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Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) For: Stage 1: Initiation
Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for: Globodera tabacum s.I. November 2014 Stage 1: Initiation 1. What is the name of the pest? Preferred scientific name: Globodera tabacum s.l. (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 Other scientific names: Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Behrens, 1975 syn. Heterodera solanacearum Miller & Gray, 1972 Heterodera tabacum solanacearum Miller & Gray, 1972 (Stone, 1983) Globodera Solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Behrens, 1975 Globodera Solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Globodera tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 syn. Heterodera tabacum Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954 Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Behrens, 1975 Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Globodera tabacum virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Stone, 1983 syn. Heterodera virginiae Miller & Gray, 1968 Heterodera tabacum virginiae Miller & Gray, 1968 (Stone, 1983) Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Stone, 1983 Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Behrens, 1975 Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Preferred common name: tobacco cyst nematode 1 This PRA has been undertaken on G. tabacum s.l. because of the difficulties in separating the subspecies. Further detail is given below. After the description of H. tabacum, two other similar cyst nematodes, colloquially referred to as horsenettle cyst nematode and Osbourne's cyst nematode, were later designated by Miller et al. (1962) from Virginia, USA. These cyst nematodes were fully described and named as H. virginiae and H. solanacearum by Miller & Gray (1972), respectively. The type host for these species was Solanum carolinense L.; other hosts included different species of Nicotiana, Physalis and Solanum, as well as Atropa belladonna L., Hycoscyamus niger L., but not S. -
Morphometrics of Globodera Tabacum Tabacum, G. T. Virginiae, and G. T
Journal of Nematology 25(2):148-160. 1993. © The Society of Nematologists 1993. Morphometrics of Globodera tabacum tabacum, G. t. virginiae, and G. t. solanacearum (Nemata: Heteroderinae) MANUEL M. MOTA AND JONATHAN D. EISENBACK 2 Abstract: A morphometric evaluation of second-stage juveniles (J2), males, females, cysts, and eggs of several isolates of the tobacco cyst nematode (TCN) complex, Globodera tabacum tabacum (GTT), G. t. virginiae (GTV), and G. t. solanacearum (GTS) is presented. Morphometrics of eggs, J2, and males are considerably less variable than of females and cysts. No measurements of eggs and J2 are useful for identification of the three subspecies. Distance from the median bulb and excretory pore to the head end in J2 and males is quite stable. Stylet knob width of males is useful for identifying GTV isolates and tail length in separating males of GTT isolates from GTV and GTS. Body length/width (L/W) ratio of females and cysts discriminates GTT from GTV and GTS; stylet knob width is an auxiliary character for identifying GTV. This subspecies complex has a continuum of values for the other characters. Data suggest a close relationship between GTV and GTS, which also occur in close proximity in Virginia. Key words: Cyst, Globodera tabacum tabacum, G. t. solanacearum, G. t. virginiae, morphometrics, nema- tode, tobacco cyst nematode, species complex, subspecies, variability. Morphometrics has been used exten- No major morphological differences sively in the taxonomy of cyst nematodes, were reported among J2 and males of sev- subfamily Heteroderinae sensu lato Luc et eral isolates of this complex (13). Some dif- al. -
Hatch and Reproduction of Globodera Tabacum Tabacum in Response to Tobacco, Tomato, Or Black Nightshade J
Journal of Nematology 27(3):382-386. 1995. © The Society of Nematologists 1995. Hatch and Reproduction of Globodera tabacum tabacum in Response to Tobacco, Tomato, or Black Nightshade J. A. LAMONDIA 1 Abstract: The effects of broadleaf tobacco, tomato, and black nightshade on juvenile hatch and reproduction of Globodera tabacum tabacum were determined in laboratory and greenhouse experi- ments. Root exudates from nightshade stimulated greater egg hatch than those from either 'Rutgers' tomato or '86-4' tobacco. Hatch was greater at higher proportions of root exudates for all three plant species. Root exudates from plants greater than 3 weeks old stimulated more hatch than younger plants. No regression relationships existed between plant age and nematode batch. In other exper- iments, hatch from eggs in cysts was higher for tomato and nightshade after 10 weeks in greenhouse pots compared to tobacco and bare soil. Numbers of second-stage juveniles in eggs in cysts produced from a previous generation on the same host were highest on nightshade and less on tomato and tobacco. Cysts of variable age recovered from field soil had increased hatch in both root exudates or water compared to recently produced cysts from plants in growth chambers. Globodera t. tabacum may be subject to both host and environmentally mediated diapause. Key words: hatch stimulation, Nicotiana tabacum, Lycopersicon esculentum, nematode, root exudates, Solanum nigrum, tobacco cyst nematode. The tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera experiments. G. t. tabacum, however, can tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery and Lowns- persist in soil for many years in the absence bery) Behrens, is an important parasite of of a host (1), suggesting some form of dor- shade (9,13) and broadleaf (11) tobacco in mancy with survival value. -
