" and could not resume its activities until TAN AIQTNG 1977. Zou Rongquan said, "Music plays a very important role in the life of the blind. We love to listen to music and PIaY instru- ments. At the school for blind children, we had lessons and were taught to read scores in Braille and play one or two in- struments. Nearly everyone of us has a tape recor.der and re- cords from radio broadcasts." The members of the orchestra not only perform but also com- pose. "Festival Waltz" is one of their creations. "Our music," Zou said, "haS not onlY enriched our life but brought good to so- ciety;" The group has Performed for TV, factories and communes. Last year they put on their own composition, "New Life of the Blind", for students in a reform The audierce was thrilled, school in Shanghai. Their concert deeply touched the audience. ,TlO commemorate thc rnterna- shorv. It attracted a big audience, I tional Year of Drsabled Per- with people even standing in the rFHE ORCHESTRA'S yangqin sons, Shanghai held a three-day aisies. One of the two annou.ncers I player is Yang Dianyu, a 33- theatrical festival iast March in introduced each item with sign year-old gas welder who lost her which the performers were all language" sight because of glaucoma. Her blind or deaf-mute. Out of dozens The first number on the Pro- of items. sixteen had been gram was a piece by the tradi- TAN AIQING is a Siaff reporter for ch

48 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS baby was oniy three months old became their accompaniment. The when the festival was held. This four dancers had three months of didn't stop her. She took along dance lessons, two hours twice a the baby's food and carried the ',veek. Unfamiliar with sign child to the theater with her. language, Kong demonstrate.s and Twenty-five-year-old accordion uses direct teaching methods. player Dong Dalin is a worker in Their three months of hard train- the Shanghai Aluminium Rivet Factory. ing resulted in a much-applauded He came second in an performance- accordion contest last August in the Jin An district. The Beijing opera, "At the Crossroads", perf Dong got glaucoma in 1970 was ormed by when he was 15 and in middle four: rvorkers of the Dong Hai school. But that was during the l/Iachinery Plant. Sun Genhua, "cultural revolution" and good who ptrayed the waiter, graduated doctors had been branded "reac- from the Shanghai Deaf-mute tionary academic authorities" and School. He developed an in- expelled from the hospitais. terest in the acrobatic movements Without appropriate treatment, of Beijing opera after he came to Dong lost his sight. In despair, the factory. IIi.s entire f amily he never left his home for three came to .see his performance. His years except for medical treat- wi.fe is also a deaf-mute and ment. Later, with the help of u.orks in the same f actorv. At Dalin, accordion player. the Jin An administration, he got Dong a job at the aluminium rivet factory and life once more be- came full of hope. He developed love of art, triumphing over their new interests, among them the ac- physical defici.encies. cordion. The Xinhua Bookstore and Shanghai Music Bookstore A N amazing item rx,'as Part ol helped him get books on har- fI ttre Spanish dancc' Irom mony, theory and piano scorcs. "Swan Lake" performed by two The literature and art section of couples. Their movements were the radio and television station in exact and poetic, typical of the Beijing made accordion record- passion of the dance. Using the accompany dance ings for him and .sent him the drum to the drummer, tapes. He practiced hard for two was unusual. The Kong Lingzhang, is a teacher at years with the help of his father the Shanghai Dance School and a and became outstanding an dance He noted that ai- player. director. though the dancers couid not Introducing another young man. hear the music, they could feel Dong said, "This is Zheng Cisheng the vibration of the drum, which from my factory. He goes with me every time I perform." Ztleng, on his part, said with obvious Spanish dance performed by deaf admiration, "It's very unusual for dancers, vibrations are their guide, a blind person to play as well as he does. His persistence moved me greatly." Zheng always helps 'At &he Crossroads', acrobatic scene from him to rncunt and descend the an opera perforrned by deaf-mutes from stage, carrying his accordion. {he Dong Hai Machinery Factory. The handicapped performers Photos bg Zhong. Xiangdong offerc:l such difficult items as the Uygu; dance, "Picking' Grapes"; ihe festival she helped backstage, part of the solo dance in "Silk iooking after props'and costumes. Road"; "Shoe Polishing" and the Through si.gn ianguage she said, Beijing opera, "At the Cross- "The festival has won credit for roads'!. There is room for im- the deaf-rnutes and blind. Every- provement in their performance, one is interested. IVIany members but what strikes and inspires peo- of our Iamilies helped backstage ple is their indomitable spirit and for the performance." n

JUT.Y 1981 49 A grand sports and deaf-mutes w -fl" Bsi;ing 116rn end of May. Co were held in Chin nis, trasketball and $ports tleet fie.td events for 746 participants from schools, factories and other units. Ior Blind and lleal-frlutes Btind players among the.119 participants in the chess matches cailed out their moves retaining in their minds the positions of all the pieces by amazing- feats of memory while the referees in Beijing did the actual shifting of the pieces. Eighteen- deaf-mute teams, five of them women's, took part in the basketball cornpetition. Track and field events included running, discus throwing, softball and broad jump. For blind athletes there were tug-of-war, rope skipping, 60-meter dash and broad jump from a standing position. The sports meet created such interest among the handicapped that two deaf-mute workers from outside Beijing came 50 kilrrmeters by train to enter their names for the table-tennis match. There were 66 participants from the Beijing Woolen Piece- goods Factory. The 600 workers there, half of them deaf-mutes, have bheir own long-distance running, basketball and table-tennis teams, and a nearby lake provides them with swimming in sum- mer and skating in winter. They do setting-up exepcises or taiji qzan, (shadorv boxing) before work in the mornings. Last year this factory was cited as an advanced unit for physical training. E Chess match. with blind players call- ing out their moves. The player with his hand on a piece is winner of the meet Shao Zuofu. Gu Dehua

_;\4- i 2,Br"' ffifiRl .rHTS \J -,/

aq IOEAL COATINGS OF EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO SEA_WATER. MARINE ATMOSPHERE, ABRASIOiI AND WATER

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50 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The Ancient Port of Amhai

TIUANG ]I{EIV'U

1r" P:

