Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013)

PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013)

SCHEDULE

Time January 31 February 1 February 2

7:15-8:45 Registration 8:45-9:00 Welcome Late Registration 9:00-9:25 Antoine Khairat Malleson 9:25-9:50 Sabbahy Haddow Thanheiser 9:50-10:15 Norris Williams Vartavan 10:15-10:40 Hashesh Dupras Cappers 10:40-11:10 Break Break Break 11:10-11:35 Dabbs/Zabeki Lösch Creasman 11:35-12:00 Wahba Walker Lesur 12:00-12:25 Ogunmakin Saad El-Dorry 12:30-13:30 Lunch Lunch Lunch 13:30-13:55 Merghani Zakrzewski Bertini 13:55-14:20 Bianucci Nerlich Nasr 14:20-14:45 Gad Lichtenberg Wyatt 14:45-15:10 Al-Khafif Crosby Hansen 15:10-15:45 Break Break Break 15:45-16:10 Baker Horackova Sigl 16:10-16:35 Gabr Pieri Callou 16:35-17:00 Barta Rühli Van Neer 17:00-17:30 Break Break Break 17:30-18:00 Keynote: Rose Poster Session Redding 18:00-18:30 Keynote: Rose Poster Session Strouhal 18:30-19:30 Break Poster Session Break 19:30-21:30 Reception Dinner

KEY-NOTE LECTURE doing here?” I describe my personal adventures (31 JANUARY 17.30-18.30) in Egypt and my interactions with the community of Egyptologists and Bioarchaeologists over Jerry Rose the past 24 years. I point out how participation (Anthropology Department in meetings, fieldwork, and skeletal analyses has University of Arkansas, USA) possibly shaped my views of this field different- ly from those who participated from the time Bioarchaeology of Ancient Egypt: An Outsider’s they were students. I certainly had to learn how Personal Adventures and Opinions of Its Past, I conducted myself in my research. I discuss the Present, and Future separate research paths of mummy and skeletal studies, the overwhelming influence of the vari- A student not only studies Egyptology, but is ous dam projects, and the transformations of also inducted into a community of fellow stu- the “Egyptian Antiquities Service” over the past dents, faculty, and scholars. This community is 150 years have all had on the development of expanded by attending meetings and partici- bioarchaeology in Egypt. It appears to me that pating in fieldwork. The budding scholar not the future of bioarchaeology in Egypt has great only grows in knowledge, but is socialized into promise with the development of new methods, a scholarly culture with its own attitudes and such as ancient DNA analysis, in addition to the perspectives. When a researcher who has spent development of new theoretical perspectives, a career working in another geographic area de- but it will continue to be hampered by the scar- cides to enter the Egyptology community some city of comparative skeletal collections and the might say “who is this person and what are they absence of uniform data recording.

ARCHAEOBOTANY The work is aimed at modeling the criteria (P) indicate ‘poster’ that may explain the cultivation of particular cereals during specific eras. These criteria are re- Charlene Bouchaud lated to:

