La Representación De La Danza En Las Tumbas Tebanas Del Reino Nuevo Egipcio

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La Representación De La Danza En Las Tumbas Tebanas Del Reino Nuevo Egipcio LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA DANZA EN LAS TUMBAS TEBANAS DEL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO Miriam Bueno Guardia Trabajo Fin de Máster - Junio 2017 Directora: Inmaculada Vivas Sainz Máster en Métodos y Técnicas Avanzadas de Investigación Histórica, Artística y Geográfica Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA DANZA EN LAS TUMBAS TEBANAS DEL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO Miriam Bueno Guardia Trabajo Fin de Máster - Junio 2017 Directora: Inmaculada Vivas Sainz Máster en Métodos y Técnicas Avanzadas de Investigación Histórica, Artística y Geográfica Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia 2 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................... 5 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO: EL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO .............................................................. 7 CONTEXTO ARTÍSTICO: EL ARTE DEL REINO NUEVO ......................................................... 11 LA TÉCNICA DE LA PINTURA Y EL RELIEVE EN EL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO ................ 15 LAS NECRÓPOLIS TEBANAS DEL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO ................................................. 19 LA DANZA Y LA MÚSICA EN EL ANTIGUO EGIPTO .............................................................. 21 Consideraciones generales ............................................................................................................. 21 Tipos de danza en el antiguo Egipto .............................................................................................. 26 LAS TUMBAS TEBANAS Y LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA DANZA EN EL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Consideraciones generales ............................................................................................................. 31 Las escenas de banquete ................................................................................................................ 36 Conclusiones respecto a las escenas de banquete ...................................................................... 65 Las procesiones funerarias ............................................................................................................. 67 Escenas funerarias con bailarines muu tipo 1 ............................................................................ 69 Escenas funerarias con bailarines muu tipo 2 ............................................................................ 72 Escenas funerarias con bailarines muu tipo 3 ............................................................................ 73 Escenas funerarias con otros bailarines ..................................................................................... 81 Conclusiones respecto a las procesiones funerarias ................................................................... 82 Otras escenas .................................................................................................................................. 83 CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................................. 99 LISTADO DE ILUSTRACIONES .................................................................................................. 103 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................. 107 ANEXOS ......................................................................................................................................... 113 3 4 INTRODUCCIÓN El objetivo del presente trabajo es, en primer lugar, realizar un compendio de las representaciones de danza en las tumbas tebanas del Reino Nuevo egipcio. Partiendo de ese análisis inicial de escenas, se pretende estudiar su estética y significado y comparar las representaciones para extraer de ello posibles convenciones o innovaciones. La justificación de la elección del tema se basa tanto en motivos personales como académicos. A nivel personal, la realización de mi Trabajo de Fin de Grado en Historia del Arte sobre los relieves del Djeser Djeseru ha hecho que decida dirigir mi especialización al estudio de la pintura y el relieve del antiguo Egipto. A ello se suma mi vinculación personal con la danza, ya que durante gran parte de mi vida he dedicado tiempo tanto a la práctica como al estudio de la danza folklórica, lo que me permite entender su simbolismo como medio de expresión y comunicación. Así, esta investigación me permite aunar dos ámbitos por los que siempre he sentido curiosidad y admiración. A nivel académico, el simple planteamiento del estudio del tema me hizo ser consciente de la falta de