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Resistance Based Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida in Potato Cropping Systems

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Resistance Based Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida in Potato Cropping Systems Resistance Based Integrated Pest Management Strategy for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in Potato Cropping Systems Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Eingereicht am Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel Von James Maina Mwangi Witzenhausen, October 2019 Mwangi, J.M. (2019). Resistance based integrated pest management strategy for Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida in potato cropping systems. PhD Thesis, University of Kassel. doi:10.17170/kobra-20191212863 Defence date: 9th December 2019 Place: University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. Supervisors: 1. Prof. Dr. Maria R. Finckh, Department of Ecological Protection, University of Kassel, Germany. 2. Dr. Sebastian Kiewnick, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Germany. II Table of Content Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................... VII List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. IX List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. XII Chapter 1: General Introduction .............................................................................................. 13 1.1 Introduction to Potato Cyst Nematodes .............................................................................. 13 1.2 Genetic Diversity................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Biology ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.4 Nematode-Host Interaction ................................................................................................. 18 1.5 Use of Resistant Cultivars for Integrated PCN Management ............................................. 22 1.6 Challenges of Resistance Based Management of PCN in Kenya ....................................... 23 1.7 Thesis Outline ..................................................................................................................... 25 1.8 References ........................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 38 2.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 40 2.3.1 Nematode Populations .................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2 Planting Material .......................................................................................................... 40 2.3.4 Study of Nematode Biology ......................................................................................... 42 2.3.5 Investigating the Presence of Diapause ........................................................................ 42 2.3.6 Testing the Pathotype ................................................................................................... 43 2.3.7 Virulence Assessment ................................................................................................... 44 2.3.8 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 44 2.4.0 Results .............................................................................................................................. 45 2.4.1 Study of Nematode Biology ......................................................................................... 45 III Table of Content 2.4.2 Investigating the Presence of Diapause ........................................................................ 48 2.4.3 Tests for Pathotype ....................................................................................................... 50 2.4.4 Virulence Assessment ................................................................................................... 50 2.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 53 2.6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 57 2.7 References ........................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 3: Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Kenyan Populations of Globodera rostochiensis........................................................................................................................ 63 3.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 65 3.3.1 Nematode Populations .................................................................................................. 65 3.3.2 Species Identification by DNA Barcoding ................................................................... 66 3.3.3 Microsatellite Genotyping ............................................................................................ 67 3.3.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 68 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................................. 69 3.4.1 Population Identification using DNA Barcoding ............................................................. 69 3.4.2 Genetic Characteristics of the Populations....................................................................... 70 3.4.3 Pairwise Genetic Differentiation .................................................................................. 70 3.4.4 Population Genetic Structure ........................................................................................ 71 3.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 73 3.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 75 3.7 References ........................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4: Reproduction and Life History Traits of a Resistance Breaking Globodera pallida Population .......................................................................................................................... 81 Author Contributions................................................................................................................. 81 4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 82 IV Table of Content 4.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 82 4.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 85 4.3.1 Nematode Populations .................................................................................................. 85 4.3.2 Hatching Assay ............................................................................................................. 86 4.3.3 Development of ‘Oberlangen’ and ‘Chavornay’ in Potato Roots ................................ 87 4.3.4 Assessing the virulence of ‘Oberlangen’ and ‘Chavornay’ .......................................... 88 4.2.5 Estimating the Size of the Cysts and the Number of Eggs per Cyst ............................ 88 4.2.6 Estimating the Size of J2s and Males ........................................................................... 89 4.2.7 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 89 4.4.0 Results .............................................................................................................................. 90 4.4.1 Hatching Assays ........................................................................................................... 90 4.4.2 Development of ‘Oberlangen’ and ‘Chavornay’ in Potato Roots ................................ 90 4.4.3 Assessing the virulence of ‘Oberlangen’ and ‘Chavornay’ .......................................... 93 4.4.4 Estimating the Size of the Cysts and the Number of Eggs per Cyst ............................ 95 4.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 97 4.5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 100 4.6 References ........................................................................................................................
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