What Type of Fuel Was Used for Heating the 1) The availability of crop plants; Collective Baths in Egypt? Evidences from the 2) The environmental constraints related to Plant Macro-remains and Textual Data During soil conditions and climate; Ptolemaic and Roman Periods (P) 3) Economic arguments dealing with yield, labour (grinding and de-husking), space (stor- The development of private and public baths age of grain and protection against decay), in Egypt is strongly linked first to Greek and and fuel (frequency of the use of ovens). then Roman influences from the 3rd and 2nd c. BC, respectively. In the Egyptian semi-arid Health may also have played a role in the and arid environments, wood resources are selection of cereals, because the quantity and scarce and the fuel management for heating chemical composition of the gluten has an im- the baths is a critical point. Data concerning pact on resistance against bacterial infections that question mainly come from textual evi- and on gluten intolerance. This criterion, how- dence and indicate that fuel is especially con- ever, must have played an indirect role, because stituted by straw or reed. Recent archaeologi- this relationship between food and health has cal excavations conducted at Greek (Taposiris only recently been recognized. Magna, Karnak) and Roman (Xëron in the Eastern Desert, Karnak) baths notably reveal Pearce P. Creasman their spatial organisation and their heating systems. Sediment samples were taken inside The Potential of Dendrochronology in Egypt: the oven complex or in the ash pits in order to Understanding Ancient Human/Environment start an archaeobotanical analysis on macro- Interactions remains. The preliminary results complete the papyri data and give a new insight on the fuel Basic tree-ring analyses have been applied to used, showing a great variety and a strong de- wooden archaeological remains around the pendence from the local plant resources. world for nearly a century and with great suc- cess (e.g., dating the prehistoric ruins of the US René T.J. Cappers Southwest). ‘Dendroarchaeology’, as it is known, is primarily employed to address chronologi- Modelling Shifts in Cereal Cultivation in Egypt cal questions, for which there is a great need from the Start of Agriculture Until Modern Times and exceptional utility in Egypt. However, den- droarchaeological interpretations are not only The extensive archaeobotanical record of an- limited to questions of time. While the study cient Egypt can be used to reconstruct past ag- of timber, its uses and acquisition in ancient ricultural practices, including major shifts in Egypt has received much attention, more can crop assemblages. This communication deals be learned. Specifically, there is much knowl- with shifts in cereal cultivation from the early edge to be gained by systematically analyzing Neolithic (6000 BC) to modern times. Three ancient timber, including the areas of resource major shifts will be discussed: management, responses to environmental change, timber selection processes, patterns of 1) The shift in predominance between barley reuse and repair, stockpiling, deadwood use, and emmer wheat in the New Kingdom; economy of wood use, and timber supply and 2) The replacement of emmer by Hard wheat trade. This paper discusses the great potential in the Greco-Roman Period; of dendrochronology in enhancing our under- 3) The replacement of Hard wheat by Bread standing of ancient Egyptian human/environ- wheat in modern times. ment interactions, aside from its clear chrono- logical benefits.

Mennat-Allah El Dorry use of cereal crop processing waste as fodder and fuel. Grapes, Raisins and Wine? Archaeobotanical The site offers an exceptional insight into Finds from the Monastery of John the Little in ancient Egyptian settlement remains at a site Wadi El Natrun that was occupied for over 1000 years. The rich charred plant remains present the opportunity Very little archaeobotanical material from Egyp- to study changing patterns of agriculture and tian monastic settlements or early medieval the local ecology, as well as the influences of dif- contexts has been studied, leaving somewhat fering populations in the town. There are very of a lacuna in our knowledge. Instead, the tra- few (if any) comparable sites at which botani- ditional reconstruction of monastic history has cal work has been carried out so systematically been based on textual sources. This paper will from the outset of excavations, and this is the present some of the archaeobotanical material first time that Third Intermediate Period plant recovered from the ninth-to-eleventh-century remains from non-funerary contexts have ever monastic residence of John the Little in Wadi El been studied/published. Natrun, Egypt, excavated by the Yale Monastic This paper will present an overview of the Archaeology Project (YMAP-North) since 2006. findings from this site, summarising the results Particularly attention will be given to remains of the analyses. that point to grapes pressing. Several cooking areas were uncovered dur- Islam M. Mostafa ing the excavations of this monastic cell. These areas include several ovens and kanoons, and Genetic Efficacy ofPenicillium sp.and Bacillus possible storage and food preparation spaces. cereus in Ancient Organic Artifacts from the Large amounts of soil have been samples, from Egyptian Museum in Cairo (P) which hundreds of charred botanical items were recovered. The material studied has al- The Egyptian Museum in Cairo is home to an ready provided us with an insight into animal extensive collection of ancient organic materials husbandry and agricultural practices within that provide information for the genetic history this monastic residence, and points to trade and evolutionary principles of some microor- with its neighbours. ganisms dwelling within the cellular synthe- sis of these artifacts. Cellulose-composite ones Claire J. Malleson such as wood and textiles had been focused on in this pilot study entailing the long-term sur- Archaeo-Botanical Investigations at Tell el-Reta- vival of Penicillium sp. and Bacillus cereus with ba in the First Four Years their various bio-activities in selected wood and textile objects. A Late Period Ficus sycomorus Since 2009 archaeobotanical materials have sarcophagus (CG 1025) sustained Bacillus and been systematically sampled and studied as a Pencillium species. A linen manuscript (CG part of the Warsaw University investigations at 66218) dating to the New Kingdom reveals the the multi-period tell site of Retaba in the Wadi metabolic activity of both organisms through Tumilat. Initially intended to be a research the Linear cell-meiosis and binary fission. project, road widening plans posed an immi- We coupled Rapid Identification of Penicil- nent threat to a large part of the site in 2009, lium (RNA) by Polymerase Chain Reception so rescue excavations were initiated along the (PCR) Based Detection of specific sequences line of the proposed expansion. Excavations are on 16S RNA Gene, which investigated the conducted systematically, following a single- long-survival of fungal genomes and enzymat- context technique allowing for in-depth strati- ic treatments for the bacterial straits. Atomic graphic analyses to take place. Over four years Force Microscope (AFM) and X-ray Photo- the site has yielded over 60,000 identifiable Electron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to give specimens of seeds, grains and other plant parts virtual stages of cellulose decomposition and dating to the 18th Dynasty through the Late Pe- the elemental variation occurring in compari- riod. The materials are predominantly charred, son with caller experimental samples of wood and overwhelmingly appear to derive from the and linen.