The rooftops of Anhai,

D)EOPLE from Anhai in Jinjiang, Stretching for 2.5 kilometers (or survived. Such is the fame of this I Fujian province, began going 5 Ii: it's also called Five-li Bridge), temple that there are about 100 abroad as merchants since the the longest span of its time, An- temples named after it in Taiwan Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1271- ping Bridge was begun in 1138 province, rnodeled on the original 1368) dynasties. The'town's two A.D. and finished in 14 years. It in Anhai. most famous historicai sites, the is a stone bridge with 326 pylons, and is paved with slabs about ten remarkably long Anping Bridge New Streetu '' and Longshan Temple, have meters long" It has fallen and witnessed many changes these been rebuilt many times; a dozen Walking about the streets of of past 1,000 years. stone tabLets record the story Anhai, you will find that although its resiorations. More recently, it is no longer an important har- the waterway silted up and the bor (the channels can accornmo- Anping Bridge; Longshan Temple bridge over the sea became a date only ships up to 100 tons), it is bridge over the land. It is now still an important commercial Situated at the top of Weitou one of three historic sites in Fu- center. In the town row upon jian province under special govern- Bay, 30 kilometers from the maior row of shops maintain the tradi- ment protection. foreign trade port tion. The famous White Torn'er of , In the northwest corner of An- Anhai's Anping Harbor served in still stands at Anhai's west end. hai stands the Longshan Temple, If you could get to the top of ancient times as one of the princi- which contains a Guanyin (Bud- pal mercantile centers and satel- the White Tower, you would see dhist goddess of mercy) with one that new Anhai is being built. lites harbor. a of the Quanzhou thousand hands. A tablet there Streets stretch eastward. New Chronicles record no farming in informs visitors that the temple factories, department stores and Anhai; its people harre lived by was renovated in the Sui dynasty public buildings have been put up. commerce for generations. .Sepa- (581-618); and a poem refers to Flanking Bahai Street from north rated from Shuitou in Nan'an the beginning of cdnstruction un- to south are newly-built three- or county by Weitou Bay, Anhai was der the Eastern Han (25 -220) and four-story apartment buildings. dependent on water-transport, rebuilding under the Southern Though not as high as some build- but boats were frequently capsized dynasties (420-589). Over the ings in the big cities, compared in storms, and so the Anping years Anhai and the temple were with the older part of town theY Bridge was built. Iooted several times, but both have look quite imposing. An east- JULY 1981 5l rated and embroidered woolen and invited technicians from Xia- sweaters, and woven and Painted men (Amoy) to help prePare a shoe uppers, and assembles radio- master plan f or the town's re- tape recorders that are marketed construction. Inns, a Photo studio, in Hongkong and abroad. a co-op, and a hardware store, Convenient water and Iand started a few years ago, have now transportation makes Anhai a been completed. A new overseas distribution center for agticultural Chinese department store, a reg- sideline products and Produced ular departrnent store, a shoP nearby viJ.lages. APart from by and state-owned commerce, there are selling candy, cigarettes post an agri- about 800 peddlers, most of whom wines, a office, and bank are under construc- went into business in the Past two cultural Preparation has been started years. Some 10,000 Peasants sell tion. their surplus in Anhai. for a waterworks" The Anhai Hospital. Anhai also has dePartment The program includes the reno- store for returned overseas Chi- vation of Longshan Temple and all nese, a commission shoP for'sur- Anping Bridge. Like temples plus goods sent to residents by re1- over the country, Longshan Tem- west road is under construction ple was desecrated during the linking up new factories and en- atives abroad, and an office han- "cultural revolution". Restoration Overseas Chinese and dling orders f or imPorted mer- terprises. begun Hongkong and Macao compatriots chandise paid for in Hongkong. and renovation have "Buddha's who return to Anhai will quickly Anhai is also making Progress already. Four new 'Warriors" have been sculpted and see the difference in their old in culture, education' and Public home town. Thirty years ago, health. The Yangzheng Middle two nuns who were driven awaY there was little industry; today School has since the 1920s trained during the "cultural revolution" the former graveyard at the foot students who are now working all have been called back. In a verY of Houku Hill, east of the town, over the country and throughout short tirne Longshan will be re- has been turned into an industrial Southeast Asia. The school now stored to its former appearance. area with machinerY, metallurgY, enrols a record 2,000 students. The The government has allocated a electronics, plastics, textiles, iron- newly-built Anhai Middle School special fund for the AnPing ware, leather goods, printing, has 400 students. Anhai Central Bridge. So far, the pylons and factories. handicrafts, and other Primary School is among the best slabs have been repaired and the Anhai has Over the centuries in China, and one of the "keY" bridge pavilions repainted. There been known abroad mostly for its 1.5-m€ter- schools Fujian are plans to dredge a TodaY, Anhai's for Province' bridge and temple. cultural palace, a ball court, deep channel on either side of the manufactures are marketed both A a cineraa and a theater have been bridge so it will once more appear at home 'and abroad. Products of built in the town. to cross a body of water, and to the Diese1 Engine Plant are sold In the past there were only a build a new highway from Anhai Southeast Asia; pumPs made in few doctors, making it verY dif- to Shuitou to reduce the traffic by the Water Turbine PumP on the bridge. A sluice gate will be ficult for ordinary PeoPIe to get Factory enjoy high prestige on the f or treatment. In 1957, Anhai HosPi- built west of the bridge world market; Cock brand mos- irrigation. tr quito-repellent incense is mar- tal was established, with funds raised from overseas Chinese at keted in 30 countries. The No. 1 them, Arts and Crafts FactorY is famous the suggestion of one of Miss Nie Duanyi, who had come fhe 1,?00-year-old Longshan Temple' for its pearl-embroidered slippers Pltotos bg Yang Xiangrian the well- (400,000 pairs a year), which sell back to China. Now well both in Western EuroPe and equipped hospital has dePart- medicine, in Southeast Asia. In .1979, Arts ments of internal gynaecologY, 150 and Crafts No. t huilt a new work- surgery, and traditional shop with equipment provided bY docto,s of Western and 200 beds. businessmen in Hongkong to knit Chinese medicine, and woolen sweaters with suPPlied Nie Duanyi, now over 80 Years material; monthly output is 57,600 old, also raised 300,000 Yuan from items. former Anhai residents for medi- In recent years, Anhai has con- cal research building. tracted with many foreign mer- In 1980, the Anhai municiPal chants. In addition to machine- government organized a citY knit clothi.ng it also Produces planning office, which solicited hand-knit garments, pearl-deco- opinions from the general Public

52 fhe Anping Bridse. huilf ip the Song dvnast_v. lnspecting diesel engines. Knitting workshop of the Art Handicraft Factory N o. 1. Woolen sweaters are being made for foreign companies with supplied materials.

)'1 7j

a- li!tilt l!?'

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Workers at the Anhai Bamboo and Wood Handicraft Factory weave practical articles with bamboo. Pltoto; br fan.q .Yittrtgriutt

Wang JimEE ? &&em eyfuffiffiffi Em$ I,IANG SHUTANG ANd AN RUZENG

fr OMMUTERS on the train from \-r the city of Harbin to Acheng oounty, in northeastern Heilong- jiang province often see an elderly man in peasant dress among the passengers. Few would guess that he is professor Wang Jinling, vice- president of the Northeast Institute of Agronomy, and that he goes to Acheng to inspect the work of 20 or more research stations in the county's communes. Sixty-four years old now, Professor Wang has since 1940 cultivated more than 30 soyhean strains, published two monographs and 37 studies on soybean farming and helped train many scientific and technical personnel, He is known as the Soybean King. Prof. Wang Jinling (second right) and researchers at the Northeast Institute of Agronomy hantlpick Rugged Path early-maturing soybean shoots. Liu XiangAang

Born in the city of Xuzhou in soybeans. With the help of Prof. one named Preliminary Studg on the eastern province of , Wang Shou, head of the agriculture tlw Distribution of Soybean-Grow- Wang Jinling graduated from the department and a noted scientist, ing Areas in Ch,i,na. department of agriculture at Jin- he completed his graduation thesis However his hopes then were ling University in Nanjing (Nan- entitled Soybean Classificati:on. little more than castles in the air. king) in 1940. As a child he had After graduation he stayed on at In the years before liberation the loved plants and animals, and the university as an assistant authorities did not take his when, at the university, he read lecturer under Prof. Wang Shou. achievements seriously or fuy about China being the home of the In addition to his regular work to popularize them. In fact, soybean and how useful the plant he was invited to do practical they paid no attention to was, he decided to devote his life research at an agricultural breed- agriculture, let alone soybean to soybean research. This prompted ing and dissemination station in research. Al1 the central ex- him to switch from industrial Wugong county, Shaanxi province perimental station possessed was chemistry, his original subject, to and at the Shaanxi stati.on of the a plot of semi-arid land and a agriculture. Central Institute of Experimerrtal couple of pottery jars. The seeds Jinling University had to move Agriculture. He also wrote a he and his colleagues spent so to Chengdu in Sichuan province number of dissertations, including much time and energy cultivating after the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. In those years Bumper harvest of soybeans at Farm No. 852, Ileilongjiang province. Wang witnessed the Chinese pee Xinhua ple's sufferings; he saw his country trampled on by foreign powers. He concluded that China's salvation depended on modern science, and from then on his resear'ch was ',$f linked in his mind his F 'country's with destiny. As a student, he collected about 600 varieties of

LIANG SEUTANG is a reporter for the Xlnhua News Agency branch office in Heilongjiang province, AN RUZENG works in the publicity rlepartment in the Northeast Institute of Agronomy.

