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Gregor Benton Revolutionärerna I Kinas Städer Engelskt Original: China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952

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Gregor Benton Revolutionärerna I Kinas Städer Engelskt Original: China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952 Gregor Benton Revolutionärerna i Kinas städer Engelskt original: China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952. New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1996, s. 1-123. Översättning: Lars Lundström Innehållsförteckning Introduktion..........................................................................................................................................1 1. Kinesisk trotskism: Det historiska sammanhanget...........................................................................6 2. Den första enhetsfronten och den kinesiska oppositionen: Trotskister före trotskismen.................7 3. Trotskismen ursprung i Kina..........................................................................................................12 4. Ursprunget till den kinesiska trotskismen i Ryssland ....................................................................16 5. Trotskismens födelse i Kina...........................................................................................................21 6. Kinesisk trotskism och Chen Duxiu...............................................................................................31 7. Kinesisk trotskism och Peng Shuzhi..............................................................................................40 8. Trotskismens betydelse för KKP....................................................................................................44 9. Kinesisk trotskism och demokrati..................................................................................................52 10. Den kinesiska trotskismen och kriget mot Japan.........................................................................59 11. De kinesiska trotskisterna och trotskismen...................................................................................64 12. Den kinesiska trotskismen och litteraturen...................................................................................69 13. Kinesisk trotskism i historiskt perspektiv.....................................................................................84 Chen Duxiu, en av den kommunistiska och trotskistiska rörelsens pionjärer i Kina 1 Introduktion Under Maodiktaturens totala mörkläggning av den kinesiska revolutionens historia reserverades för trotskismen den allra mörkaste platsen och den djupaste källaren i det maoistiska politiska helvetet. I en landsomfattande räd 1952 fängslade säkerhetspolisen omkring tusentalet kinesiska trotskister och deras sympatisörer. De dömdes i hemlighet och kastades i fängelse (där många dog) för påstådda ”kontrarevolutionära brott”. Detta var inte första gången som kinesiska trotskister försvann bakom galler för sina uppfattningar. Många hade gått under i Stalins gulag eller i den ryska hemliga polisen eller GPU:s fängelsehålor efter den första stora utrensningen av sympatisörer till den kinesiska vänsteroppositionen i Moskva 1929-30 och de flesta av deras Kinabaserade ledare hade tillbringat större delen av 30-talet i fängelset, då som revolutionära motståndare till Chiang Kai- shek’s nationalistiska diktatur. Rekordet som politisk fånge har vanligen tillskrivits Auguste Blanqui, den franske revolutionär som tillbringade trettiotre av sina sjuttiofem år i fängelset (i Frankrike känd som den fängslade). Den kinesiske trotskisten Zheng Chaolin hade slagit Blanquis rekord med ett år när han 1979, vid en ålder av sjuttionio, frigavs tillsammans med ett dussin gamla överlevande från utrensningen 1952 och trädde ut i relativ frihet i Shanghai i juni 1979 efter tjugosju år i Maos fängelser, utöver de sju han redan avtjänat i Chiang Kai-shek’s.1 Under det tidiga trettiotalet och återigen 1952 försvann merparten av deras arkiv tillsammans med de tidiga trotskisterna ner i regeringens källarvalv, där de fortfarande, vad jag vet, endast kan nås av ett fåtal utvalda historiker.2 Vid de sällsynta tillfällen mellan 1949 och 1979 när Kinas bortraderade trotskister ändå släpades fram i de officiella historieböckerna var det som groteska karikatyrer av koncentrerat nationellt och politiskt förräderi. De få trotskistiska ledare som lyckats fly utomlands före tillslaget i Kina gjorde sitt bästa för att vidmakthålla den trotskistiska kritiken av det kinesiska kommunistpartiets (KKP) politik och praktik. Men de saknade information, resurser och även en publik för sina uppfattningar eftersom de genom den maoistiska segern 1949 hänvisats till den yttersta politiska marginalen (inte minst av sina revolutionära kamrater utanför Kina). På 1980-talet hade den kinesiska historieskrivningen dock, efter Maos död, i viss utsträckning befriats. 