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Jenny Ponzo Religious Narratives in Italian Literature After the Second Vatican Council Religion and Reason

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Jenny Ponzo Religious Narratives in Italian Literature After the Second Vatican Council Religion and Reason Jenny Ponzo Religious Narratives in Italian Literature after the Second Vatican Council Religion and Reason Founded by Jacques Waardenberg Edited by Gustavo Benavides, Michael Strausberg, and Ann Taves Volume 59 Semiotics of Religion Edited by Massimo Leone, Fabio Rambelli, and Robert Yelle Volume 2 Jenny Ponzo Religious Narratives in Italian Literature after the Second Vatican Council A Semiotic Analysis ISBN 978-3-11-049984-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049783-0 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-049602-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2018968025 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements This bookpresents astudyinitiated in 2014 when Iwas awarded an LMU Research Fellowship at theLudwig-Maximilians-University Munich (Germany). Iwishtothank this institution, Robert Yelle (chairofthe Interfaculty Programmefor theStudy of Religion,whereIwasaffiliated), and Angelika Mooser-Sainer forher administrative support. After the end of the LMU ResearchFellowship, Icontinued to work on this book in the frame of my project “NeMoSanctI – New Models of Sanctity in Italy (1960s-2010s),” which has receivedfunding from the European ResearchCouncil (ERC) underthe European Union’sHorizon 2020 research and innovation pro- gramme (grant agreement No. 757314). NeMoSanctI is hosted by the Department of Philosophy and Educational Sci- ences of the University of Turin. Aspecial thank youtoUgo Volli (former Depart- ment Dean for Research) and Donatella Mutti for their dedication in following and accompanying the first steps of the project at the Unversity of Turin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110497830-001 Contents Introduction 1 aThe Second Vatican Council and literature 1 bThe relationship between Italian literature and Catholicism 3 cThe semiotic method in the study of literarythemes 8 dThe corpus and structureofthe book 10 Semiotic Ideologyand Religious Themes in Italian Fiction 14 . Forms of agency in linguistic creation: the origins 18 . Communication issues 25 . Language and humanity 31 . The cosmological power of the word and literaryactivity 34 . Conclusion 43 LiteraryRepresentations of Rituals and Liturgical Latin 46 . Latin and the memoryofthe past: Liberanos aMalo 52 . Ritual as the sign of an ending age: Pontificale in San Marco 61 . Ritual and Latin as keys for anew quest for meaning: Il peso della grazia 66 . Conclusion 79 The Thematic Role of the Pope, between Immanenceand Transcendence 84 . The pope who renounced his title: L’avventuradiunpovero cristiano 85 . The dystopia of Rome without the pope 92 . The pope at the center of aconspiracy theory: Imprimatur 107 . Conclusion 118 Atypical Models of Sanctity 121 . The skeleton saint: La cattedrale 123 . Sanctity from outside: La corona di Undecimilla 133 . The sinner saint 139 . Sanctity and blindness 151 . Conclusion 156 Conclusion 162 VIII Contents References Cited 167 aFiction and essays by literaryauthors 167 bInstitutional documents issued by the Catholic Church 168 cReferences 169 dWebsites 176 Index 177 Introduction La littératureest un dévoilementdel’homme et du monde, disait Sartre; et il avaitraison. Elle ne serait rien si elle ne nous permettait pas de mieux comprendre la vie. Todorov(1984: 188) The aim of this book is to studyasample of recurringreligious themes in Italian fiction published after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). This chronolog- ical point of reference has been chosen duetothe innovative character of the Council and its significant repercussions in Italian culture. Indeed, the Second Vatican Council constitutes akey moment in the history of Catholicism in which the Church, after carefullyexamining the contemporary situation, firmly took astanceinfavor of “modernity” and encouraged practitioners to adapt her traditions to the new needs of contemporary society.The research presented herein explores some facets of the post-conciliar religious sensibility such as it is expressed in literature.Asthe analysis reveals, thereare several controversial as- pects of religious conceptsthat have ancient roots but have assumedapeculiar character in light of the new positions adopted by the Church. In particular,this book investigates the complex set of ideas expressed by Italian writers about the biblical narration of human origins and traditionalreligious languageand ritual, the perceivedclash between the immanent and transcendent nature and role of the Church, and the problematic notion of sanctity emerging from contemporary narrative. The