JULY T98T norther-nmost part of China has Ghinese Staple Foods only 90 frost-free days. Among the new soybean strains Prof. rftHE staple foods of the Chinese of corn flour, sesame seed cake, Wang and his assistants have bred I people diffcr from region to steamed bread, soybean milk, are some that need only 85 days regron. deep-fried cake or twisted dough to mature. Up to this writing they Rice, including glutinous rice, is sticks. Today, for convenience, have cultivated more than 30 good grown on one-third of China's many workers are eating ready- varieties of soybeans, seven of arable land. mainly in the Chang- made bread for breakfast. Wheat- which have been widely popu- jiang (Yangtze) and Zhujiang based foods for lunch and supper larized within and outside the (Pearl) river valleys, two or three include steamed bread, rolls, provrnce. crotrx a year. Wheat, including noodles, steamed dumplings, flat winter and spring wheat, is grown steamed cakes, and steamed corn- New Heights on one-fifth of the arable land in meal cone. Jiaozi stuffed with Wang Jinling has in recent years most provinces, but mainly in the meat and vegetables is popular research the lower part of the Huanghe (Yellow with both city and country people done further into evolution, River) and in north China. Other on Sundays and holidays. On New basic theories of the heredity food grains include millet, maize, Year's eve. members of a family classification, ecotype, and selection for hybridization of barley, and sorghum. Maize grows may stay up until midnight soybeans, has written a good in every part of China, mil,let and making and eating jiaozt., a symbol and many papers monograph sorghum mainly in north China. of family reunion and good luck and a Euolutr,on" and, Seed.-Selection of Rice is the Staple of southerners. for the future. the Soybean. Some these have In the countryside, most people Staple foods of the national of printed U.S. publica- have rice gruel for breakfast, but minorities are somewhat different. been in the Prof. in the big cities southerners count On the grasslands, Mongolian and tion Soybean Genettcs. Wang's achievements have won about 300 dishes as breakfast foods, Kazak herdsmen have not only such as huntun (known as tuonton baked buns wheat flour, but him a National Scientific Con- of ference award and several first abroad), deep-fried sweet cakes, also eat large quantities of, mutton, prizes for research results from the and so Southerners cook a products. The on. beef and dairy provincial government. great variety of rice dishes, such staple of the Uygurs in Xinjiang is The thousands of students Prof. as a New Year cake made of rice narug bread, a kind of crusty pan- Wang has taught over the past 30 flour, rice noodles, glutinous rice cake made of wheat flour, On yeani found almost zongzi wrapped in bamboo leaves, special ociasions or festival.s, rice are tq be in every agricultural research facility and sweet stuffed dumplings made steamed.with a oil is scooped little in Heilongjiang province. Many of of glutinous rice flour. up and eaten with the fingers. In them havei done outstanding work. For northerners, wheat and the Tibetan highlands, zanba is the Zhenyong, as- ground maize are more common main food roasted qingke barley For example, Li sistant researcher at the Academy than rice. Breakfast for city flour kneaded- with buttered tea or of Agricultural Science of North- dwellers may be noodles, a gruel water. tr east China has bred a strain of corn called Heiyu No. 46 which is were eaten by rats for lack of element at last. He and his well-known throughout the region. proper storage facilities. colleagues never stopped experi- Another of his students, associate professor Meng North- menting except during the ten Qingxi of Broad Vistas calamitous years of the "cultural east Institute of Agronomy is vice-head soybean re- revolution". now of the In the autumn of 1948 Wang search group at that institute. At 1950s, line the Jinling went to Harbin, the first In the in with the moment Prof. Wang Jinling needs of agricultural mechaniza- big city in Northeast China to be is personally directing the work of tion, they developed the Dongnong liberated bJ, the people's armies. two research- fellows. No. 1 and No. 4 Strains which are Here he became one of the first Wang Jinling's contributions to sturdy and disease-resistant and teachers at the Northeast China science have brought him merit can be harvested by machine. In Institute of Agronomy in Heilong- and renown. He is a delegate to the 1960s they cultivated Dong- jiang province, an important the National People's Congress, soybean-growing area. Though the nong No. 3513 suitable for in- member of the National Agricul- Liberation War was going on and tercropping and interplanting with tural Institute and president of the times were difficult, the people's wheat; and in the 1970s, Dongnong Heilongjiang Province Scientific government found him assistants No. 806 and No. 34 yielding as and Technical Association. Last and allocated funds for necessary much as 4,500 kg. per hectare. year he was cited as a national equipment. It also marked off Noteworthy were their efforts to model worker. Since late 1979 he five hectares of good farmland to extend the soybean-growing area has been a vice-governor of set up a center for -experimental northward. The region of the Heilongjiang province. In spite of planting. Wang had come into his Greater Hinggan Mountains in the his many public duties, however,

5B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS he has never let up on his soybean studies. He also finds time for hobbies ball games, singing, dancing -and bike riding. A strong swimmer, he often swims as much as 15 kilometers in the Songhua- The Soybean jiang River. He also raises birds, larks in particular. and some Prof . lVang is quick to point out the help his wife Sheng Qixin has given him in his efforts. A former of lts Uses English teacher, now retired, she assists him by copying his articles and looking up and translating rnaterial and data in foreign Soybean products at the Chongwen publications" have achieved Market, Beiiing. Zhang Ji'ngde "If I China, the Prof Wang ARIGINATING in anything," says . Lf sovbean has been cultivated Jinling, "part of the credit belongs there more than 4,000 years. It the soYbean is so to my wife." D flr Another reason is called shu in the Chinese clas- popuiar is its versatilitY. An sics, and is said to have been used estimated 110 different food prod- Chinese Cookery in sacrificial offerings before people ucts are made from it, including Iearned how to eat it. Around the Bean Uermicelli with llressing such staples as soy flour, soYsauce, first century A.D., soybean cultiva- bean milk, bean curd and bean (Liang Ban Fen Si) tion spread to the Western Regions sprouts. as today's Xinjiang Uygur is 150 grams bean vermicelli - The invention of bean curd 50 grams (about 1 oz.) cooked Autonomous Region and the lands credited to Liu An, Duke of pork west of it were then called - and Huainan (179-122 B.C.) in the 50 grams cooked chicken from there to Europe. The wild- Comytendium of Materta Medr.ca 50 grams ham growing ancestor of the soybean, written by the famous Ming 25 grams (11,/: teaspoons) dried sti1l to be found in China, is dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen shrimps (soaked and chopped) treasured by botanists. (1518-1593). Liu An was an alche- 3 spinach hearts China's northeast is her main mist who tried to make PiIIs of 2 eggs soybean-producing area. Beans immortality, and studied the 3 tablespoons soy sauce grown on its black calcium-rich properties of plant and animal 3 teaspoons vinegar soil. are large, full-bodied and high substances. To this daY, PeoPle 1 teaspoon salt in protein and oil content. Other Iiving in Huainan the area south % teaspoon taste powder important soybean areas are the of the Huaihe River- in Anhui 1 teaspoon sesame oil valleys of the Huanghe (Ye1low) province, still make excellent bean 25 grams dried jellyfish, soaked and Changjiang (Yangtze) rivers. curd. (optional) China was once one of the Most of the manY different kinds producers, Cut vermicelli into 15 cm. lengths world's largest soybean todaY are made with of bean curd eaten and boil until soft, then rinse in and soybeans used to rank in two steps. First the beans are cold water and drain. Mix with silk and tea as a major export. soaked wet-ground. Then area and output and chopped shrimps and arrange But both crop "milk", is seParated and '70s due the liquid, or around the edge of a plate. decreased in the 1960s and grain production from the bean residue Cut spinach into 5 cm. lengths to expansion of with bittern to jelly-like and for reasons. The situa- thickened and place in boiling water for one other this, in the second tion has improved in the past consistency. To minute. Beat eggs, heat flat- step, salt, vegetable oil and a bottomed skillet and fry into thin three years following government measures to encourage increased variety of condiments are added. "pancakes." Cut into strips % cm. The mixture is dried. theh diced, wide and 7 cm. long. soybean cultivation in areas suitable for this crop. shredded or cut into different Cut ham, chicken, pork and jel- shapes and then deep fried, smoked lyfish into strips % cm. thick and The soybean is a favorite food among the Chinese. It is hightY or fermented. Last Year, over 4 cm. long. Place iriles of these nourishing as it contains 40 percent 50,000 kg. of these PreParations ingredients and spinach and egg were marketed in Beijing everY arrangement protein, 20 percent fat, vitamins A, strips in an attractive day. in the center of the plate. B, D and E and such minerals as -Mix phosphorus iron. New products made from together soy sauce, vinegar, calcium, and very cholesterol, soybeans include such PoPular sdlt, sesame oil and taste powder Since it has little good people children's foods, milk and pour oVer vermicelli just be- it is a food for with items as pressure, arterioscle- powder substitutes, condensed fore serving. Serves six. high btood rosis and heart trouble. bean milk and margarine. tr

