DOCSLIB.ORG

PM 7/40 (4) Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PM 7/40 (4) Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2017) 47 (2), 174–197 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12391 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 7/40 (4) Diagnostics Diagnostic PM 7/40 (4) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Approved as an EPPO Standard in 2003-09. Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida.1 Revisions approved in 2009-09, 2012-09 and 2017-02. Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of Morphological Terms in Nematology.2 This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/ 76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols. of imported material for potential quarantine or damaging 1. Introduction nematodes or new infestations, identification by morpholog- Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida (potato cyst ical methods performed by experienced nematologists is nematodes, PCNs) cause major losses in Solanum more suitable (PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic tuberosum (potato) crops (van Riel & Mulder, 1998). The protocols). infective second-stage juveniles only move a maximum of A flow diagram describing the diagnostic procedure for about 1 m in the soil. Most movement to new localities is G. rostochiensis and G. pallida is presented in Fig. 1. by passive transport. The main routes of spread are infested seed potatoes and movement of soil (e.g. on farm machin- 2. Identity ery) from infested land to other areas. Infestation occurs when the second-stage juvenile hatches from the egg and Name: Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923), enters the root near the growing tip by puncturing the epi- Skarbilovich, 1959. dermal cell walls, and then internal cell walls, with its sty- Synonyms: Heterodera rostochiensis, Wollenweber, 1923; let. Eventually it begins feeding on cells in the pericycle, Heterodera schachtii solani Zimmerman, 1927; Heterodera cortex or endodermis. The nematode induces enlargement schachtii rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Kemner, 1929; of the root cells and breakdown of their walls to form a Taxonomic position: Nematoda, Tylenchida3, Heteroderi- large, syncytial transfer cell. This syncytium provides nutri- dae ents for the nematode. Infested potato plants have a reduced EPPO Code: HETDRO root system and, because of the decreased water uptake, Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A2 List no. 125, EU death of the plant can eventually occur. Annex designation I/A2 In this Diagnostic Protocol different tests for detection Name: Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973). and identification are presented which can be used depend- Synonyms: Heterodera pallida Stone, 1973 ing on the circumstances. In some EPPO countries official Taxonomic position: Nematoda, Tylenchida3, Heteroderi- control is in place and routine testing is required. For such dae routine testing in the country itself molecular techniques EPPO Code: HETDPA can be very useful. In other situations, such as the testing Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A2 List no. 124, EU Annex designation I/A2 1Use of brand names of chemicals or equipment in these EPPO Stan- dards implies no approval of them to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. 3Developments combining a classification based on morphological data 2http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/diag_activities/EPPO_TD_1056_ and molecular analysis refer to ‘Tylenchomorpha’ (De Ley & Blaxter, Glossary.pdf 2004). 174 ª 2017 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 47, 174–197 PM 7/40 (4) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida 175 Soil sample Extraction (cysts and debris) G. pallida or Isolation of cysts No G. rostochiensis not identified Morphological identification to genus level Molecular test for detection and/or identification Yes Globodera sp. identified No (for direct testing on floats see Appendix 7) Yes Yes Empty cyst? No Identification at species level not Morphological identification based possible on perineal patterns and juveniles (see Table 1) Negative uncertain (overlap of values) Positive Negative Molecular Positive detection (Appendices 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) G. pallida or Positive G. rostochiensis Negative not identified G. pallida or G. pallida or G. rostochiensis G. rostochiensis identified identified Fig. 1 Flow-diagram for identification of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Note that identification of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida should preferably combine morphological and molecular methods, especially when new introductions are suspected. ª 2017 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 47, 174–197 176 Diagnostics 3. Detection 3.1 Symptoms Above-ground symptoms due to PCNs are not specific and often go undetected. General symptoms include patches of poor growth in the crop, with plants sometimes showing yellowing, wilting or death of foliage; tuber size is reduced and roots are extensively branched with soil stuck to them. However, there are many other causes of these symptoms. Plants should therefore be lifted for a visual check for the presence of cysts and young females on the roots, or a soil sample should be taken for testing. Young females and cysts are just visible to the naked eye as tiny white, yellow Fig. 3 Broken cyst with eggs of G. pallida. (Courtesy: Plant Protection Service, NL.) or brown pin-heads on the root surface (Figs 2 and 3). Detection by lifting plants is only possible