method adopted for this studyofawide corpus of narrative texts – mostlynovels – is inspired by semiotics,includingboth its linguistic and narra- tological branches. aThe Second Vatican Counciland literature In the 20th and 21st centuries, Catholicism has been obliged to face the growth of alternative and competingworldviews entailing ideas, values,and narratives that differ profoundlyfrom thosepresented in Church tradition. The Roman Church herself has undergone important internal changes the main expression of which is the policy of aggiornamento sanctionedbythe Second Vatican Coun- cil. In particular, the conciliar Fathers ascertained that “Profound and rapid changes are spreadingbydegrees around the whole world. Triggered by the in- telligence and creative energies of man, these changes recoil upon him, upon his decisions and desires […]and upon his manner of thinking and acting with re- https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110497830-002 2 Introduction spect to thingsand to people” (Gaudium et Spes 1965: n. 4). Accordingtothis view,anew secular mentality accompanying aperiod of growingupheaval led people to abandon God and religion: “Unlikeinformer days,the denial of God or of religion, or the abandonment of them,are no longer unusual and in- dividual occurrences.For todayitisnot rare for such thingstobepresented as requirementsofscientific progress or of acertain new humanism. In numerous places these views are voicednot onlyinthe teachingsofphilosophers, but on every side they influenceliterature, the arts […]. As aconsequence, manypeople are shaken” (Gaudium et Spes 1965: n. 7). In response to increasingsecularization, the RomanCatholicChurch an- nounced apolicy of aggiornamento or adaptation of her traditionalteachings to the modernworld. Just as the Church identified the impact of secularization on literature and the arts, apart of her response consisted of seeking to trans- form these aesthetic media as anecessary component of the mission of salva- tion. The most obvious aspect of this semiotic shift was the vernacularization of the mass. Morethan asimple act of translation, this shift also reflected a new wayofthinking about signs and communication, not onlybetween the Church and her members (and non-members) but also between the deity and human beings.¹ Moreover,the Second Vatican Councilissued its ownprescriptions about ar- tistic expression. In the constitution about liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium (1963), the Church strongly emphasizes thatcontent be prioritized over form (i.e. the “semantic function,” see Yelle: forthcoming). While “The Church has not adopted anyparticularstyle of art as her very own…” (Sacrosanctum Concil- ium 1963: n. 123), it does provide precise guidelinesconcerning the messageand goal of the arts: “[The fine] arts, by their very nature, are oriented towardthe in- finite beauty of God which they attempt in some waytoportray by the work of human hands; they achievetheir purpose of redoundingtoGod’spraise and glory in proportion as they are directed the more exclusivelytothe single aim of turningmen’sminds devoutlytowardGod” (Sacrosanctum Concilium 1963: n. 122).The question is to what extent such ideas have been translated into the domain of secular Italian literature. Forageneral introduction to the Second Vatican Council and its reception, see: Alberigoand Jossua (1985). bThe relationship between Italianliterature and Catholicism 3 bThe relationship between Italian literatureand Catholicism In Italy, significant percentage of people still define themselvesas“Catholic,” al- beit not in an “orthodox” or integralway;inaddition, the Catholicworldview continues to playanimportant role in Italian cultureand imagery with the result that even thosewho define themselvesasnon-believers end up engagingwith this religious tradition as one of the components of theircultural background (Garelli 2014). In this general context,the relationship between Italian writers and religion is often complex. On the one hand,therehas been arather powerful anticlericalintellectual tradition in Italy, in particular dating to the period of Italian nation-state forma- tion (1861) and the Church’sloss of temporalpower (1870). Since that time liter- ature has increasingly sought to overcome the direct influenceofCatholic reli- gion and doctrine (Segre 2005;Dalmas2013). On the other hand,anumber of writers openlytook up Catholic positions in the second half of the 20th century and were active exponents of the Christian Democracyparty (e.g. Rodolfo Doni, Eugenio Corti).² Moreover,anumber of critics and scholars have pointed out that 20th century Italian literaturefeaturingCatholic motifs maintains amid- or low profile and does not include masterpieces in the same wayas, for instance, French literature (see e.g. Getto 1967and
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