DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMÏ RED GENESIS: THE HUNAN FIRST NORMAL SCHOOL AND THE CREATION OF CHINESE COMÜNISM, 1903-1921 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Liyan Liu, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor James R. Bartholomew, Adviser __ Professor Christopher A. Reed Q Adviser Professor Kirk Denton Department of History UMI Number; 3031226 UMI* UMI Microform30ai226 Copyright 2002 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The history of the Hunan First Normal School is a tapestry woven of Chinese traditional and Western modern threads. Chinese tradition figured significantly in the character of the school. Western ideas, as well as the contemporary social, political, and intellectual circumstances also contributed to its policies and practices, The school's system, educational philosophy, policy, practices, curriculum, important teachers and radical students as well as their intellectual transitions are examined and framed in the larger changing social context. The dramatic story of the Hunan First Normal School combines several ideological threads from China's turbulent history in the 20th Century and weaves them into a colorful and intricate tapestry representing conflicting classes, forces and social agendas. This dissertation examines the ideological transformation of a generation of students and scholars associated with the Hunan First Normal School in Changsha, China. A group of students who attended the in the ii second decade of the twentieth, century eventually became the founders, principal ideologues and activists of the Chinese Communist Party. It explores the process by which the curriculum, environment, staff, especially the teachers, political and social forces in the school and in the surrounding city contributed to the transformation in the thinking of the student body. It examines how traditional Confucian values played a role in their radicalization, their transformation into communism, and their early communist activities, which in turn, suggests that the early Chinese communist movement was not without connections with Chinese tradition. It also examines the processes of change and constancy at the school, of its peculiar blend of Western and traditional Chinese ideas. By analyzing the social, political, and intellectual backgrounds, and the generation of the students' ideological formation and transformation, I will provide a better understanding of China's transition into modernity and the triumph of the Chinese Communist party. Ill AKMOWLEDGMENTS I am very happy to have this opportunity to acknowledge the generous help and support that I have received from so many people over the years while doing research and writing my dissertation. At the outset, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Professor James R. Bartholomew. He provided insightful guidance, warm encouragement, unfailing support, great patience, and extremely good advice. I have never experienced anyone else who demonstrates more devotion to a student's work. He carefully read drafts of my dissertation, spent countless hours in commenting on my numerous drafts, and effectively guided my efforts at revision. Without his constant enthusiasm, this dissertation could never have been finished in its present form. He is one of the best teachers I have met in my life. Another person to whom I owe an equal debt of gratitude is Professor Christopher A. Reed who played a vital role in iv guiding my dissertation» Without, his strong expertise, enlightening advice, comments, and suggestions, as well as many other concrete aids this dissertation could not have been completed. He has been a tremendously valuable source of intellectual and practical guidance. He receives my heartiest thanks for teaching me, encouraging me, and challenging me. Thanks also to Professor Kirk A. Denton who in a very timely and efficient manner carefully read the draft of my dissertation, raised insightful questions, and provided invaluable comments and advice, which I have deeply appreciated. I would like to thank Professor Hao Chang, my previous adviser, for having directed me to this subject, and for guiding me, encouraging me, and teaching me throughout the research. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to Professor Charlton Lewis who pointed me to the materials of Hunan and guided me through the maze of Chinese documents. He also read part of the manuscript and gave very valuable comments and advice. Mr. Jingshen Xia helped me interpret all the classical Chinese I encountered while I was writing my dissertation into graceful modern Chinese, which made it much easier for me to write in English. To him, I owe a special personal debt. When I was doing, research, in, China^-in 1997^ 1 benefited tremendously from the help of several scholars. I would like to thank Professor Wang Xingguo of Hunan Provincial Social Science Institute for sharing with me his wide-ranging knowledge of Yang Changji and Mao Zedong, and also for guiding me to many valuable sources, including his manuscript about famous