Diversity of Root-Knot Nematodes in Moroccan Olive Nurseries and Orchards
Aït Hamza et al. BMC Ecol (2017) 17:41 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-017-0153-9 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Diversity of root‑knot nematodes in Moroccan olive nurseries and orchards: does Meloidogyne javanica disperse according to invasion processes? Mohamed Aït Hamza1,2* , Nadine Ali2,3, Johannes Tavoillot2, Odile Fossati‑Gaschignard2, Hassan Boubaker4, Abdelhamid El Mousadik1† and Thierry Mateille2† Abstract Background: Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are major pest of olive tree (Olea europaea ssp. europaea), especially in nurseries and high-density orchards. Soil samples were collected from main olive growing areas of Morocco, to char‑ acterize Meloidogyne species and to discuss the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors in their spatial distribution. Results: RKN were found in 159 soil samples out of 305 from nurseries (52.1% occurrence) and in 11 out of 49 soil samples from orchards (23.2% occurrence). Biochemical and molecular characterisation (PAGE esterase and SCAR) revealed the dominance of M. javanica both in nurseries and orchards with minor presence of M. incognita only in nurseries, and M. arenaria in only one nursery. RKN were distributed on aggregated basis. Frequent presence of M. javanica in orchards might have come from nurseries. In contrast, the detection of M. incognita in nurseries alone sug‑ gests that this species could not reproduce in orchards because of either the competition with other plant-parasitic nematodes or unft local habitats. The impact of environmental variables (climate, habitat origin and physicochemical characteristics of the substrates) on the distribution of Meloidogyne species is also discussed. Conclusion: Olive nurseries in Morocco are not able to guarantee the safety of rooted plants. -
PM 7/40 (4) Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2017) 47 (2), 174–197 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12391 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 7/40 (4) Diagnostics Diagnostic PM 7/40 (4) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Approved as an EPPO Standard in 2003-09. Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida.1 Revisions approved in 2009-09, 2012-09 and 2017-02. Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology.2 This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/ 76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols. of imported material for potential quarantine or damaging 1. Introduction nematodes or new infestations, identification by morpholog- Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida (potato cyst ical methods performed by experienced nematologists is nematodes, PCNs) cause major losses in Solanum more suitable (PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic tuberosum (potato) crops (van Riel & Mulder, 1998). The protocols). infective second-stage juveniles only move a maximum of A flow diagram describing the diagnostic procedure for about 1 m in the soil. Most movement to new localities is G. rostochiensis and G. pallida is presented in Fig. 1. by passive transport. The main routes of spread are infested seed potatoes and movement of soil (e.g. on farm machin- 2. Identity ery) from infested land to other areas. Infestation occurs when the second-stage juvenile hatches from the egg and Name: Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923), enters the root near the growing tip by puncturing the epi- Skarbilovich, 1959. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 11:38:23AM Via Free Access 228 Lax Et Al
Contributions to Zoology, 83 (4) 227-243 (2014) Morphology and DNA sequence data reveal the presence of Globodera ellingtonae in the Andean region Paola Lax1, 5, Juan C. Rondan Dueñas2, Javier Franco-Ponce3, Cristina N. Gardenal4, Marcelo E. Doucet1 1 Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Rondeau 798, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina 2 Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Pabellón CEPROCOR, Santa María de Punilla, X5164 Córdoba, Argentina 3 PROINPA Foundation, Av. Meneces, Km 4, El Paso, Cochabamba, Bolivia 4 Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Natu- rales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina 5 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Andean potato, Argentina, diagnosis, Hsp90 gene, morphology, potato cyst nematode Abstract Results ............................................................................................. 231 Morphological data ............................................................... 231 Potato cyst nematodes, G. rostochiensis and G. pallida, are the Host-plant relationship ........................................................ 232 most economically important nematode pests of potatoes world- Molecular analysis ................................................................ 232 wide and are subject to strict quarantine regulations in many Discussion ..................................................................................... -