JULY 1987 59 fi Liheral firts Gollege Foumded hy the People

SHEN ZHIPING

,:*;

Shen Zhiping teaches-a class. Classes are always held in the evenings.

"followers". With great excite- ment he told me that he had found a "campus" for our college. Han Jianping, a model teacher at An- shan Middle School in Shanghai, supported by Zhou Xianda and Xu Hongyuan, both leaders of the middle school, had arranged for us to use a classroom as our tempo- had taught Chinese language in ' rf even any time, for we all had our rary quarters. We sat down at primary school, middle school own jobs. Was it a foolish dream once and worked out "Regulations and college. Like many other to try to bring below-academic- for Admission to the Shanghai liberal arts teachers, I was not sat- standards people up to regular Li.beral Arts Co1lege". It described isfied with my work nor the way college graduate level in four clearly the purpose we had in mind Iiberal arts subjects are taught in years of spare time? Because we and the curriculum offered. the schools. And I was not alone. had found our own answers in For a week we went around At a time when many unreason- individual study and mutual help, Shanghai putting up 500 notices in able structures in all fields were we believed that we could unlock the ten districts. On November being reformed, a group of us de- the potential of students and gth, 1980, from 7 o'clock in the cided to ourselves establish and succeed. morning until 10 o'clock at night, run an experimental college of a Fang Nengda, who had the in- we handled 570 applicants so new kind along lines we had long itial idea for the college, was a good busy that we didn't have time- for had in mind. It would give many- example of this. He had studied a supper. The applicants included sided training that would make great deal by himsetf.when he was teenagers and people in their 60s. every graduate competent to work in middle school. He hadn't gone With the exception of a few unem- irr writing, translation, teaching or to college but through a decade of ployed young people, most of them foreign,trade. The four-year cur- personal effort he learned to read were teachers, factory and office riculum would be a broad one, in twenty languages. He had a workers. Some of t^hem came from covering both the liberal arts and wide knowledge of liberal arts and technical schools and even univer- scrence. the natural sciences..''' He had been sities. We were moved and inspir- a translator and an assistant engi- ed by their trust in us and their First Step neer. Now he was a graduate eagerness to learn. But our con- linguistics student at the Shanghai ditions were limited and we could How to start? We had no school Foreign Languages Institute. Today only'admit a few. When we gently building, no money, no books not - he is a member of the Society of turned down those whose levels Languages and the Computer Lin- were too low, some of them burst SHEN ZIIIPING is a teacher at Shang- guistics Institute. hai Jiangpu Middle School. He is one into tears. Did they regret the of the founders of the Shanghai In November last year,, Fang loss of their youthful years and of General Liberal Arts College, came to my home with one of his educatiorral opportunities in the

60 CIIINA EECONSTRUCTS ten years of "cultural revolution,,? a veteran educator and member of and enthusiastic. Fang Nengda Facing such eager applicants made Shanghai's Institute of Culture and and his wife Chen Beiquan, a us realize all the more the impor- History, accepted. the honorary teacher, often worked until the tance of our coilege. presidency of the college. Wu early hours of the morning, their After a written examination on Zongji, researcher of the Linguistic baby sleeping on a small desk in November 16, we spent five eve- Institute of the Chinese Acaderny the room with them. nings and a Sunday giving oral ex- of Sciences, and Ma Maoyuan, a , Of course, we also got the cold aminations to the 120 we had cho- professor at the Shanghai Teach- shoulder from some bureaucrats sen. This gave us some insight ers' College, became our academic because the unorthodox way our into our future students. One of advisors. Zheng Baoqi, deputy college was founded had no pre- these was Yang Zhongquan, a BT- head of Chinese History Teaching cedent. But after seven months of year-old. school teacher whose and Research Section in the De- teaching wd are optimistic. We re- perents lived in Hongkong, the partment of History at the Shang- ceive letters from all sides asking father a senior officer in a big hai Teachers' College, carne per- for information, reference mater- electrical company. He had in- sonally to tell us, "I came to help ials, articles, offering their services tended to go abroad for further just because yours is a free school, or just moral support. Others in- studies to help modernize our otherwise I would n,ever have clude contributions. Today while country, but moved by our spirit, come." I was writing this article, a letter A young worker student donated came from Fu Lili, a girl worker the fee he got for one of his arti- on a state farm, with a donation cles. Another student, an English of 50 yuan. Two weeks ago, we teacher in a middle school, volun- got a letter from some friends at teered to start an English class to the Yodatani Chinese Language In- raise money. Our students love stitute in Japan, telling us that the college and study hard. Most thelr college is also run by support of them don't finish their home- from the public. They would like work until after midnight yet to establish perrnanent ties with have to go to work the next morn-- us and collect books and reference ing. We, too, often forget that we materials for us. This wide sup have to go to our regular jobs in a port has given us more confidence. few hours. Our desire to blaze a new trail in The first step is always the hard- training talent for the moderniza- est. During those days and nights, tion of our country is stronger f'ang Nengda and his wife Chen Bei- we were worried quan prepare lessons. but busy, happy than ever. tr

Ge Zulan (seated, Ieft) chats with some teachers and students, he said that if he could be ad- Photos bU Zhons Xiongdong mitted, he would give up the idea and study hard here. We in turn were moved by his patriotism and decided to admit him.

Support After four weeks of preparation, our school proudly called the Shanghai General- Liberal Arts College opened on December 2nd. We- only had ten teachers and fifty-six students. Our only funds were 500 yuan from the small tui- tion. Although we were the small- est and poorest in the city, we were full of hope. Then came moral and material support from everywhere other schools, education departments,- newspaper editors and reporter':s, professional people. Our college grew rapidly. Our teachers in- creased to fifty. Ge Zulan, over 90,