persons in Hunan. I would like to thank Principal Sun Hailin of Hunan First Normal School for helping me to gain access to some fascinating materials on First Normal. I would also like to thank Mr. Dai Zuocai of Hunan People's Press for guiding me to many valuable sources. I am also grateful to Mr. Tang Zhennan of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party for sharing with me his knowledge of the Chinese Communist Party. I would like to thank many friends for their advice, encouragement, support, and humor, which have helped smooth the way to the conclusion of this dissertation. Many thanks to Doris Chang, Xiaoming Chen, Leo J. Daugherty III, Stephen McDonough, Yi Sun, and Alfred Yee. Finally, to my family, I owe my special gratitude for their understanding, patience, and steady support. VI VITA 1982 B.A. English, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China 1993 M.A. History, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History vu t a b l e o f CONTENTS Abstract................................................ ii Acknowledgments........................................ iv Vita................................................... vii Table of Contents..................................... viii List of Tables.......................................... xi Maps .................................................. xii Chapters : Introduction._______________________________________ 1 Chapter 1 The Historical And Intellectual Milieus Of Hunan, 1895-1907... 29 Growth of the Reform Movement in Hunan, 1895-1896....... 31 Climax and failure of the Hunan Reform Movement, 1897-189 8_________________________________ 35 Imperialism and the Opening of Hunan, 1898-190 7................................. 62 Chapter 2 From Confucian Academy To New-Type Modern School--------------------------------------- 73 Formation of the First Normal School and Educational Reform in Hunan,1900-1911 ______ 73 The Predecessor of the First Normal School/Chengnan Academy.________ __________ 82 An Overview of the First Normal School........ 85 Evolution of First Normal and the Political Culture in Late Qing, 1903-1912........... 90 viii Chapter 3 First Normal and Political Culture From Republican Revolution To The Maty Fourth Movement, 1912-1919......... 100 Initial Efforts At Reform In From The New Government After The Republican Revolution And The Political And Intellectual Situation In Hunan.............. 100 Educational Reforms at the First Normal......115 School Philosophy and Regulations............120 Course Content and Examination Regulations 137 Requirements for Faculty and Staff...........153 Students' Management_________________________159 Chapter 4 The New Culture Community: The Teachers' Generation_____________________________
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
    History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • FMS Persecuz.BOXERS INGL:Layout 1
    The China Martyrs of 1900 THE BOXER PERSECUTION SUMMARY 1 - A documents discovered ............................................ p. 5 2 - The Witnesses ................................................................ p. 6 3 - The Martyrs..................................................................... p. 8 4 - Historica and Social Setting....................................... p. 12 4.1 - China .................................................................... p. 12 4.2 - The Boxers........................................................... p. 13 4.3 - The Chinese Martyrs......................................... p. 15 4.4 - The Beijing Parishes .......................................... p. 17 5 - The Martyrs of the Parishes of Beijing ..................... p. 19 5.1 - The Martyrs of Si-t’ang ..................................... p. 19 5.2 - The Martyrs of Nan-t’ang ................................ p. 21 5.3 - The Martyrs of Tong-t’ang................................ p. 25 6 - The Martyrs of the villages around Beijing ............ p. 29 6.1 - The villages of Koan-t’eu, Ts’ai-Hu-Yng and Wa-Ts’iuen-Sze ............... p. 29 6.2 - The village of Yen-Tze-K’eou.......................... p. 30 6.3 - The villages of Tcheng-Fou-Sze, Heou-t’ouen, Si-Siao-K’eo and Eul-pouo-Tze........................ p. 35 7 - Sister Philómene Tchang ........................................... p. 39 The Boxer Persecution • 3 8 - The Yun Family ..............................................................p. 45 9 - Slaughter of the defensless ........................................p.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese
    Paradoxical Integration: Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese Concepts in Social Theory Xiaoying Qi A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support I have received from a number of people during the research and writing of this PhD thesis. I am grateful to my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Noble, for his support for my application for funds to attend and present a paper at the International Sociological Association XVII World Congress of Sociology in 2010 and for his close reading and detailed comments on the draft and revised chapters, which led to many improvements. My associate supervisor, Professor Peter Hutchings, is thanked for his comments on draft chapters. My gratitude also goes to the three anonymous reviewers of a paper, „Face: A Chinese Concept in a Global Sociology‟, which was published in the Journal of Sociology in 2011. This paper prefigures the arguments of chapter 5. I am also grateful to the University of Western Sydney for granting me a scholarship and for providing me with an opportunity to undertake the research reported and discussed in this thesis. I must also acknowledge the support I received from the staff of the UWS library system, and its inter-library loan provision. The most enduring support I received during the period of research and writing of this thesis was provided by my family. I thank my parents and sister for their belief in my ability and their continuing encouragement. Last but by no means least I thank my husband, Jack Barbalet, for his unfailing love, inspiration, encouragement, guidance, advice and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Similarities and Differences of the 1911 Revolutions in Mongolia and China
    The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Number 1, 1994 RESEARCH NOTE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THE 1911 REVOLUTIONS IN MONGOLIA AND CHINA Khereid L.Jamsran As a result of the 1911 revolutions against the Qing dynasty, Mongolia and China became independent and established their own governments. The revolutions in these two countries had some similarities as well as differences which 1 would like to discuss briefly. Similarities 1. Both the Mongols and the Chinese were under Manchu domination for more than two hundred years. The revolutions of 1911 were the result of the anti-Ding movement for national independence in both nations. This meant that these revolutions, both in Mongolia and China, had the single goal of overthrowing the Ding regime and of restoring national indepen- dence with their own governmental systems. 2. The Qing dynasty, from the mid-nineteenth century on, became a semi- colony of imperialist powers, so both revolutions were organized on the same souci-political basis. 3. The 1911 revolutions in Mongolia and China had the common aim of re- storing national independence through armed struggle. 4. The imperialist powers and progressive people supported the anti-Ding movement for national liberation as well as its fighters or revolutionaries in the Ding Empire. 5. After the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, the revolutionaries in Mongolia and China established their own forms of government. Differences 1. China was the center of the Qing dynasty. At that time China began to develop trade and industry which gave rise to a working class and national capitalists However, the feudal Qing regime was an obstacle in the way toward full prosperity of a new society, thus the new classes became politically active and organized illegal revolutionary organizations whose main task was the over- throw of the Qing regime and the establishment of a republican form of govern- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WHIRLING of SWORDS By: Grandmaster
    THE WHIRLING OF SWORDS By: Grandmaster. Michael Neal Have you ever wondered, “What are the martial arts? The term martial art refers to all of the various systems of training for combat that have been arranged or systematized. Generally, these different systems or styles are all designed for one purpose: Physically defeating opponents and defending against thwarts. In fact, the word “martial” derives from the name Mars, who was the Roman god of war. Before the martial arts were systematized, generals of the Warring States Period (480-221 BC) gained much personal combat experience in the field. As they grew older, they retired to Shaolin Temples to learn new skills from the masters there. The martial arts began in ancient times in East Asia, but because their beginnings are shrouded in myth and legend, it is impossible to establish their exact history. Kung fu, which may have been based on a fighting style from India, is perhaps the oldest martial art. A form of it was practiced in China more than 2,000 years ago. In 1898 through 1901, there arose a nationalist movement known as the Boxers, a Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. A secret society founded in northern coastal province of Shandong China consisting largely of people who had lost their livelihood due to imperialism and natural disasters. They opposed foreign imperialism and Christianity. They met in secret at night, sang hymns, chanted, recited prayers, practiced martial arts and perhaps used breathing techniques to induce trances. The Boxers came from this secret society known as I-ho chuan, a Li sect of the Ba qua religion group, and were well trained in the martial arts of 1 Copyrighted 2012, By the Madison Martial Arts Academy| Boxing and Calisthenic that they practiced in the belief that this made them invulnerable, and would make them resistant to bullets.
