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Ambystoma Lermaense Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE RECURSOS BIOTICOS Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación T e s i s Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense P r e s e n t a Jessica Ailyn Ledezma Mora D i r e c t o r a M. en C. Xóchitl Aguilar Miguel Tutores Adjuntos Dr. Isaías de la Rosa Gómez Dra. Cristina Burrola Aguilar 2 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. AGRADECIMIENTOS A CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) por la beca otorgada durante la maestria en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales 2010-2012, con registro numero: 250613. A COMECYT (Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología) por la beca otorgada para la culminación del proyecto, con registro numero: 12BTM0058. Al proyecto de investigacion “Proyecto integral de diagnostico, reintroducción y monitoreo del ajolote de Lerma (Ambystoma spp.) en el área de protección de flora y fauna Ciénegas de Lerma, Estado de México” con No. 2849/2010 de la Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México. A la M. en C. Xóchitl Aguilar Miguel, por la oportunidad en la realización del proyecto, asi como los recursos dados, para los resultados exitosos del mismo. Al Dr. Isaías de la Rosa Gómez, por sus grandes aportaciones a la tesis. A la Dra. Cristina Burrola Miguel, por sus comentarios para mejora de la tesis. Al Instituto Tecnologico Regional de Toluca, por las facilidades otrogadas para el muestreo de agua en el poligono 3, Laguna de Chignahuapan. A los compañeros Victor Bustos, Pablo Martinez y Rodrigo Escalona, por los muestreos de Ambystoma lermaense y sus grande aportaciones a la tesis A las compañeras, Marlen Quintana e Ivonne Camacho por el muestreo de flora y sus grandes aportaciones a la tesis A las compañeras, Jazmin Figueroa y Ana Balcázar por el muestreo de aves, y sus grandes aportaciones a la tesis A Giovanni Estrada, por la colaboración y aportacion oportuna en cada salida de campo. A el Centro de Investigación en Recursos Bioticos, por la estancia durante el proyecto, asi como a los trabajadores que siempre apoyaron mi trabajo; Sofí, Nash, Jorge y Marcelo. A la laboratorista Sofia Reyes, por el cuidado de los organismos en el laboratorio y su incondicional apoyo. 3 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. A los compañeros; Jesus Sánchez, Beatriz Medina, Gabriel Barrios, Rosario Sanabria, Lili Chavez, por su apoyo incondiconal en el proyecto. A los representantes ejidales del ejido de San Nicolas Peralta, por las facilidades otorgadas para la investigación de la tesis. A mis padres por su confianza y apoyo, durante toda la maestria y un poco más. A toda mi familia, por apoyarme en todo momento y toda circunstancia. A el arq. Javier Montilla, por alentarme en dar un paso más en la educación y el enorme cariño. 4 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. DEDICATORIAS A mis padres… A toda mi familia… A todas las personas creyeron en mí y en mi trabajo… A ti que peleas en mi y vences en mi… 5 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. XOLOTL Cuenta la mitología Náhuatl, la leyenda del Dios Xolotl, hermano mellizo de Quetzalcóatl, monstruoso y anormal de nacimiento. Cuando el aire iba a matar a todos los dioses, huyó y se transformo en pie de maíz, luego en penca doble de maguey y finalmente al echarse al agua se convirtió en el axólotl, aunque ni así se salvo de la muerte (Fray Bernardino de Sahagún). Axólotl, Dios de nuestros antepasados, enigma de los científicos, salud de los tísicos, alimento de los nobles, inspiración de artistas, metáfora de los filósofos, ente paradójico, ser que no quiere crecer y que huye de la muerte… (Bartra, 2011). 6 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. ÍNDICE Resumen 1 Abstract 2 Introducción 3 Justificación 6 1. Antecedentes 8 1.1 Conservación 9 1.1.1 Conservación in-situ 12 1.1.2 Conservación en México 13 1.1.3 Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM) 14 1.1.4 Programas de acción para la conservación de especies (PACE) 15 1.1.5 World Conservation Union (IUCN) 18 1.2 Ciénegas de Lerma 20 1.2.1 Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) 23 1.2.2 Humedales 26 1.2.3 Calidad de agua 28 1.3 Ambystoma lermaense 34 1.3.1 Conservación de anfibios 35 1.3.2 Especie de estudio 40 2. Objetivos 43 2.1 Objetivo General 43 2.2 Objetivos Específicos 43 3. Métodos 44 3.1 Caracterización de las Ciénegas de Lerma 47 3.1.1 Análisis del Medio Físico 47 3.1.2 Análisis del Medio Biológico 48 3.1.3 Análisis del Medio Social 49 7 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. 