for a short time nematode cysts. Prior to identification, cysts need to be as females mature into cysts and then can easily be lost at removed from the floats. This process usually requires lifting, and it is time-consuming. Soil testing is therefore examination of the float by staff trained in separating nema- the best way to determine the presence of PCNs. tode cysts from similar globular bodies in the soil. It can be time-consuming, depending upon the efficiency of 3.2 Statutory sampling procedures extraction and whether any further clean-up has been used, e.g. acetone flotation. This process is critical to the effi- Recommendations on sampling can be found in Council ciency of the diagnosis because false negative results may Directive 2007/33/EC of 11 June 2007 on the control of result if any Globodera cysts are missed at this stage. The PCN and Repealing Directive 69/465/EEC (EU, 2007). distinction between PCNs and other cysts based on mor- phology can only be reliably performed by trained experts. 3.3 Extraction procedures When moist soil samples are not immediately processed and viability tests are envisaged, they should be stored above There are various processes for extracting cysts from the zero and below 5°C as temperature influences hatching beha- soil. Simple methods based on flotation can be as good as viour (Muhammad, 1996; Sharma & Sharma, 1998). Soil elutriation. Extraction methods are described in PM 7/119 samples should not be dried at a temperature higher than Nematode extraction. Globodera cysts are generally round, approximately 35°C as this might also influence the viability. which distinguishes them from most other types of 3.4 Bioassay Another procedure for detecting the nematodes is bioassay (Appendix 1, test A). 3.5 Direct testing of soil extracts A test for the direct detection and identification of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida in soil extracts/floats (cysts and debris) using real-time PCR has been developed by Reid et al. (2015) and is described in Appendix 7. 4. Identification Identification of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida should preferably combine morphological and molecular methods, especially when new introductions are suspected. For identification based on morphology, second-stage juveniles and cysts should be obtained from soil, plant roots or tubers. The colour of the female at the appropriate stage of development can be used as an indication of species: a Fig. 2 Potato roots infected by G. rostochiensis. (Courtesy: Plant female which changes during maturation from white to yel- Protection Service, NL.) low then into a brown cyst is G. rostochiensis, while one ª 2017 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 47, 174–197 PM 7/40 (4) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida 177 which changes from white directly to brown is G. pallida. Identification of cysts and other stages is in general based on a combination of morphological and morphometric char- acters and/or molecular methods. In well-defined circum- stances molecular tests alone can be applied. Differential interference contrast is highly recommended for identifying specimens mounted on microscope slides. 4.1 Identification on the basis of morphological features 4.1.1 Identification of cyst and juveniles to genus level 4.1.1.1 Cysts. Identification of Heteroderidae cysts to genus level is based on the form of the cysts and the char- acteristics of the vulval–anal region (Table 1 and Figs 4– Fig. 5 The perineal region of a Globodera cyst (Hesling, 1978). 7). Further information is provided by keys of Brzeski (1998), Baldwin & Mundo-Ocampo (1991), Wouts & Bald- soil extracts after extraction for the detection of non-seden- win (1998), Siddiqi (2000) and Subbotin et al. (2010). tary stages of nematodes. A dichotomous key to genus of Heteroderidae cysts is Distinction between juveniles of Globodera and other presented below: Heteroderidae is difficult; in such cases it is strongly 1 Lemon-shaped cyst Not Globodera advised to perform a cyst extraction where possible or to Round cyst 2 perform a molecular test on the juveniles (see section 4.2) 2 Two large separated fenestrae of equal size Not Globodera and to proceed with this Diagnostic Protocol. Some infor- One large vulval fenestra Globodera mation, however, is provided below. Globodera juveniles should present the following charac- Globodera cysts should present the following characteris- teristics: tics: The mobile second-stage juveniles of Globodera are ver- Cysts of Globodera are smoothly rounded with a small miform, annulated, and taper at head and tail regions. projecting neck, no terminal cone, diameter Æ 450 lm, and Within the genus Globodera, body length ranges from 445 with a tanned brown skin (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY Description of Heterodera