JULY 1981 Tianiin Collectors Elomate firt Treasures to the $tate WANG KE

Zhang Shucheng, art antl anti- Zhou Shutao, collector of classical books que collector. and relics. aIrHE landscape painting, "Snow "Snow Scene in a Forest" was that Zhou Shutao donated to the I Scene in a Forest", one of painted in the 10th century by state will aid research on the of- 455 items presented to the state Fan Kuan of the Song dynasty. ficial systems and the evolution by Zhang Shucheng, a famous The painter lived a long time on of geographical names and Chi- collector in Tianjin, is five cen- Mt. Huashan (in east Shaanxi nese script through the ages. The turies older than Leonardo's province) to observe the magnif- high skill of the ancient craftsmen "Last Supper". Even more an- icent scenery that he recorded is shown by the vigorous strokes cient are the 910 seals dating back on silk two meters high and one and elegant casting of such seals 2,000 years that are among the meter wide. as the "Chenggao Magistrate 10,458 ancient books and artifacts "Only two of his works are left Seal", the "Yan Zhinu SeaI", presented to the state by another Seal" three now," Zhang pointed out. "The and the "Prince Tianjin collector, Zhou Shutao. bronze seals from the Han dynasty- other,'Traveling Through'Streams Both men have been given (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). The hexago- Mountains,' medals and financial awards by and is in Taiwan nal seal of "Cao Shi", dating the Tianjin municipal government province, but the sides of it have from the Wei and Jin periods in a televised ceremony. been cut away, so it's not so well (220-420), is unique. A 30- preserved as 'Snow Scene'." character seal of o'Zhao Xu Zi Another painting from Zhang's Chan-' contains more words than WANG KE is a staff reporter for China coliection is "In the Peach Fairy- any other known seal. Iteconstructs. land' by Chou Ying (?-1552), one of the four great masters of the His Lifetime Work Ming dynasty (1368-1644). His .a a-e- j I Zhou, in his nineties, is a col- v color work was extraordinary; although he painted "Fairyland" lector of ancient books as well as seals. childhood I've 500 years ago, it looks as if he "From on had done it only yesterday. loved and collected books," he was 12, began to Zhang's collection includes many said. "When I I buy famous classics according to other representative works by a simple catalogue in the Si Ku ancient painters and calligraphers. Quqn Shu encyclopedia. To my Among them is "Living in Peace", regret, when I was 17 a large the only extant work by the 14th- part of my collection was burned century painter Lu Bian, a in a fire at our house." Scion of "flower-and-bird" scroll by Qian a wealthy merchant, Zhou con- Xuan (ca. L239-1299), "Brewing tinued to buy classical works and Tea in a Sylvan Pavilion" by learned from old masters and Wen Zhengming (1470-1559), and hard study to distinguish items a book of calligraphy by Dong from the different dynasties. He Qichang (1555-1636). collected a large number of block- printed and hand-copied editions 3O-character Seal as well as editions prepared by kir* famous scholars. He not only In ancient times, most official stored them carefully but did his seals were made of gold, silver, or best to obtain missing volumes. bronze. These seals, or "chops", For example., a S0-volume set of "Snow Scene in a Forest" by Fan Kuan, were used'in place of hand-writ- the Song dynasty block-print edi- Song dynasty. ten signatures. Many of the seals tion of Annotati,ons oJ the Spring

62 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS and. Autum,n Annals and ather Clossics had been scatterd. in many places. By 1931, Zhou had found 29 volumes, and was miss- ing only the first. Ten years iater, he learned that it was for sale in Beijing, but at a very high price. After hard bargaining, he got it for one ounce of gold. After the Japanese occupation of Tianjin, Zhou could no longer af- ford to buy rare books. But he told his children that his collec- tion belonged in China, and in- structed them that if they ever found it necessary to sell any of it, they should find Chinese rather than foreign buyers. He often said, "These books are as dear to A Song dynasly ediiion of "History of lhe iater me as my daughters. want to Han Dynasty", Yuan dynasty edition of "Essential I Mirror Universal good homes Bronze seals from tho of History" and Ming dynasty find for them. These collection of Zholu edition of "AccouDt of the Travels of the Emperor homes are in our country." In Shutao" Mu" - from the collection of Zhou Shutao. 1952, Zhou began to present books Photos bg Li Fen from his collection to the Beijing Library, the Tianjin Library, and Nankai University. His intention collection as my children," he being, through no fault of her had been for many years that he said. "I won't sell them to any- own, an object of superstitious would one day dedicate the entire one." reverence, and no less supersti- collection to public purposes. One item for which he had re- tious hostility. But the non-re- During the "cultural revolution", fused good offers was a porc€Iain ligious items in Zhang's collection Zhou was criticized twice, but figurine of Guanyin, the goddess were spared. his home and library were pro- of mercy, dating from the reign In addition to the ancient tected by the Tianjin Cultural of the Ming emperor Xianzong paintings, Zb,ang's donation in- Relics Bureau. (1465-1487) and once housed in cluded more than 100 jade and Zhou's donation of 9,196 rare the famous Da Bao Guo Temple bronze' vessels in animaL shapes, books and manuscripts to the in Beijing. Guanyin might have among them a Shang dynasty state covers the entire history of fared better had she been sold (16th-11th centuries B.C.) yeltow book production iri China, each abroad: She was smashed to jade mantis and Western Zhou period being represented by its pieces in the fury of the early (11th-8th centuries B.C.) white characteristic methods of printing days of the "cultural revolution", jade cicada, all in the simple but and binding, robust styles of the ancient A kebo, bronze musical instrument of craftsmen. Another treasure in Proper Place the Western Zhou period. the collection is a kebo, a bell- Photo bA Liu Bingjun like bronze musical instrument of Official corruption and im- Western Zhou period dec- perialist arrogance the in the pre- orated a dragon and an 81- period with liberation resulted in many character inscription. of China's most important cultural treasures ending up in foreign museurx, libraries, and private Scholarly Value collections. Greatly distressed by The two collections also include this process, Zhang Shucheng, many hand-copied Buddhist whose father had been a high of- scriptures as well as ancient ink ficial after the 1911 revolution, slabs, ink sticks and books on tried to buy up every valuable calligraphy. The donations have item he could; among those he aroused great interest among acquired in the years before archaeologists, historians, and Iiberation was a landscape by Shi artists. The Tianjin Cultural Relics Tao (i64p-1718). He lent it out Bureau has arranged two for exhibition in Japan insured exhibitions and the Central News- at U.S. $20,000 and was- offered reel and Documentary Film a.good price -if he would sell. Studio has made a documentary But Zhang refused. "I regard my on these treasures. tr

JULY T981 63 Philippines . TAN MANNI

ago during the Ice Age" Trade be- tween China and the islands began in the third century, and Chinese emigrants were among the earlier settlers there in historical times; for the islands were onIY a triP of a few days by small ship from China's southeast coast (todaY Manila is only two hours from Guangzhou by jet). ,The intermingling of the two peoples has resulted in many Fili- pinos having a partial Chinese an- At a dinner party held in honor of the Ctrinese Journalists Delegation, Li Pu, dele- cestry, including the foremost na- gation head and Xinhua News Agency Deputy Director-General, and the host, Gregorio S. Cendafia (Second row, secontl and thirat from left). Elren Socorro tional hero of their 19th century struggle for independence, Jose Rizal. At the reception Mrs. Mar- T|ODAY cos observed, "Physical nearness you look 150 percent versities and other places of inter- brings about a close relation be- r Filipino!" exclaimed my Phi- est. Everywhere we were accorded tween our .two countries. We are lippine friend as I came out wear- a warm reception by a people different only in size and age. rffe ing a barong Tagalog, the Philip- known for their hospitality. are very close to you not only pine women's filmy dr.ess of Receiving our delegation, Presi- physically but also mentally and "pineapple fabric" specially tailor- dent Ferdinand Marcos expressed spiritually." ed for each of the women in our his happiness about the continuing journalists' Chinese delegation. Ac- flow of mutual visits. He and his Similar Terrain cording to the Philippine custom of wife, Imelda Romualdez Marcos, showing friendliness with gift The similarity extends to the a worked closely China's late of their national costume, every with landscape. Travelling through the late rriember of our delegation was pre- Chairman Mao Zedong and.the sented with one by our host, Premier Zhou Enlai in 1975 to initiate the new era of friendship A group of children who were eager to Gregorio S. Cendafra, Officer-in- make friends with the author (center) Charge of the Ministry of Public and diplomatic ties between the as she was bourlng the port area of trnformation of the Philippines. two countries. "I'm sure your visit Manila, Wu Fan Being Cantonese, thus with phys- will further spread and advance ical affinities probably stretching the friendship and cooperation be- down to people of the Malayan tween the two countries,'l he said. peninsula, who are of the same This is what we hoped for, too. stock as the Filipinos, I found it A variety of originally external easy to be taken for a Filipina on influences are evident among the many occasions. It was only one of Filipino people. Friends escorting the many links between China and rls bore Spanish surRames and the Philippines that I discovered on American-sounding given names, our two weeks' visit in March dur- some looked very Chinese and ing which we were received by gov- some were able to interpret for me ernment ministers, met with our when the conversation was in the counterparts on various newspa- Eujian dialect of Chinese, which pers, attended many social func- I myself do not understand. tions in our honor and toured Brought to the islands by Chinese several parts of the country, stop immigrants, Fujianese spoken ping for sightseeing and interviews is at factories, cultural centers, uni- widely in some circles. Geograph- ically, the archipelago was link- TAN MANNI is a veteran writer for ed to the mainland of Asia by land China Reconstructs. bridges up to ten thousand years

