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Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese Paradoxical Integration: Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese Concepts in Social Theory Xiaoying Qi A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support I have received from a number of people during the research and writing of this PhD thesis. I am grateful to my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Noble, for his support for my application for funds to attend and present a paper at the International Sociological Association XVII World Congress of Sociology in 2010 and for his close reading and detailed comments on the draft and revised chapters, which led to many improvements. My associate supervisor, Professor Peter Hutchings, is thanked for his comments on draft chapters. My gratitude also goes to the three anonymous reviewers of a paper, „Face: A Chinese Concept in a Global Sociology‟, which was published in the Journal of Sociology in 2011. This paper prefigures the arguments of chapter 5. I am also grateful to the University of Western Sydney for granting me a scholarship and for providing me with an opportunity to undertake the research reported and discussed in this thesis. I must also acknowledge the support I received from the staff of the UWS library system, and its inter-library loan provision. The most enduring support I received during the period of research and writing of this thesis was provided by my family. I thank my parents and sister for their belief in my ability and their continuing encouragement. Last but by no means least I thank my husband, Jack Barbalet, for his unfailing love, inspiration, encouragement, guidance, advice and support. 10 October 2011 ii Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. ………………………………………………………………………………………… Signature iii Table of Contents Abstract Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 Globalisation and Asymmetric Knowledge Flows 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 21 1.2 A Note on the Terms „West‟ and „East‟ ............................................... 26 1.3 Historical Phases of Globalisation ....................................................... 30 1.4 Elements of Globalisation .................................................................... 33 1.5 Globalisation and Asymmetric Knowledge Flows .............................. 38 1.6 Globalised Institutions and Person Flows ............................................ 46 1.7 Globalised Production, Circulation and Uses of Texts ........................ 49 1.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 58 Chapter 2 A Case Study of Globalised Knowledge: Guanxi in Social Science and Management Theory 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 60 2.2 Guanxi and Concept-Theory Relations ................................................ 63 2.3 Discussion of Guanxi in Academic Journals ....................................... 66 2.4 The Concept of Guanxi ........................................................................ 75 2.5 Dual Ramifications of Guanxi: Notoriety and Nobility ....................... 77 2.6 Integration of Guanxi into Social Theory in the West ......................... 83 2.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 95 Chapter 3 Western Thought in China: An Historical Case of Knowledge Flow 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 99 iv 3.2 The Diffusion of Knowledge and Intellectual Entrepreneurs ............ 103 3.3 Opium Wars: Balance of Trade and Imbalance of Knowledge ......... 112 3.4 The First Phase of Chinese Appropriation of Western Knowledge: The Self-Strengthening Movement .............................. 115 3.5 From Technology to Culture .............................................................. 123 3.6 Modernist Movements in Post-Qing China........................................ 138 3.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 152 Chapter 4 China‟s Intellectual Heritage: Paradigms as Frameworks 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 156 4.2 Indian Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism ................................................ 159 4.3 Chinese Teachings, Philosophical Orientations ................................. 174 4.4 Geography .......................................................................................... 193 4.5 Social Structure .................................................................................. 197 4.6 Language ............................................................................................ 203 4.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 214 Chapter 5 Face: A Chinese Concept in a Global Sociology 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 217 5.2 Specificity and Universality in Face .................................................. 220 5.3 Neglect of Face in Research in China ................................................ 224 5.4 Distinctions within Face ..................................................................... 232 5.5 Further Distinctions within Face ........................................................ 236 5.6 Emotional Mechanisms of Face ......................................................... 241 5.7 Two Sides of Face .............................................................................. 244 5.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 249 v Chapter 6 Relations of Emotion and Reason: The Challenge of the Concept of Xin (Heart/Mind) 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 252 6.2 The Co-Existence of Emotion and Reason in Xin .............................. 257 6.3 The Interdependence of Emotion and Reason in Xin ......................... 269 6.4 The Non-Opposition of Emotion and Reason in Xin ......................... 274 6.5 The Role of Emotion to Reason in Xin .............................................. 278 6.6 Paradoxical Integration ...................................................................... 282 6.7 Explanation of Contrasting Positions ................................................. 284 6.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 290 Chapter 7 Paradoxical Integration, Contradiction and the Logic of Social Analysis 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 292 7.2 Daodejing ........................................................................................... 295 7.3 Daoism‟s Enduring Impact in the History of Chinese Thought ......... 302 7.4 Paradoxical Integration in Daodejing ................................................ 315 7.5 Forms of Paradoxical Integration and Social Analysis ...................... 323 7.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 336 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 339 References ............................................................................................................ 350 vi List of Tables Table 1 Knowledge Flow and Theory Development ............................................. 66 Table 2 Frequency of Guanxi-Relevant Articles in Premium Business and Management Journals, 1999-2009 ............................................................ 67 Table 3 Frequency of Journal Editors by National Base of Institutional Membership .............................................................................................. 68 Table 4 Frequency of Journal Editors by National Base of Institutional Membership .............................................................................................. 70 vii Abstract This thesis explores questions of conceptual change and transformation, especially under conditions of globalisation. Drawing on textual analysis, historical investigation and conceptual interpretation the thesis argues that the intensification of globalisation over the last century in particular paradoxically promotes both the spread of West European and American social science concepts and methods at the expense of local concepts and approaches and at the same time provides opportunities for the incorporation of local concepts, including Chinese concepts, into Western or mainstream social theory. The thesis begins with an empirical and theoretical examination of patterns of global knowledge flows. By considering the role of diverse knowledge institutions and research traditions it argues that the history of globalisation has produced generally asymmetrical knowledge flows through which Western intellectual dominance
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