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-097 e2020-97 | Vol. 52 Description of Heterodera microulae sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from China a new cyst nematode in the Goettingiana group Wenhao Li1, Huixia Li1,*, Chunhui Ni1, Deliang Peng2, Yonggang Liu3, Ning Luo1 and Abstract 1 Xuefen Xu A new cyst-forming nematode, Heterodera microulae sp. n., was 1College of Plant Protection, Gansu isolated from the roots and rhizosphere soil of Microula sikkimensis Agricultural University/Biocontrol in China. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by Engineering Laboratory of Crop lemon-shaped body with an extruded neck and obtuse vulval cone. Diseases and Pests of Gansu The vulval cone of the new species appeared to be ambifenestrate Province, Lanzhou, 730070, without bullae and a weak underbridge. The second-stage juveniles Gansu Province, China. have a longer body length with four lateral lines, strong stylets with rounded and flat stylet knobs, tail with a comparatively longer hyaline 2 State Key Laboratory for Biology area, and a sharp terminus. The phylogenetic analyses based on of Plant Diseases and Insect ITS-rDNA, D2-D3 of 28S rDNA, and COI sequences revealed that the Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, new species formed a separate clade from other Heterodera species Chinese Academy of Agricultural in Goettingiana group, which further support the unique status of Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. H. microulae sp. n. Therefore, it is described herein as a new species 3Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu of genus Heterodera; additionally, the present study provided the first Academy of Agricultural Sciences, record of Goettingiana group in Gansu Province, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Abacca Mosaic Virus
    Annex Decree of Ministry of Agriculture Number : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 date : 23 September 2015 Plant Quarantine Pest List A. Plant Quarantine Pest List (KATEGORY A1) I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea leaf, stem Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Botswana, Burundi, sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, sweet potato) Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia 2. Ac rocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus stem, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, branches, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus litter Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica 3. Aetherastis circulata II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, stem, leaf, Asia: India Meyrick; Lepidoptera: rubber tree) seedling Yponomeutidae; bark feeding caterpillar 1 4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buds, stem, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North Coleoptera: Buprestidae; seedling, Korea), Republic of Korea apple borer, apple rhizome (South Korea) buprestid Europe: Russia 5. Agrilus planipennis II Fraxinus americana,
    [Show full text]
  • National Regulatory Control System for Globodera Pallida and Globodera Rostochiensis
    Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2018) 48 (3), 516–532 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12510 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 9/26 (1) National regulatory control systems Systemes de lutte nationaux re´glementaires PM 9/26 (1) National regulatory control system for Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis Specific scope Specific approval This Standard describes a national regulatory control sys- First approved in 2000-09 tem for Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis. pathogenicity for potato needs to be confirmed (Zasada Definitions et al., 2013). These are the only three species of Pathotypes: the term pathotype is used in this Standard to Globodera known to reproduce on potato. cover pathotypes, virulence groups or any population with a Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida have been unique virulence phenotype. Several pathotypes of potato detected in areas of the EPPO region that are important for cyst nematodes (PCN) have been described. The existing the cultivation of potatoes. Official surveys of ware potato pathotyping schemes from Europe (Kort et al., 1977) and land have been conducted in the European Union since South America (Canto Saenz & de Scurrah, 1977) do not 2010 to determine the distribution of PCN. Data from these adequately determine the virulence of PCN (Trudgill, surveys and from results of official investigations on land 1985). used to produce seed potato suggests that one or both spe- The terms ‘outbreak’ and ‘incursion’ are defined in ISPM cies of PCN may still be absent from large areas but are 5 Glossary of phytosanitary terms: widely distributed in other areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Ceará Centro De Ciências Agrárias Departamento De Fitotecnia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agronomia/Fitotecnia
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOTECNIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRONOMIA/FITOTECNIA FRANCISCO BRUNO DA SILVA CAFÉ ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DO NEMATOIDE DO CISTO DAS CACTÁCEAS, Cactodera cacti, EM PITAIA FORTALEZA 2019 FRANCISCO BRUNO DA SILVA CAFÉ ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DO NEMATOIDE DO CISTO DAS CACTÁCEAS, Cactodera cacti, EM PITAIA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Agronomia/Fitotecnia. Área de concentração: Fitossanidade. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Carmem Dolores Gonzaga Santos . FORTALEZA 2019 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará Biblioteca Universitária Gerada automaticamente pelo módulo Catalog, mediante os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) C132a Café, Francisco Bruno da Silva. Aspectos biológicos do nematoide do cisto das cactáceas, Cactodera cacti, em pitaia / Francisco Bruno da Silva Café. – 2019. 84 f. : il. color. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (Fitotecnia), Fortaleza, 2019. Orientação: Profa. Dra. Carmem Dolores Gonzaga Santos. 1. Heteroderidae. 2. Fitonematoides. 3. Hylocereus. I. Título. CDD 630 FRANCISCO BRUNO DA SILVA CAFÉ ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DO NEMATOIDE DO CISTO DAS CACTÁCEAS, Cactodera cacti, EM PITAIA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia/Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Agronomia/Fitotecnia. Área de concentração: Fitossanidade. Aprovada em: ___/___/______. BANCA EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________________ Profª. Dra. Carmem Dolores Gonzaga Santos (Orientadora) Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) _________________________________________ Dr. Dagoberto Saunders de Oliveira Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará (ADAGRI) ________________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomic Responses of Uninfected Tissues of Pea Plants Infected by Root-Knot Nematode, Fusarium and Downy Mildew Pathogens Al-S