64 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS fertile plain of Luzon province, bu airport I asked a Filipino friefid known as the country's "solid rice beside me whether the pilot was bowl"; or rice production base as one of his countrymen. When I it would be called in Chinese, I got the tart reply, "We have FiIi- felt as if I were"in China's Sichuan pino pilots that cau fly as weII as province "land of abundance" on the airmen of any country," I knew the upper Changjiang. Paddy that I had tactlessly offen'ded his fiel'ds stretched to the horizon, national pride, something very dotted here and there by huts hid- strong among the Filipinos. The den in bamboo groves, with onJy point came up again in a conver- the sight of TV antennas amid the sation with a young executive of trees of the barrios to remind me the state broadcasting and TV that I vras in a foreign land. And center, a graduate of the Univer- as our bus zigzagged its way up sity of the Phiiippines, when I the pine-forested mountalnside I mistook the TV announcers speak- recalled another winding ride like ing perfect English for westerners. it I had taken on a visit to minority Talking about exchanging TV news peoples in Yunnan province on with China and the ASEAN coun- China's southwestern border. tries, he observed, "The main com- On the co,astal lowlands the bar- plaint from our TV viewers is that rios can be spotted from far away ngws broadcasts we use originat- by their luxuriant surrounding ing in western countries are very forests of coconut and huge fruit- biased against our country. We see laden mango trees. If our crimson what is happening in Europe or k lichees wcrc substituted for the America but not in our own area." On Mactan Island where he resisted and mangoes, would this be typical of He expressed the hope that closer killed Magellan, the statue of the chief- the coast of China's Hainan Island. tain Lapu-lapu overshadows that of cooperation could be established in the explorer, who initiaterl three cen- And I felt I was back in my native this field "so don't have to see turies oI Spanish rule. plaee south Guangzhou when ',)ue of everything through western eyes we were treated to a favorite Fili- and will be able to view events pino dish lechon or roast suckling through the eyes of the developing 100,000 kilowatts of power need- pig, for the look and the flavor are countries of Asia." ed f or the country's projects the same as ours in Guangzhou Another example such pride f or industrialization. "It was and it was something have rniss- of I involves Pantabangan Dam built mainly by our own Fili- ed since living in north China. the built in the 1970s in central Luzon. pino engineers and workers and 78,000 is now operated our own peo- National Pride Providing water to irrigate by hectares, it has made possible two ple," f was informed by the young As the Philippine Air Lines jet crops a year and ajso doubled the engineer briefing us. Engineering touched down smoothly at the Ce- per-hectare yield" It also provides and construction were done by a noted local construction firm. ffugao women. When I asked whether the person- nel received a special subsidy from the government for working in this remote area far from the comforts of urban life, he answere

Cultural Roots Though the Phiiippines is known as a melting pot of many cultures, both oriental and occidental, beneath the obvious western in- fluence is the peoplets effort to conserve their ancient traditional cultural heritage. Surely the hearts of the urban Filipinos must throb in time to the pounding disco rhythm, for we

Jfll .".'l :1r. i 65 were haunted by the beat no 3f landscapes of various parts of t'ween Manila and Banaue. The matter whether in the office of the country, rice and sugar exhibits speak for the history of newspapers or government minis- fields, orchid farms, complete with these people r,vho have never sub- tries, shopping in supermarkets, lifesize replicas of local houses. mitted to the Spanish and Ameri- ri.ding the jeepney converted-jeep Each one represents a different re- can colonialists' culturai irrfiuences. minibuses, even in a closed hotel gion and there are many blends of The newly-opened museum is buiit elevator. Yet I discovered there traditional, Spanish and Muslim in the pyramid-shape of the Ifugao was also true Filipino music and styling" In them are displayed hut. Philippine architects are en- songs in their national language, Iocal costumes and artifacts. couraged to use traditional styles, Tagalog. And there is the exubef- materials and techniques and adapt ant, lyrical kundimnn music, whieh these to modern needs. gets its name from that classic of Ifugao Heritage This was done at the Tambuli Philippine native musie, the love Beach Resort near Cebu. At first song. There is a movement to pre- I had a chanee to travel to one glance it seerns a rural viilage of serve and promote this once- of the most spectacuiar of these cottages with palm-leaf roofs and neglected musical heritage. It is areas, the breathtaking arraY of bamboo walJs beneath the lush co- stipulated that one radio station rice terraces swirling up the !-noun- conut trees. Brrt the cottages pro- must play kundiman one day tains in Banaue of r-rorthern Luzon vide cornfortable bamboo-furnish- "eighth every week. An annual kund,im.an sometimes called the ed tourist rooms with modern They har',e contest is held and composers are wonder of the world". faciUties and from the window a been f armed fo'r two thousand urged to devote serious efforts to vista of the ca.l.m blue sea. years by the Ifugao tribesrnen. When play the kundi.n'tan out the best of the it. I The Ifugaos are noted for their Bringing tapes brought back with me at natural beauty through I original wood earving, unspoiled country's home in Beijing my neighbors ask by outside influences. Flanking the ,-rse of simple ethnic styles is me leave the door open so that young to the entrance to the rnodest two- something that China's they can share my enjoyment of story Banaue Hotel with ethnic- tourist industry could learn frorn was first this beautiful but unknown music. style decor, arc carved lifesize the Philippines. This the I got my first impressions of a statues of an Ifugao man in his way that leaped into my mind that westernized Manila from the sky- loincloth and rvoman in her faPis China could gain from reciProcal line of Manila's highrise-lined Ro- wrapped skirt. Their weapons. or- exchange when I heard Mrs. Mar- xas Boulevard along the bay, r,vith naments, deities of their PolY- cos speak of adopting China's ex- its gigantic neon signs, and from theistic faith are displayed in the perience in building up her own Ayala Avenue in Makati, Manila's Iobby, and one of our delegates country. Su-ch experience, she re- new business center where tower- even found crossed Ifugao spear"s marked, was like a gl.ass of water ing glass-and-concrete structures fixed on the ceiling above his bed. that overflows, and that it over- house multinational banks and The arts of the Ifugaos and other flows fir:st to the Philippines be- financial institutions. But national tribes of the Igorots who are the cause it is very near China. style is also gi.ven its due" Not far major ethnic groups of the Phiiip- Throughout the visit I found there from the international airport is pines, are also featured in a mu- were also many things China Nayong Filipino (Philippine seum in Baguio, the famous pine- couid learn from her Philippine Viliage), a park featuring samples scented rnountain resort lying be- neighbors. tr

Modern western-style arcbitecture otl Manila's Roxas The Baguio Museurn built in the style of an lfugao hut. Boulevard. Photos bg Tan llannir/'