1979 togs de första stegen för att återupprätta Chen Duxiu, grundare av KKP 1921 och den kinesiska vänsteroppositionens mest kände ledare. Några vetenskapsmän i Kina började då försiktigt lyfta på täckelsen över den kinesiska trotskismen. Deras preliminära undersökningar avslöjade en sammansatt och nyskapande rörelse, ett misslyckat försök till revolution i städerna i landsbygdsrevolutionens land. Den kinesiska revolutionens välkända frågeställningar kom att belysas ur många nya intressanta synvinklar Under loppet av denna teoretiska debatt har den officiella kinesiska synen på trotskismen under senare år påtagligt mildrats. Under Maos dagar var trotskismen, på samma sätt som i Sovjetunionen, klassad som ”kontrarevolutionär” och som en kriminell sammansvärjning. Nu blir den helt enkelt ”felaktig”.3 I det nya mer liberala klimatet har några okonventionella och djärva skribenter vågat dra 1 Se Amnesty International Newsletter 9, no. 9 (1979); Gregor Benton, ”Teng’s Comrade Still Behind Bars”, Internationella upplagorna av The Guardian, Le Monde, och The Washington Post, 9 november 1977; samt Gregor Benton, ”Zheng Chaolin Released”, Intercontinental Press (New York) 17, no. 35 (1979): 926-27. [ Frigivandet noterades även i den svenska tidningen Internationalen nr 38-1979, i en artikel med rubriken ”Efter 27 år i fängelse: Kinesiska trotskister fria!” ÖA ] 2 Detta påstående gäller inte Guomindangs arkiv i Taiwan som är rimligt tillgängliga för forskare. 3 Beskrivningen av trotskisterna som ett ”kontrarevolutionärt banditgäng” och som ”japanska agenter” togs bort ur noterna till den andra bearbetade utgåvan av Mao Zedongs Valda verk som publicerade 1991. Se Zheng Chaolin, ”Xinban Maoxuan yu Tuopai yuanan” (Den nya utgåvan av Maos Valda verk och orättvisan mot trotskisterna), Kaifang 2 undan den omfattande svepning av lögner och fördomar som omger trotskismen och de kinesiska trotskisterna. Skrifter av trotskistiska ledare har uppenbarat sig i den kinesiska pressen, även begränsade utgåvor av Wang Fanxis och Zheng Chaolins memoarer och vissa historiska och litterära studier av Zheng liksom ett flertal politiska och andra skrifter av Chen Duxiu från perioden efter hans övergång till trotskismen.4 Av den kinesiska trotskismens grundare finns fortfarande Wang Fanxi (född 1907) och Zheng Chaolin (född 1901) i livet men de är idag alltför gamla för att aktivt ta del i det politiska livet eller ens regelbundet kommentera det. Trots att Zheng är pigg och klar och medlem av Shanghais politiskt konsultativa folkkongress har han inte formellt blivit rehabiliterad, så han är fortfarande i viss mån tystad [Wang dog 2002 och Zheng 1998 - ÖA]. Dock sägs Zhengs och Wangs memoarer ha väckt stor beundran inom de akademiska kretsar som tillåtits läsa dem.5 Sedan 1979 har även många utländska skrifter av trotskister eller om trotskismen publicerats i kinesisk översättning.6 Att döma av antalet publikationer, växer intresset för de kinesiska trotskisterna även i väst, i Hongkong och Taiwan samt bland kineser i landsflykt. Wang Fanxis memoarer har redan utgivits på engelska, japanska, tyska och franska. En spansk utgåva planeras.7 Zheng Chaolins memoarer har utgivits i tyska och japanska översättningar och planeras på engelska och franska.8 En volym av Peng Shuzhis tidiga hågkomster har kommit ut på franska9 och i Hongkong slutförde den trotskistiske sjömannen och författaren Sun Liangsi sina memoarer 1986.10 Ända sedan sent 50-tal har trotskistveteranerna i Hongkong uppehållit en livaktig press. Efter det att KKP kom till makten 1949 och särskilt efter arresteringen av trotskisterna i Kina 1952 blev Hongkong den enda plats där rörelsens få överlevande medlemmar kunde göra sin röst hörd. Till en början antog den brittiska kolonialregeringen i Hongkong en fientlig och till och med hysterisk inställning i förhållande till trotskisterna och tidigt på 50-talet utvisades nästan alla framträdande trotskister som var aktiva i Hongkong. De få som blev kvar tvingades till fullständig inaktivitet och tystnad. Under det sena 1950-talet gjorde Lou Guohua ett första genombrott när han startade Xinda chubanshe (Ärlig press) som gav ut ett antal böcker som skrivits eller översatts av Wang Fanxi. Till Lou anslöt sig senare Sun Liangsi som startade Zhouji hang (Chows företag) ett annat trotskistiskt förlag.11 I januari 1974 började sympatisörer till Peng Shuzhi i Hongkong att ge ut Shiyue pinglun zazhi 9 (1991) (Hongkong), 47-49. 4 För en tidig ganska objektiv vetenskaplig diskussion av Trotskijs teori se Jiang Qi och Shou Shangwen, ”Ruhe quanmian pingjia Tuoluocijide yisheng” (Hur göra en bred sammanfattning av Trotskijs liv), Shijie yanjiu dongtai, and Jiang Qi and Zhang Yueming, ”Tuoluosiji `budugn geming lun’ pingxi” (Trotskijs teori om ”permanent revolution” ), Shijie yanjiu dongtai 11 (1980); båda omtryckta i Shiyue pinglun (Tidskriften Oktober) (Hongkong), nos. 9/9 (1983), 57-59 och 63-65. 5
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