    PROTEOMIC RESPONSES OF UNINFECTED TISSUES OF PEA PLANTS INFECTED BY ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, FUSARIUM AND DOWNY MILDEW PATHOGENS AL-SADEK MOHAMED SALEM GHAZALA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of the West of England, Bristol for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol. December 2012 This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. Al-Sadek Mohamed Salem Ghazala December 2012 Abstract Peas suffer from several diseases, and there is a need for accurate, rapid in-field diagnosis. This study used proteomics to investigate the response of pea plants to infection by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla, the root rot fungus Fusarium solani and the downy mildew oomycete Peronospora viciae, and to identify potential biomarkers for diagnostic kits. A key step was to develop suitable protein extraction methods. For roots, the Amey method (Chuisseu Wandji et al., 2007), was chosen as the best method. The protein content of roots from plants with shoot infections by P. viciae was less than from non-infected plants. Specific proteins that had decreased in abundance were (1->3)-beta-glucanase, alcohol dehydrogenase 1, isoflavone reductase, malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit alpha, eukaryotic translation inhibition factor, and superoxide dismutase. No proteins increased in abundance in the roots of infected plants. For extraction of proteins from leaves, the Giavalisco method (Giavalisco et al., 2003) was best. The amount of protein in pea leaves decreased by age, and also following root infection by F.
    [Show full text]
  • PCN Guidelines, and Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera Rostochiensis Or Globodera Pallida) Were Not Detected.”
    Canada and United States Guidelines on Surveillance and Phytosanitary Actions for the Potato Cyst Nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida 7 May 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................3 2. Rationale for phytosanitary actions ........................................................................................................................3 3. Soil sampling and laboratory analysis procedures .................................................................................................4 4. Phytosanitary measures ........................................................................................................................................4 5. Regulated articles .................................................................................................................................................5 6. National PCN detection survey..............................................................................................................................6 7. Pest-free places of production or pest-free production sites within regulated areas ...............................................6 8. Phytosanitary certification of seed potatoes ..........................................................................................................7 9. Releasing land from regulatory control ..................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Management Strategies for Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode and Their Effect on Nematode Community
    Management Strategies for Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode and Their Effect on Nematode Community A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Zane Grabau IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Dr. Senyu Chen June 2013 © Zane Grabau 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my committee members John Lamb, Robert Blanchette, and advisor Senyu Chen for their helpful feedback and input on my research and thesis. Additionally, I would like to thank my advisor Senyu Chen for giving me the opportunity to conduct research on nematodes and, in many ways, for making the research possible. Additionally, technicians Cathy Johnson and Wayne Gottschalk at the Southern Research and Outreach Center (SROC) at Waseca deserve much credit for the hours of technical work they devoted to these experiments without which they would not be possible. I thank Yong Bao for his patient in initially helping to train me to identify free-living nematodes and his assistance during the first year of the field project. Similarly, I thank Eyob Kidane, who, along with Senyu Chen, trained me in the methods for identification of fungal parasites of nematodes. Jeff Vetsch from SROC deserves credit for helping set up the field project and advising on all things dealing with fertilizers and soil nutrients. I want to acknowledge a number of people for helping acquire the amendments for the greenhouse study: Russ Gesch of ARS in Morris, MN; SROC swine unit; and Don Wyse of the University of Minnesota. Thanks to the University of Minnesota Plant Disease Clinic for contributing information for the literature review.