Our results show the suvival of fungal and ery day they (i.e., the Egyptian priests) make a bacterial materials up to thousands of years. triple offering of incense to the Sun, an offering DNA repair and dormancy properties of both of resin (or frankincense) at sunrise, of myrrh organisms had been elucidated through RNA at midday, and of the so-called kyphi at sunset, polymerase activity assayed in textiles samples “they burn resin and myrrh in the daytime, more than in wood ones. AFM results showed for there are simple substances and have their the persistence of cellular decomposition of origin from the sun; but the cyphi, since it is cellulose chains, elucidating the consequences compounded of ingredients of all sorts of quali- of the rates of deterioration over thousands of ties, they offer at dusk”. The Egyptological in- years, and helping inform a suitable conserva- vestigation focused mainly on the religious and tion plan to stabalise the objects. funerary records of these materials, particularly on their use in the mummification process. Pauline A. Norris However some questions are still raised: why the Egyptians used these precious aromatics The Lettuce Connection: Oil = Two Lettuces? (P) both as essential oils/perfumes, fragrant smoke, and as pellets to fill the abdominal cavity of the Apart from a handful of seeds dating to the corpse before burial? In what way did these Third Intermediate Period through to the Ro- resins affect the corpse during the mummifica- man Period, there is no primary evidence for tion process? The research dedicated to these lettuce in Egypt. Until further robust evidence scented materials offered to the gods and dead in the form of physical remains of the plant dat- focused either on the chemistry of the resins or ed to before the Third Intermediate Period is on aromatherapy. found, one must rely upon secondary evidence This paper is an attempt to offer an in-depth in the iconography and texts. analysis of their structure in terms of Physics, Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) was namely the relationship between their particu- offered to the god Min because the latex, which lar bioelectrical frequencies, wavelengths, and exudes from the stem and leaves, was thought how these may alter both the living body and to resemble semen. In the selective breeding the corpse, taking into account that achieving of lettuce for seed oil production and food, the immortality was the ultimate goal for the after- production of latex may have been compro- life of the ancient Egyptians. mised and, as a result, at least two species developed. The research examines the effects of Ursula Thanheiser selective breeding in Egypt for specific traits and how evidence in the iconography indicates Island of the Blessed: Eight Thousand Years of that more than one lettuce species was present Plant Exploitation in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt from at least the 4th Dynasty. The palaeo-oasis in the Dakhleh Basin, Western Renata G. Tatomir Desert of Egypt, has been inhabited since the mid-Pleistocene but continuously only since Some Remarks on the Bioelectrical Frequency about 3500 BC. and Wavelength of the Sacred Scents: Myrrh, During the early and middle Holocene Frankincense, and Kyphi (Kapet) (P) Northeast Africa witnessed several pluvial and arid phases. The general trend, however, was Incense, aromatic materials which release fra- a shift towards arid conditions that resulted grant smoke, has been used all over the world in a change of vegetation affecting the sub- from ancient times to the present day. Myrrh, sistence strategies of the local population. For Frankincense, and Kyphi are famous for the the reconstruction of the environment dur- Pharaonic times because as incense materials ing prehistoric times, and the availability and they were connected to the ancient Egyptian utilisation of resources, two archaeobotanical rituals both for the gods and the dead. They methods were combined: analysis of charcoal were all used in Egyptian funerary rites, either and macro-remains. Unfortunately, pollen in ritual incense or as embalming agents. Plu- analysis, otherwise a powerful tool for the re- tarch’s De Iside et Osiride, (80), recorded that ev- construction of palaeo-environments, proved