CEIINA RECfiNST&IJCTS Nu Wa and Fu Xi holding up the sun and the moon, from a IIan dynasty stone coffin in Xinjin county, Sichuan province.

and dragons, snakes and fierce ani- mals leaped out at the people. Many people were drowned and more were burned or devoured. It was an unprecedenteC disaster. . Legends ond Historicol Isles. Nu Wa was grieved that man- kind, which she had created, should undergo such sufferi.ng. Nu Wo Potches Up rhe Sky She decided to mend the skv and end this catastrophe. She metted F'ENG TANG together various kinds of colored stones and rvith the rnolten mix- I N early female figure in Chi- ities, called in one version the God ture patched up the sky. Then she / I nese mythblogy is the goddess of Water Gong Gong and the God kille'd a giant turtle and used its Nu Wa (sometimes Nu Kua). Ac- of Fire Zhu Rong, were in battle. four legs as four piilars to sup- cording to one legend it was she They fought aII the way from port the lallen part of the sky. She who was the creator of mankind. heaven to earth, causing turmoil caught and killed a dragon, scar- The earth was a beautiful place everywhere" The God of Fire won, ing the other beasts away. Then with blossoming trees and flowers, and in anger the God of Water she gathered and burned a huge and full of animals, birds, fish and struck his head against Buzhou quantity of reeds and with the aII living creatures. But as she Mounrain (a mythical peak sup ashes stopped the floodwater from wandered about it Nu Wi felt very posed to be northwest of the Kun- sprea,Cing, so that the people could lonely. She bent down and took up lun range in southern Xinjiang). live happil;z again. a handful of earth, mixed it wiih The mountain collapsed and

JULY T98r 67 hunting, collecting wild fruit and raising some fod by the slash- and-burn method. Every winter they set a patch of forest on fire and the next spring sowed seeds in the ashes. They remained there the rest of the year to guard the crop against animals and birds until harvest time. Their croPs were insufficient because their T,IN UHENVU methods were crude and their tools only of wood'or bamboo. The Kucongs were PrinciPallY hunters, their main weaPon the bow and arrow. When a boY was four or five, his Parents would make a bow for him. He carried one the rest of his life. Even after his death, it was buried with him. So many of the Kucongs were excellent archers. TheY could hit sma1l animals such as the squirrel easily. To kill larger animals they used a more powerful bow and arrow set to shoot at Places the beasts frequented, the Pre-set bow being released by a trigger line. Their only domestic animals were pigs and chickens. They wove small baskets with rattan, but could not weave cloth. They did not know the skill of casting. They used hides and the No more plantain leaves: Kucongs'clothing has become as elaborate as that of leaves of the plantain tree for their ncighboring minorities. Cai Jiansheng clothing. Their shelters were merely tree branches set in the grcund and covered with Plantain T\RILLING wood to make fire In old China the Kucongs lived leaves. These easilY collaPsed in -lJ [ving in caves in the deep in patriarchal clan communes storms and people often used caves "r-ra forests were the ways of primitive characteristic of the late primitive i.nstead. Cooking vessels were the man. Most of the world's PeoPle society. They moved from one hollow sections of bamboo. Fire today must read archaeol.ogical place to another in the forests, was vitally imPortant, for it was literature and study ancient sites to visualize this kind of life. But it is still personally rememkred by people of the China's Kucong na- it tionality of middle age and over it for this was their societY onlY two

JULY 198I 69 HUANG WENYAN LeSSOn 7 The Larntern B'esdivatr

9 f, ,J' lK, ltK fin, Tr hrF. *\ 4 41 61r t&,fr, lildng Ping: Xi6o Zhiing, h6o jii bi jiin le! d6ngshi, Wd iiE zhL de difang, Wang Ping: Xiao Zhang, good long(time) not see (you)! lantern fair. My family residence place, ,J. lK: t\ E t tfr , ,-rt L Ah lfi9-J gg* Xiio Zbing: Wd hui Ch€ngdii"\.4 gud bhEnji6, iiir shi ylnwei lishishing c6ngiing Xiao Zhang: I ,retum Chengdu pass Spring Festival, just because historically once -t. 4% A T 4+ *\" fr, d E/\ [" aFg. 4k- trfl. Mima sh6 bt de wd zdu, ydu iiingr6n zii nill zuir d6nglong" Mother couldn't bear (to) have me go, have craftsmen at there make lanterns, rF it Ji ;gf *rfi * 'Ittr, Ffivl "u{ *tiLftt" DEngji6 jiio fEi rdng'let wd gudte mii dEnglong, su6yi DEnglongjie. insist me after Lantem Festival sell lantems, therefore called Lantern Street" + B*, lfr *"€, A f,4 d €,9'. ziri huilai. Ni zhidio, Wdng Ping: ZhEn ydu yisi. then retum. (As) you know, Wang Ping: Really interesting. )L n f -L +" *rt, ,J. dK, ,JIr R \ft,L, d. fie -h4 4h ZhEngyue shi wi shi DEngji6, Xilo Zhiing: Nir tiiin wlnshang, wd h6 MEma first month fifteen is tantern Festival, Xiao Zhang: That day evening, I with Mother oi fr-F . fi'*r. 6 fr*J tt n 4I AE * t . A\E-g. chi yu4nxiEo, shlng d6ng. Y6ude difang dAo g6ngyu4n qu le, Gdngrudnli eat yuanxiao, admire ianterns. Some places to park went. (In) park l+tb -F t* * q* fi ir(fi-.tr,+LA *rf * tddi ydo jie chfi jin de dEnghud huihu6ng, guAzhe gC zhdng gd specially want welcome left (to) marry lights dazzling, hanging various kind various E +/L 4k4 'Fb " f+ fi fa'Ir " nii6r hui nidngjira ne. ydmg ile huEd6ng. daughter return mother's home. type decorative lanterns. ++ *rfi AF F,-, a *, Bfr d! ? vL? Jinniin Dengii6 nir tiEn, Ch6ngd["\4 W6ng Ping: GdngdEng yE Cud ba? ' This year Lantern Festival that day, Chengdu Wang Ping: Palace lantems aiso many? +4T J *tA" ,J. tK; ? 6 46 r'l'l lk- fr, jixtusle dEnghui. Xi6o Zhiing: Du6." Ydu yi ge Fizhdu zud de, held lantern gathering. Xiao Zhang: Many. Have one ^ madg *tfr a f' aF lk " ffi & , a, H6 X WAng Plng: Ni -€yiding lndn hlokirn. IiEng mi dud Biio, zhijing yi mi Wang Ping: That certainly very good-looking. two meterc more high, diameter one meter ,J' lK d.*F hl fr fi In *- lk ?, wtr, -Lfr @A XEo Zhiing: Ch6ngdE de D6ngji6 lishi hEn fod, fEn si c6ng, shingmiin huAzhe XiaoZhang: Chengdu's Lantern Festival history very more, divided^ (into) four tiers, on (it) painted /s K, + ? + yxiif /\lh +tF" k4 *fs lfl A y6ujifi, yi qEn dud ni6n yiqidn r6nwil gtshi. Dd'jifl ddu w6izhe long, one thousand more years ago people (and) stories. Everybody all surrounding ii,t t*h 1, E* fff\"! fr {. E q,&} frlB't.r, jin kS.ishi le, hduldi ' xingchdngle kin." tl4i y6.u huilAngshirng de bid6ng' just began, afterwards became (it to)look. Also have winding corridor wall lamps,