    [Show full text]
  • ENTO-364 (Introducto
    K. K. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, NASHIK DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY THEORY NOTES Course No.:- ENTO-364 Course Title: - Introductory Nematology Credits: - 2 (1+1) Compiled By Prof. T. B. Ugale & Prof. A. S. Mochi Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Entomology 0 Complied by Prof. T. B. Ugale & Prof. A. S. Mochi (K. K. Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik) TEACHING SCHEDULE Semester : VI Course No. : ENTO-364 Course Title : Introductory Nematology Credits : 2(1+1) Lecture Topics Rating No. 1 Introduction- History of phytonematology and economic 4 importance. 2 General characteristics of plant parasitic nematodes. 2 3 Nematode- General morphology and biology. 4 4 Classification of nematode up to family level with 4 emphasis on group of containing economical importance genera (Taxonomic). 5 Classification of nematode by habitat. 2 6 Identification of economically important plant nematodes 4 up to generic level with the help of key and description. 7 Symptoms caused by nematodes with examples. 4 8 Interaction of nematodes with microorganism 4 9 Different methods of nematode management. 4 10 Cultural methods 4 11 Physical methods 2 12 Biological methods 4 13 Chemical methods 2 14 Entomophilic nematodes- Species Biology 2 15 Mode of action 2 16 Mass production techniques for EPN 2 Reference Books: 1) A Text Book of Plant Nematology – K. D. Upadhay & Kusum Dwivedi, Aman Publishing House 2) Fundamentals of Plant Nematology – E. J. Jonathan, S. Kumar, K. Deviranjan, G. Rajendran, Devi Publications, 8, Couvery Nagar, Karumanolapam, Trichirappalli, 620 001. 3) Plant Nematodes - Methodology, Morphology, Systematics, Biology & Ecology Majeebur Rahman Khan, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
    [Show full text]
  • Medit Cereal Cyst Nem Circ221
    Nematology Circular No. 221 Fl. Dept. Agriculture & Cons. Svcs. November 2002 Division of Plant Industry The Mediterranean Cereal Cyst Nematode, Heterodera latipons: a Menace to Cool Season Cereals of the United States1 N. Greco2, N. Vovlas2, A. Troccoli2 and R.N. Inserra3 INTRODUCTION: Cool season cereals, such as hard and bread wheat, oats and barley, are among the major staple crops of economic importance worldwide. These monocots are parasitized by many pathogens and pests including plant parasitic nematodes. Among nematodes, cyst-forming nematodes (Heterodera spp.) are considered to be very damaging because of crop losses they induce and their worldwide distribution. The most economically important cereal cyst nematode species damaging winter cereals are: Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, which occurs in the United States and is the most widespread and damaging on a world basis; H. filipjevi (Madzhidov) Stelter, found in Europe and Mediterranean areas and most often confused with H. avenae; and H. hordecalis Andersson, which seems to be confined to central and north European countries. In the 1950s and early 1960s, a cyst nematode was detected in the Mediterranean region (Israel and Libya) on the roots of stunted wheat plants (Fig. 1 A,B). It was described as a new species and named H. latipons based on morphological characteristics of the Israel population (Franklin 1969). Subsequently, damage by H. latipons was reported on cereals in other Mediterranean countries (Fig. 1). MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DIAGNOSIS: Heterodera latipons cysts are typically ovoid to lemon-shaped as those of H. avenae. They belong to the H. avenae group be- cause they have short vulva slits (< 16 µm) (Figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Mediated Interactions Between the Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera Pallida and the Peach Potato Aphid, Myzus Persicae
    i Plant-mediated interactions between the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida and the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae Grace Anna Hoysted Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Centre for Plant Sciences School of Biology September 2016 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. © 2016 The University of Leeds, Grace Anna Hoysted iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Peter Urwin for not only giving me the opportunity to carry out this PhD but also for all of his support, encouragement and wise words over the last four years. Also, to my secondary supervisor Prof. Sue Hartley for her advice and encouragement with all things entomological and paper writing. I