Plant–Nematode Interactions Valerie M Williamson and Cynthia a Gleason
1 Plant–nematode interactions Valerie M Williamsonà and Cynthia A Gleason Root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes are obligate, Cyst nematodes enter roots and move to the vascular biotrophic pathogens of numerous plant species. These cylinder, piercing cell walls with their stylets and dis- organisms cause dramatic changes in the morphology and rupting cells as they go [3]. Upon reaching the vascular physiology of their hosts. The molecular characterization of cylinder, they establish a feeding site, apparently by inject- induced plant genes has provided insight into the plant ing stylet secretions. The formation of a feeding site is processes that are usurped by nematodes as they establish their characterized by the breakdown of the cell walls between specialized feeding cells. Recently, several gene products have the initial feeding site cell and its neighboring cells, been identified that are secreted by the nematode during resulting in the development of a multinucleate syncytium parasitism. The corresponding genes have strong similarity to [4]. Cyst nematodes undergo three molts inside the root microbial genes or to genes that are found in nematodes that before becoming adults. They generally reproduce sexu- parasitize animals. New information on host resistance genes ally, and once fertilized, the female becomes full of eggs. and nematode virulence genes provides additional insight After the female dies, its body becomes a protective cyst for into this complex interaction. the eggs. Addresses In contrast to the cyst nematode, the juvenile of the root- ÃDepartment of Nematology, One Shields Avenue, knot nematode moves intercellularly after penetrating University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA the root, migrating down the plant cortex towards the e-mail: [email protected] root tip. -
Resistance Based Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida in Potato Cropping Systems
Resistance Based Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in Potato Cropping Systems Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Eingereicht am Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel Von James Maina Mwangi Witzenhausen, October 2019 Mwangi, J.M. (2019). Resistance based integrated pest management strategy for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in potato cropping systems. PhD Thesis, University of Kassel. doi:10.17170/kobra-20191212863 Defence date: 9th December 2019 Place: University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. Supervisors: 1. Prof. Dr. Maria R. Finckh, Department of Ecological Protection, University of Kassel, Germany. 2. Dr. Sebastian Kiewnick, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Germany. II Table of Content Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................... VII List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. IX List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. XII Chapter 1: General Introduction .............................................................................................. 13 1.1 Introduction to Potato Cyst Nematodes -
Intraspecific Variability Within Globodera Tabacum Solanacearum and Selection for Virulence Against Flue-Cured Tobacco
Intraspecific Variability within Globodera tabacum solanacearum and Selection for Virulence Against Flue-Cured Tobacco by Aaron James Syracuse Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science Approved: ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Charles S. Johnson, Co-chairman Dr. Jonathan D. Eisenback, Co-chairman ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Craig L. Nessler, Department Head Dr. Carol A. Wilkinson October, 2002 Blacksburg, Virginia Key Words: Globodera tabacum solanacearum, Tobacco Cyst Nematode, RAPD, Virulence Intraspecific Variability within Globodera tabacum solanacearum and Selection for Virulence against Flue-Cured Tobacco by Aaron James Syracuse C. S. Johnson and J. D. Eisenback, Co-chairmen Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science (ABSTRACT) The tobacco cyst nematode (TCN), Globodera tabacum solanacearum [(Miller and Gray, 1972) Behrens 1975] Stone 1983, is one of the most economically important pests of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Virginia. Although TCN has been reported from other countries, the geographical distribution of G. t. solanacearum within the United States is limited to Virginia, North Carolina, and one county in Maryland. Approximately 30% of the tobacco acreage in Virginia is infested; average yield reduction is 15%, but complete crop failure can occur. The objectives of this research were to examine intraspecific variability within G. t. solanacearum and to evaluate the relative adaptability of G. t. solanacearum on a resistant (NC567) and a susceptible (K326) flue-cured tobacco cultivar. Nineteen geographic isolates of G. t. solanacearum, one isolate each of G. t. virginiae and the Mexican cyst nematode (G. -
Nematodes of Agricultural Importance in North and South Carolina