    [Show full text]
  • BIS Working Papers No 925 What 31 Provinces Reveal About Growth in China by Eeva Kerola and Benoît Mojon
    BIS Working Papers No 925 What 31 provinces reveal about growth in China by Eeva Kerola and Benoît Mojon Monetary and Economic Department January 2021 JEL classification: C38, E01, E3, P2. Keywords: China, GDP, provincial data, business cycles, principal component. BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topical interest and are technical in character. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 2021. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISSN 1020-0959 (print) ISSN 1682-7678 (online) What 31 provinces reveal about growth in China Eeva Kerola* Benoît Mojon** Abstract It is important to understand the growth process under way in China. However, analyses of Chinese growth became increasingly more difficult after the real GDP doubling target was announced in 2012 and the official real GDP statistics lost their fluctuations. With a dataset covering 31 Chinese provinces from two decades, we have substantially more variation to work with. We find robust evidence that the richness of the provincial data provides information relevant to understand and project Chinese aggregates. Using this provincial data, we build an alternative indicator for Chinese growth that is able to reveal fluctuations not present in the official statistical series. Additionally, we concentrate on the determinants of Chinese growth and show how the drivers have gone through a substantial change over time both across economic variables and provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Life and Death Images of Exceptional Women and Chinese Modernity Wei Hu University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 Beyond Life And Death Images Of Exceptional Women And Chinese Modernity Wei Hu University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hu, W.(2017). Beyond Life And Death Images Of Exceptional Women And Chinese Modernity. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4370 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEYOND LIFE AND DEATH IMAGES OF EXCEPTIONAL WOMEN AND CHINESE MODERNITY by Wei Hu Bachelor of Arts Beijing Language and Culture University, 2002 Master of Laws Beijing Language and Culture University, 2005 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Michael Gibbs Hill, Major Professor Alexander Jamieson Beecroft, Committee Member Krista Jane Van Fleit, Committee Member Amanda S. Wangwright, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Wei Hu, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To My parents, Hu Quanlin and Liu Meilian iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my graduate studies at the University of South Carolina and the preparation of my dissertation, I have received enormous help from many people. The list below is far from being complete. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c
    HISTORY OF CHINA AND JAPAN FROM 1900TO 1976 A.D 18BHI63C (UNIT II) V.VIJAYAKUMAR 9025570709 III B A HISTORY - VI SEMESTER Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty, becoming the Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916). He tried to save the dynasty with a number of modernization projects including bureaucratic, fiscal, judicial, educational, and other reforms, despite playing a key part in the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform. He established the first modern army and a more efficient provincial government in North China in the last years of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last monarch of the Qing dynasty, in 1912. Through negotiation, he became the first President of the Republic of China in 1912.[1] This army and bureaucratic control were the foundation of his autocratic. He was frustrated in a short-lived attempt to restore hereditary monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor (Chinese: 洪憲皇帝). His death shortly after his abdication led to the fragmentation of the Chinese political system and the end of the Beiyang government as China's central authority. On 16 September 1859, Yuan was born as Yuan Shikai in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, China. The Yuan clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; lit.