would like to thank Dr. Catherine Lilley for all of the time and effort she has invested these last few years while helping me through my project (and also for keeping my haribo drawer stocked). To all members (past and present) of the Plant Nematology Group at the University of Leeds for their constant support and training, in particular Jennie and Fiona for their amazing technical support. I’d also like to thank everyone for their love of Friday cakes and tea, the annual lab day out and not forgetting the endless supply of baby animal YouTube videos ;) To all of the wonderful friends I’ve made whilst in Leeds – thank you for all those crazy lunch time conversations, wild nights out and all of the other fun times from the Lake District to Budapest.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY Morphological And
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-098 e2020-98 | Vol. 52 Morphological and molecular characterization of Heterodera dunensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands Phougeishangbam Rolish Singh1,2,*, Gerrit Karssen1, 2, Marjolein Couvreur1 and Wim Bert1 Abstract 1Nematology Research Unit, Heterodera dunensis n. sp. from the coastal dunes of Gran Canaria, Department of Biology, Ghent Canary Islands, is described. This new species belongs to the University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat Schachtii group of Heterodera with ambifenestrate fenestration, 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. presence of prominent bullae, and a strong underbridge of cysts. It is characterized by vermiform second-stage juveniles having a slightly 2National Plant Protection offset, dome-shaped labial region with three annuli, four lateral lines, Organization, Wageningen a relatively long stylet (27-31 µm), short tail (35-45 µm), and 46 to 51% Nematode Collection, P.O. Box of tail as hyaline portion. Males were not found in the type population. 9102, 6700, HC, Wageningen, Phylogenetic trees inferred from D2-D3 of 28S, partial ITS, and 18S The Netherlands. of ribosomal DNA and COI of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate *E-mail: PhougeishangbamRolish. a position in the ‘Schachtii clade’. [email protected] This paper was edited by Keywords Zafar Ahmad Handoo. 18S, 28S, Canary Islands, COI, Cyst nematode, ITS, Gran Canaria, Heterodera dunensis, Plant-parasitic nematodes, Schachtii, Received for publication Systematics, Taxonomy. September
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) For: Stage 1: Initiation
    Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for: Globodera tabacum s.I. November 2014 Stage 1: Initiation 1. What is the name of the pest? Preferred scientific name: Globodera tabacum s.l. (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 Other scientific names: Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Behrens, 1975 syn. Heterodera solanacearum Miller & Gray, 1972 Heterodera tabacum solanacearum Miller & Gray, 1972 (Stone, 1983) Globodera Solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Behrens, 1975 Globodera Solanacearum (Miller & Gray, 1972) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Globodera tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 syn. Heterodera tabacum Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954 Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Behrens, 1975 Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Globodera tabacum virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Stone, 1983 syn. Heterodera virginiae Miller & Gray, 1968 Heterodera tabacum virginiae Miller & Gray, 1968 (Stone, 1983) Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Stone, 1983 Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Behrens, 1975 Globodera virginiae (Miller & Gray, 1968) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Preferred common name: tobacco cyst nematode 1 This PRA has been undertaken on G. tabacum s.l. because of the difficulties in separating the subspecies. Further detail is given below. After the description of H. tabacum, two other similar cyst nematodes, colloquially referred to as horsenettle cyst nematode and Osbourne's cyst nematode, were later designated by Miller et al. (1962) from Virginia, USA. These cyst nematodes were fully described and named as H. virginiae and H. solanacearum by Miller & Gray (1972), respectively. The type host for these species was Solanum carolinense L.; other hosts included different species of Nicotiana, Physalis and Solanum, as well as Atropa belladonna L., Hycoscyamus niger L., but not S.
    [Show full text]