70 CHTNA RECONSTRUCTS Wang Ping: Were there pa'lace lantems? dJ tft any f,V i* il ilh*-r Xiao Zhang: Yes. There was one made in Fuzhou rnore than n6ng hudddng de tldngwildEng. " two meters high and a meter in diameter. It can move animal lanterns. had four tiers with characters and scenes frorn 1f, 4 frfr;It "42 stories painted on them. It was linged round WAng Ping: Y6u hdhuideng ma? with a crowd looking at it. There were also wall Wang Ping: Have lotus lantems? lanterns in the winding corridors and lanterns in ot the shape of animals that moved. ,J. l&, 6" lJa-g 2*,fi. aIJ ffi Wang Ping: Were there any lotus lantems? Xi[o Zbing: Y6u. Huli lU lt de h6yd Xiao Zhang: Yes. The red lotus lantems scattered among the XiaoZhang: Have. Lake inside green green . lotus leaves green lotus leaves were especially beautiful. 16l, ,*. 9, fr"t Wang Ping: Ii must have been gieat fun, what with the fire- t ,k & works and firecrackers. zhdngjidn, ditrn didn h6ngsd de Xiao Zhang: My mother said she like to invite you next among, (are) dotted red-colored would year. frft,n tFE" Wang Ping: I certainly want to go. Please give her my regarCs. h6huid6ng finwii m6itri. Xiao Zhang: Fine. lotus lantems especially^rl beautiful. -'{L. +1.a + fis L ik- f& )(. ik- W4ng plng: Zii jiEshang fing yinhu6, fing Notes Wang Ping: Again add let (off) fireworks, let (off) l. Continuous action shown with zhe jf . rfrl +@ *A, re- rF'ff l& . Wd nAzhe shfi am holding the book). bi5npdo, -yiding feicMng rCnao. ,\fr 6 +(I firecrackers, certainly cxtremely exciting. Wd qizhe yi liirng zixingchE #.4+ A - ffi A 4t 4 ,J. 44q% aA+ (I am riding a bike). 6K, nx. ih tt, + "fot yizishang Xi[o Zhdng: MEma shud mingnidn qing ni qn ne! Td ziti zud zhe li-Ett+LYA XiaoZhang: Mother say next yeai inv.ite you go! (He is sitting on the chair). a*, r\ --€ *"ih tt+ +\ If the action has ended but the result of the Wdrng Fing: Wd yiding qir. Qing ni ti wd zction continues, E is also used" Wang Ping: I certainly go. Please you for me DEngshang huizhe huir fr-L A 6 tulL (Pictures *U if are painted on the lanterns)" l"l " w6n te hho. . In sentences with $, the negative is formed ask (if) she well. by placing m6iydu ,[A before the verb. ,J. 1k:. *f." GdngyuAnli m6iydu guizhe dEng a\E-g:tfi XEo Zhing: Hdo. tr{5.fi(Lanterns are not hanging in the park). Xiao Zhang: Fine. 2. flayen't seen you... jifi . Translation tlio brri jiin le*! LT".[, l is frequently used when you haven't seen someone for a long time.

Wang Ping: Hello, Xiao Zhang. Haven't seen you for a long Sometimes it is said h6o jiu m6i jiin +t 7'i\-n " time. The word h[o is often used in the sense of 'very'. I went home to Chengdu over the Spring Festival" XiaoZhang: 3. Zh6ngyui .,r (the first month). My mother couldn't bear to see me leave. She fl insisted I come back after the Lantem Festival. Like the months on the western calendar in As you know, the Lantem Festival is on the Chinese, the months of the Chinese lunar calen- flfteenth of the first rnonth by the lunar dar are referred, to by numbers with the slight calendar. Peopie eat yuanxiao and look at the difference that the first month is referred to as lantems. In some places it's the special time zhEngyue rL for a married daughter to retum to her fl " mother's home. During this year's Lantem 4. Yufnxido i-F are balls of rice flour with a Festival a lantern fair was held in Chengdu. sweet fitrling eaten at this holiday" Wang Ping: It rnust have been beautiful. XiaoZhang: The I-antem Festival has a long history in Cheng- du. It began a thousand yeaN ago, and later Everyday Expressions developed into a lantem fair. The place where my home is located is called Lantern Street be- 1, q hui return cause in the past craftsmen made and sold lantems @ 4 hui jid return home there. q E hui gu6 return to one's country Wang Ping: How interesting! @ hui bingdngshi return to the oftice Xiao Zhang: My mother arrd I went to the park that evening. ll^E It was brilliantly lit with all kinds of festive @ nn E*fr )L hui p6ngyou ndr return to a lantems. friend's place

JULY T98T 77 2, it gud pass, spend person to convey your greetings to some- i{+ gud nifn spend New year,s one else ? gub ji6 itfi spend fesrival 2. Translate the following into Chinese (pay at- itELA guir xingqitiln X" spend Sunday tention to the use of {i ): gud jinqi ,t,fnln spend vacation (l) 4U is riding a bike. 3. jiE go to rneet, get ** welcome, go (2) ,hfr E t,il many tales circulated. jiE p6ngyou t*nn & meet friend (i.e. at airport) (3) ,tt^,h} are painted with many small l*,),trr.)L jiE xiiohdir fetch children j[xing animals. 4, +4i hold, stage (4) flltE,6+iL carved with many lions. +4i &yf.* jixing zhdnlinhui hold exhibi- 3. Read aloud and change into negative: tion ( r 4,L,tEE ,t. !-fr7*. j[xing ) +4i8ft,* winhui hold evening party (2) N,4+a Aft+" +4i *iL jixing didnli hold ceremony 4. R.ead the following: jfrxing bisii competition 4/ttU6 hold rE fl tJ.* tr fi, F" lb-l 6t rt,fl* lr- x*,L n 5, ,it fing set off, tet out .fi', ff lf iL.tA fing pio fr.re a cannon " *+.}tfi , ,\{r+{f T trA" rF x-a\ @ g#A ik_+t fing qidng fire a rifle *rf *ffrt1tft,'h " t-tB>tr, - fr *-, A, S-14- *- )a\w A xln**-F. g Er j-#rt E Exercises ?, Et -L6 'E Ir, 4d lvitdthldt4h'it " iln92*r&rt1t fi'"t f lbl, l. Answer the following questions in Chinese: b &,h1frf,r.'It qp tTh A,A,F- , fi " (l) What does one often say when one meets )rrtrls *-w-L, lxfua5l5eliA@*l *@9 .xT-r(419, " a friend one hasn't seen for a long time ? a1/-rle!, #/r" Lik,.liax. ik-w'xo, (2) What should you say when you ask a rF'fi'l.{ EI .

EHANGES FOR THE KUCONGS and a half thousand peopie in the state. Textbooks and tui,tion are boundless forests. Finally the free. Only in 1969 did the first (Continued from p. 69) members met Deng Damei, a Kucongs go to r.rniversities. Among woman of the'Yao nationality who the leaders trained there is Li Pu- Buying cotton prints. Cai Jiansheng had close ties with the Kucongs. long, the deputy secretary of the With her help, they found three Jinping county Party committee. other households. Bitter experi- In 1969 he went to Shanghai's ence, however, had taught the . After gradua- Kucong people to suspect that they tion he worked in a machinery might be being led into some new plant in the Hani and Yi Autono- disaster. Even though the work mous Prefeeture and later was teams explained the Party's policy transferred to his native home as a on nationalities, it took several leader. His father is a deputy to years locate the Kucongs. to all the Fifth Provincial People's Con- The work teams helped them gress of Yunnan. t build houses and set up villages. + In recent years'the government E! They were given farm tools, food, B has allocated funds to build a grain, clothing, quiits and other L hydropower 4 Becoming Farmers necessities. People of other mi- number of small t Kucongs. Some of ffi After 1949 the hard life of Ku- nority nationalities gave them land stations for the light ft congs came to an end. The peo- and showed them how to use draft the viilages use electricity for processing ! ple's government sent many work animals and gtow rice and corn. an