3.2 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales 50 3.3 Determinación de la Zona Prioritaria 51 3.4 Caracterización de la Zona Prioritaria 52 3.4.1 Análisis del Medio Físico 52 3.4.2 Análisis del Medio Biológico 53 3.4.3 Análisis del Medio Social 54 3.5 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales 55 3.6 Elaboración de las Estrategia de Conservación 55 Desarrollo de los Programas de Acción para la Conservación de 3.6.1 56 Ambystoma lermaense 4. Resultados 57 4.1 Caracterización de las Ciénegas de Lerma 58 4.1.1 Análisis del Medio Físico 58 4.1.2 Análisis del Medio Biológico 69 4.1.3 Análisis del Medio Social 78 4.2 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales 80 4.3 Determinación de la Zona Prioritaria 82 4.4 Caracterización de la Zona Prioritaria 86 4.4.1 Análisis del Medio Físico 86 4.4.2 Análisis del Medio Biológico 91 4.4.3 Análisis del Medio Social 94 4.5 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales 103 4.6 Elaboración de la Estrategia de Conservación 104 Desarrollo de los Subprogramas de Acción para la Conservación de 4.6.1 104 Ambystoma lermaense 8 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. 5. Discusión 111 5.1 Caracterización de las Ciénegas de Lerma 112 5.2 Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales 128 5.3 Determinación de la Zona Prioritaria 130 5.4 Caracterización de la Zona Prioritaria 131 5.5 Elaboración de la Estrategia de Conservación 137 6. Conclusiones 141 Literatura Citada 145 Anexos 158 9 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Fases del método aplicado para el desarrollo de la estrategia de Figura 1 46 conservación. Figura Análisis multivariado (ANOVA), comparación entre las medias 2 68 de los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Figura Variación estacional de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, en los 3 69 polígonos de las Ciénegas de Lerma. Figura Caracteres Morfologicos de 3 poblaciones de Ambystoma 4 77 lermaense en las Cienegas de Lerma. Figura 5 Variaciones estacionales de los principales parametros abióticos 90 Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a niños del ejido de San Nicolás 6 98 Peralta. Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a niños del ejido de San Nicolás 7 99 Peralta Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a adultos del ejido de San 8 100 Nicolás Peralta, Tema: información general. Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a adultos del ejido de San 9 100 Nicolás Peralta, Tema: economía/ecoturismo Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a adultos del ejido de San 10 101 Nicolás Peralta, Tema: humedal. Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a adultos del ejido de San 11 101 Nicolás Peralta, Tema: Ambystoma lermaense. Figura Gráficos de encuestas aplicadas a adultos del ejido de San 12 102 Nicolás Peralta, Tema: Participación de la comunidad. Figura 13 Pastoreo en el polígono 3 de las Ciénegas de Lerma. 175 Figura Extracción de organismos del humedal. Polígono 3 de las 14 175 Ciénegas de Lerma Figura Época de cacería de noviembre a febrero. Polígono 3 de las 15 176 Ciénegas de Lerma Figura Problemática de contaminantes. Polígono 3 de las Ciénegas de 16 176 Lerma Figura Época de lluvias, octubre 2011. Polígono 3 de las Ciénegas de 17 177 Lerma, Figura Época de secas, febrero 2011. Polígono 3 de las Ciénegas de 18 177 Lerma, 10 Ledezma-Mora, 2013. Estrategia de Conservación in-situ para Ambystoma lermaense. ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1 Clasificación y características de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas 25 Uso de suelo y actividades, descargas potenciales e indicadores en Tabla 2 29 los cuerpos de agua. Límites máximos permisibles para contaminantes básicos en Tabla 3 31 humedales naturales y protección a la vida acuática. Intervalo de la concentración en diferentes parámetros básicos en Tabla 4 32 diferentes cuerpos de agua en México. Indicadores generales de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y su impacto Tabla 5 33 en el medio ambiente, en el monitoreo de calidad de agua. Especies del género Ambystoma por cuerpo de agua, arroyo o Tabla 6 40 montaña y laguna o lago. Media y desviación estándar de los parámetros fisicoquímicos Tabla 7 medidos de marzo a septiembre 2010, en los 3 polígonos de las 67 Ciénegas de Lerma. Biodiversidad representativa de las Ciénegas de Lerma, Estado de Tabla 8 70 México. Porcentaje en relación a la presencia de vegetación acuática y Tabla 9 71 terrestre en los polígonos de las Ciénegas de Lerma. Porcentaje en relación a la presencia de vegetación acuática y Tabla 10 76 terrestre en los polígonos de las Ciénegas de Lerma. Evaluación del medio social. Categorías A, B, C expresadas en Tabla 11 79 porcentajes. Evaluación del medio social. Categorías D y E. expresión general. Tabla 12 80 Matriz de evaluación de impactos ambientales, relacionando los Tabla 13 factores y acciones de las zonas de muestreo.
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