Chapter 10 Nematodes of Agricultural Importance in North and South Carolina Weimin Ye 10.1 Introduction North Carolina’s agricultural industry including food, fiber, ornamentals and for- estry, contributes $84 billion to the state’s annual economy, accounts for more than 17% of the state’s income, and employs 17% of the work force. North Carolina is one of the most diversified agricultural states in the nation. Approximately, 50,000 farmers grow over 80 different commodities in North Carolina utilizing 8.2 million of the state 12.5 million hectares to furnish consumers a dependable and affordable supply of food and fiber. North Carolina produces more tobacco and sweet potatoes than any other state, ranks second in Christmas tree and third in tomato production. The state ranks nineth nationally in farm cash receipts of over $10.8 billion (NCDA Agricultural Statistics 2017). Plant parasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the greatest threat to crops throughout the world. Nematodes alone or in combination with other soil microor- ganisms have been found to attack almost every part of the plant including roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds. Crop damage caused worldwide by plant nematodes has been estimated at $US80 billion per year (Nicol et al. 2011). All crops are dam- aged by at least one species of nematode. Most plant parasitic nematodes live in soil and damage plants by feeding in large numbers on roots impairing the plant’s ability to take up water and nutrients. Severe root damage caused by nematodes typically results in aboveground symptoms that may include stunting, yellowing of leaves, incipient wilt, loss of plant vigor and/or an overall general decline in plant perfor- mance. -
Taxonomy, Morphological and Molecular Identification of The
plants Review Taxonomy, Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Potato Cyst Nematodes, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis John Wainer * and Quang Dinh Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The scope of this paper is limited to the taxonomy, detection, and reliable morphological and molecular identification of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. It describes the nomenclature, hosts, life cycle, pathotypes, and symptoms of the two species. It also provides detailed instructions for soil sampling and extraction of cysts from soil. The primary focus of the paper is the presentation of accurate and effective methods to identify the two principal PCN species. Keywords: PCN; potato cyst nematode; Globodera; taxonomy; detection; morphology; molecular identification; PCR 1. Introduction Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are damaging soilborne quarantine pests of potato and other solanaceous crops worldwide [1,2]. The two most damaging species, G. pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975, the pale or white cyst nematode, and G. rostochiensis (Wollenweber, Citation: Wainer, J.; Dinh, Q. 1923) Behrens, 1975, the golden cyst nematode, have proved to be highly adaptive at Taxonomy, Morphological and exploiting new environments, being passively transported, undetected across borders, in Molecular Identification of the Potato intimate association with tubers of their major host, the potato. Globodera species feeding on Cyst Nematodes, Globodera pallida potato also include G. ellingtonae, restricted to Chile, Argentina, and two states in northwest and G. rostochiensis. Plants 2021, 10, USA [3–5] and G. leptonepia (Cobb and Taylor, 1953) Skarbilovich, 1959 found only once in 184. -
Abstracts of Papers, Posters and Films Presented at the Second International Nematology Congress, Veldhoven, the Netherlands, 11-17 August, 1990
ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, POSTERS AND FILMS PRESENTED AT THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL NEMATOLOGY CONGRESS, VELDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS, 11-17 AUGUST, 1990. ABADP., QUILES,C., ABADON,M., CASTAGNONE-SERENOP. & DALMASSO,A. Distributionand conservationof mobileelements in nematodes. Little is known about the origin of transmission, and evolution of mobile elements within the Nematoda. To improve understanding of the evolutionary history of these mobile elements, we examined the distribution of homologues to transposable elements from Caenorhabditiselegans (Tcl to Tc5) in 24 nematode species belonging to different orders. Probes specific for each ele- ment were prepared and hybridized to genomic DNA. Filters were washed under conditions of increasing stringency to estimate the degree of similarity between C. eleganstransposons and their homologues present in other species. Our results show that these transposable elements are restricted to the genus Rhabditis. The Tcl element homologues were only observed in the subgenera Caenorhabditisand Pelodera.The Tc2 element homologues were only found in C. elegans and in the subgenus Teratorhabditis.The Tc3 element homologues seem to be widespread in many members of the genus Rhabditis while Tc4 and Tc5 homologues showed the most limited distribution of all elements tested, being strictly limited to the C. elegansspecies. Stationde Recher- chede Nbnatologieet de GenetigueMoleculaire des lnvertébrés,INRA, B. P. 2078, 06606 Antibes,France. ABAD,P., TARES,S., BRUGUIERN. & DE GUIRANG. RepetitiveDNA and hybridizationpatterns for the differentiationof isolatesof the pinewoodnematode species complex. Pine wilt is the most serious disease of native pines in Japan and potentially the most impor- tant nematode disease of conifers in the world. The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus was found to be the causal agent.