    [Show full text]
  • For the Fear 2000 O Workers' [Ights O Tibetan Lmpressions Chilie Talks About His Recent Trip HIGHLIGHTS of the WEEK Back to Tibet (P
    Vol. 25, No. 40 October 4, 1982 A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Economic Iargels For the fear 2000 o Workers' [ights o Tibetan lmpressions chilie talks about his recent trip HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK back to Tibet (p. 22). New Central Committee Economic Targets by the China Was Top at WWVC Members Year 2000 The Chinese team was number An introduction to some of the General Secretary Hu Yao- one in the Ninth World Women's 271 middle-aged cadres who bang recently announced that Volleyball Championship in were recently elected to the Cen- China iirtends to quadruple its Pem, thus qualifying for the tral Committee of the Chinese gross annual value of industrial women's volleyball event in the Olympic Games years Communist Party (p. 5). and agricultural production by two from the year 2000. Historical, po- now (p. 28). Mrs. Thatcher in China litical and economic analyses support the conclusion that it is The first British Prime poasible to achieve this goal Minister to visit China, Mrs. (p. 16). Margaret Thatcher held talks with Chinese leaders on a numr .Workers' Congresses ber of questions, including bi- This report focuses on several lateral relations and Xianggang workers' congresses in Beijing (Hongkong) (p. 9). that ensure democratic manage- ment, through examining prod- Si no-J apanese Rerations uction plans, electing factory This September marked the leaders and supervising manage- 1Oth anniversary of the nor- ment (p. 20). malization of China-Japan rela- Today's Tibet tions. The rapid development of friendship and co-operation Oncs a Living Buddha, now between the two countries an associate professor of the during period reviewed Central Institute Nationali- An exciting moment during this is for the match between the Chi- (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus (Updated March 28, 2018)
    HIEA 144: Mapping Rivers in Modern Chinese History Syllabus (Updated March 28, 2018) Instructor Name: Peter Braden Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Monday/Friday 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Geisel Library Data/GIS lab (2F) Term: Spring 2018 Class Meeting Days/Hours/Location: Monday/Wednesday/Friday, 1:00-1:50 p.m., CSB004 Course Description Rivers and landscapes reflect the goals, anxieties, and capabilities of the humans who interact with them. Maps allow us to understand and analyze these relationships. To practice analyzing how rivers and Chinese society have shaped each other, this course begins with the present day and works backward toward the 19th century. This unusual perspective will help us to see the world as it is, and ask how it got this way. Beginning with today’s massive and controversial Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, we will look at hydro-engineering projects in the People’s Republic of China since 1949. We will trace the roots of these schemes to the state-building efforts of the Nationalist government in the early 20th century, which arose from water control in China’s last dynasty, the Qing. In addition to scholarly readings and translated texts, we will use ArcGIS mapping software to ask and attempt to answer questions about the interactions between humans and hydrology. How has the relationship between the Chinese state and rivers changed during the last two centuries? Have rivers and people ever been able to coexist? How? Learning Outcomes By the end of our course, you will be able to: 1) Compare and appraise authors’ depictions of the relationships between rivers and China’s recent ecological, economic, social, and military history 2) Use evidence to make arguments about the relationships between societies and their environment 3) Evaluate textual and quantitative data: what can we do with it, and where should we be cautious? 4) Plan and execute a piece of original research to answer a question that interests you.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Match Game 5: “Renewal”
    Challenge Match 8-15 March 2016 Game 5: “Renewal” Commentary by Fan Hui Go expert analysis by Gu Li and Zhou Ruiyang Translated by Lucas Baker, Thomas Hubert, and Thore Graepel Renewal Lee Sedol’s triumph in the fourth game attracted a surge of interest in the match throughout the world. Even the Western media, including CNN and the BBC, came to conduct reports and interviews. For Go, this level of attention was utterly unprecedented. More and more people started trying to learn and understand the game. To give just one example, Go Game Guru, the largest Go website in English, reported that its daily visitors had jumped tenfold. In Korea, the heart of the craze, the media could talk of little else. For the next two days, the top three items at every news station invariably had something to do with the match. After winning the fourth game, Lee Sedol had risen to the status of a national hero. His brave request during the press conference after the fourth game was particularly inspiring. Normally, the two players would have chosen colors in the fifth game by nigiri, but Lee asked to play Black. The reason was simple: although AlphaGo prefers White, Lee had won as White already, and wanted to prove he was equally capable of winning with Black. His courageous spirit deeply moved the team, so for the fifth game, there was no need to choose colors. Lee would take Black. After the fourth game, people had finally seen that AlphaGo was not invincible. Though the outcome of the match had already been decided, the result of the fifth game now seemed more important than the winner of the contest.
    [Show full text]