investigación y escritos sobre el mismo, sobre todo en lengua española o en fechas recientes, pudiendo ser este trabajo una base de gran utilidad para estudios posteriores. En cuanto a la metodología de trabajo, se ha comenzado por hacer un listado de referencias a escenas de danza encontradas en las tumbas tebanas del Reino Nuevo para después proceder a su clasificación temática. Una vez realizado este primer estudio, se ha procedido a investigar con mayor detenimiento cada escena, recurriendo a estudios arqueológicos anteriores así como a reproducciones de las propias escenas para su análisis morfológico, debido a que no ha sido posible realizar un análisis in situ por diferentes motivos. A partir de este trabajo se ha podido empezar la comparación de las representaciones para poder estudiar los vínculos o permanencias existentes en ellas. Como se ha dicho anteriormente, no existen numerosos estudios sobre el tema de la danza en el arte egipcio, pero sí algunos de obligada consulta para cualquier trabajo de investigación relacionado con el tema, destacando dos por encima del resto. El primero es el titulado Ancient Egyptian Dances de Irena Lexová (1935). En él, la autora comienza haciendo un breve comentario sobre distintas obras que utiliza para su investigación. A continuación explica los métodos de trabajo de los artistas egipcios para pasar después a hacer un repaso de los tipos de danza existentes en el antiguo Egipto (gimnástica, grupal, funeraria, religiosa...). Después su estudio se centra en el estudio del acompañamiento de la danza, los movimientos que se efectuaban y, por último, la vestimenta que se utilizaba y las personas que se 5 encargaban de su ejecución. Además, la autora realiza varias ilustraciones de distintos relieves que sirven como apoyo al texto. Otra publicación de referencia sería Der Tanz im Alten Ägypten de Emma Brunner-Traut (1938). En este caso, la autora divide su libro en capítulos que corresponden con los principales periodos históricos del antiguo Egipto: Reino Antiguo, Medio y Nuevo. Dentro de cada uno de los capítulos realiza una división por tipos de danza: celebraciones funerarias, la danza de culto a los dioses, la acrobática... Pero además realiza un estudio filológico de los términos referidos a la danza en el Egipto antiguo. Pero también ha sido fundamental para este trabajo la consulta de otro tipo de estudios, como son la bibliografía topográfica de Porter y Moss (Topographical bibliography of ancient egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs and paintings) y la obra de Kampp “Die thebanische Nekropole. Zum Wandel des Grabgedankens von der XVIII bis zur XX Dynastie”. Se trata de dos catálogos en los que poder consultar la bibliografía relacionada con cada tumba, así como sus datos básicos (plano, propietario, datación…), siendo además el de Porter y Moss un listado de las escenas representadas en cada tumba. Son, por tanto, dos obras claves para comenzar la investigación de las representaciones funerarias. Una vez estudiada la base de la investigación se han consultado, como ya se ha dicho, otros estudios arqueológicos más específicos para el análisis de las propias escenas. Cabe destacar aquí los trabajos de Nina y Norman de Garis Davies, muchos de ellos publicados por el Metropolitan Museum de Nueva York o para la serie sobre tumbas tebanas de la Egypt Exploration Society de Londres. Gracias a ellos, y a otros trabajos listados en la bibliografía, se puede acceder a reproducciones de las representaciones encontradas en las tumbas así como a breves textos descriptivos que ayudan a interpretarlas. El presente trabajo comienza con una serie de capítulos introductorios sobre el contexto histórico y artístico del momento, así como unas consideraciones generales sobre la pintura y el relieve en el antiguo Egipto y un contexto geográfico sobre las tumbas estudiadas. Posteriormente se pasa a explicar consideraciones generales sobre la danza y la música en el antiguo Egipto que ayudan a la mejor comprensión del estudio específico. Ya el siguiente capítulo es la parte central de este trabajo de investigación, el estudio de la representación de la danza en las tumbas tebanas del Reino Nuevo, comenzando de nuevo con unas consideraciones generales para después pasar al estudio de las escenas clasificadas temáticamente. Por último, el trabajo finaliza con las conclusiones extraídas de la investigación y se incluye un listado de las ilustraciones incorporadas en el texto, así como de la bibliografía utilizada. Como anexos se han incorporado unas tablas a modo de esquema o resumen de las escenas estudiadas en este trabajo. 6 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO: EL REINO NUEVO EGIPCIO Tras la invasión de los hicsos en el II Periodo Intermedio (h. 1700-1550 a.C.) se produce la reunificación de Egipto durante los últimos años del mandato
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