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Laboratory Safety Guidelines Learning Guide Series

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Laboratory Safety Guidelines Learning Guide Series DIAGNOSTICS Laboratory Safety Guidelines Learning Guide Series 1 LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES Safety is of the utmost importance in the clinical laboratory. Following proper safety protocols will help ensure a safe working environment for all laboratory workers. In addition, a safe working environment leads to a more efficient laboratory and accuracy of the tests performed. OBJECTIVES The Laboratory Safety Guidelines is intended to provide laboratory workers with general laboratory safety information, including personal protective equipment, and proper waste disposal. This Laboratory Safety Guidelines is not a substitute for guidelines provided by your institution, local or national authorities. After completing this basic general guideline, you will be able to: • Explain why laboratory safety procedures are important • Describe general laboratory biosafety procedures • Identify the personal protective equipment (PPE) used in the laboratory • Describe the types of laboratory waste and procedures for waste disposal KEY CONCEPTS 1. Laboratory safety procedures may help reduce the risk of injury due to exposure to hazardous chemicals, transmission of infectious agents to laboratory workers, and cross-contamination of specimens. 2. Laboratory employees should use universal precautions, i.e., treat all potential biohazard materials (reagents, calibrators, controls, clinical specimens, contaminated instruments) as if they contain infectious agents. Follow Bloodborne Pathogen safety training information while working with these materials. 3. PPE includes gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses with side shields. 4. Dispose of all chemical specimens, reagents, controls, calibrators, standards, cuvettes, and other disposables that may be contaminated in accordance with local, state, or country regulations. Sharp contaminates should be disposed of in designated puncture-resistant containers displaying a biohazard label, then incinerated or autoclaved. WHY IS SAFETY IMPORTANT? Some chemicals used in the clinical laboratory may be hazardous or toxic. In addition, many of the specimens tested in the laboratory contain infectious agents. Chemical and biosafety procedures have been developed to help prevent injuries from contact with chemicals and the transmission of infectious agents to workers in the laboratory. Following safety procedures will also help reduce the risk of cross-contamination between specimens. 2 GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY To provide a safe working environment, the US Government created laws called the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Other countries may have similar laws and regulations, such as the EU-OSHA in the European Union. Check with your local authorities on such laws and regulations that provide a safe working environment in your country. This section discusses four specific categories of laboratory safety: • Biosafety • Chemical safety • Electrical safety • Lifting safety 1. Biosafety A major hazard in any clinical laboratory is exposure to infectious agents from patient specimens. Universal precautions should be followed by all lab employees, i.e., consider all clinical specimens, reagents, controls, etc that contain human blood, and surfaces or components that have come into contact with human blood or the above materials as potentially infectious. Wear gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses, and follow other biosafety practices specified in the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen standard (29 CFR Part 1910.1030) or other equivalent biosafety procedures. Individuals working with potentially infectious material should keep their hands away from their face (eyes, mouth). Frequent hand washing is an easy and efficient way to limit the spread of the potential pathogens. Serum separated from blood should not be decanted but should be transferred by pipette, and never by mouth pipetting. Biosafety procedures also include the following: • Use of lab-associated hazards (e.g., chemicals or specimens) shall be limited to the laboratory area. • No one should eat, drink, or smoke in the lab. The lab refrigerator should be used only for lab- associated materials. Persons in the lab should also refrain from applying cosmetics, handling contact lenses, or conducting any other personal hygiene. • A biohazard label should be displayed on any container or rack used for specimens. • All tools, instruments, and work surfaces should be cleaned using the appropriate disinfectant. Before leaving the lab, all persons should wash their hands in the designated sink using the soap provided. • All laboratory personnel should wear personal protection equipment (gloves, lab coats, safety glasses with side shields). Any waterproof glove can be used. 3 2. Chemical Safety Know the properties of reagents and other chemicals, and how to handle them prior to working with the material. See the package insert or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for Abbott product safety information. The OSHA Right to Know Standard requires that a Safety Data Sheet be provided for each chemical material used in the laboratory. The SDS, which must be accessible to employees at all times, alerts users to: • Chemical and physical dangers associated with the product • Proper storage of the product (e.g., flammable materials must be kept in an approved storage cabinet) • Safety procedures that should be used when handling the product • Emergency steps that should be taken if an accident occurs (e.g., special procedures/personnel required for cleaning up spills) • Procedures for proper disposal of the product Wherever you work, ask your laboratory supervisor for the proper chemical disposal procedures since they are different across local or national communities. The OSHA Right to Know Standard in the United States requires that employees have access to the SDS for each chemical. 3. Electrical Safety The following procedures should be followed to help ensure safety when working with electrical equipment. • Turn off the power to the instrument and disconnect the power cord before replacing fuses, printed circuit boards, etc. Use only replacement fuses of the specified type and electrical rating. • Keep surfaces dry around the instrument and electrical connectors. • Remove jewelry and loose items such as ties prior to working on electrical equipment. • Do not disconnect any electrical connection while the power is on. Follow instructions for correctly powering down instruments and all connected equipment before performing service maintenance. • Use only approved power cords and electrical accessories, such as those supplied with the instrument, to protect against electrical shock. Connect power cords only to properly grounded outlets. • Inspect electrical equipment before use to ensure that it is in good working order. Instruments should be turned off before the power is disconnected. 4. Lifting Safety Whenever possible, obtain assistance when handling heavy objects and always follow installation instructions to prevent injuries. 4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) This section discusses the use of personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coats, safety glasses with side shields) in the clinical laboratory. 1. Gloves Gloves are required when working with potential biohazard materials and some chemicals. Any waterproof glove can be used. Remove gloves and dispose of in the laboratory. Gloves are required when working with potential biohazard materials and some chemicals. 2. Lab Coats When in the lab, employees should wear and button lab coats to protect clothing and skin to exposure from potential biohazards and chemicals. They must be left in the lab after use. Lab coats can be made of cloth or paper. Paper lab coats are disposable and should be discarded in a biohazard container after use. Cloth lab coats should be fluid-resistant. Certain types of lab coats may be designated for use only in specific areas of the lab, so that contami- nants are not carried between work areas. This is especially important in labs that work with DNA. 3. Safety Glasses Safety glasses with side shields are required at all times. When working with materials that may splash, a face shield may also be worn to protect mucous membranes. PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL The waste generated in the clinical laboratory can be divided into several categories: biohazard, paper- only, aerosols, and sharps. Special considerations must be taken in disposing of these wastes. These guidelines, along with your local or country regulations should be followed. 1. Biohazard In the clinical laboratory, biohazards include blood and any fluid that may contain blood, such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial (joint) fluid, amniotic fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, etc., as well as contaminated instruments, reagents, calibrators, controls, etc. These wastes should be double-bagged in red or orange bags with visible biohazard labels, then autoclaved or incinerated. Follow the laboratory procedures for decontaminating liquids prior to disposal. 2. Paper-Only If paper is contaminated with blood or any other body fluids, it must be treated as a biohazard. If it is not contaminated, paper can be disposed of with regular waste. 5 3. Aerosols Aerosols are air-borne particles that can be created when a pressurized container is opened. For example, initially opening a tube of blood can release air-borne blood particles. Aerosols can be trapped as the tube is opened by covering the top of the tube with a cloth. The cloth should then be discarded with other biohazards. 4. Sharps Sharps, include contaminated needles or syringes,
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