© PalArch Foundation 6 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) impossible, as no pollen is preserved; the same Christian T. de Vartavan applies to phytoliths. Extensive human activity in the area during Pistacia Varnishes as Clear Markers of Ancient the first half of the Holocene resulted in some Egyptian Imperial Art and New Kingdom For- 200 sites which can be divided into three more eign Activities or less consecutive cultural units: Masara, Bash- endi, and Sheikh Muftah, distinguishable by Ancient Egyptians discovered the art of com- site location, architecture, artefact assemblages, plex media varnishes 1000 years before ex- and biological remains. For this period the re- pected, as our analysis of Maanakhtef’s unique covered archaeobotanical remains reflect the varnish recipe reveals (Deir el Medineh, New changing environment and human response Kingdom). Such varnishes, probably made most to continuous aridification. While in Masara often with the resins of the nearby Palestinian times subsistence strategies were based on col- Pistacia atlantica Desf., otherwise known as the lecting small seeded dicotyledons, the emphasis Mount Atlas Pistachio, rather than that of the in Bashendi times was on wild cereals. Hardly more remote Pistacia lentiscus or Mastic tree, any plant remains were recovered from Sheikh were used extensively by the ancient Egyptians Muftah sites that might reflect hyper-arid con- during the New Kingdom to varnish sarcoph- ditions towards the end of the Neolithic period. agi. In most cases this alters their colours, and At this time the surrounding desert was already gives them their typical yellow appearance fol- depopulated. lowing their varnished oxidization. The appear- Towards the end of the Old Kingdom Egyp- ance and subsequent disappearance of these tians from the Nile Valley colonised the oasis. complex-media varnishes on ancient Egyptian For about a century the indigenous Sheikh sarcophagi and other objects during the New Muftah population and the Egyptian newcom- Kingdom and after coincides chronologically ers lived peacefully side-by-side. Then the cul- with the rise and fall of Egypt’s imperial ambi- tural remains of the Sheikh Muftah disappear. tions in Asia. Aside from being supplementary The Egyptians introduced agriculture to the markers of Egypt’s foreign policy and activities, area and from now on the effects of aridifica- it is suggested that these varnishes be labeled as tion were compensated by irrigation and the ‘imperial’, a useful contribution not only to the Dakhleh Oasis features all the cultivated plants history of ancient Egyptian power and trade, and associated segetals known from the Nile but also to ancient Egyptian art and art history Valley. in general. Population density seems to have declined after the Old Kingdom. The number of record- Lana Williams, Tosha Dupras, Sandra ed sites dating to a time span of almost 2000 Wheeler and Peter Sheldrick years from the First Intermediate Period to the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in Mortuary Mixtures: Botanicals Used in Body 332 BC, is smaller than in the Old Kingdom. Treatment Within the Kellis 2 Cemetery, Da- But the area has never been completely desert- khleh Oasis, Egypt (P) ed and intensification of settlement set in during Ptolemaic times, presumably triggered off The application of botanicals during preparation by the employment of innovative water lifting of a body for burial in ancient Egypt was primar- devices. By Roman times the oasis appears to ily for preservation. Many botanicals, however, have been densely populated. Farms, villages also served as ritual offerings or ensured reten- and cemeteries are found throughout the oasis tion of the deceased’s individuality. This study with major administrative centres at Ismant investigates the botanicals associated with body el-Kharab (ancient Kellis) and Amheida. Trade preparation of 136 individuals recovered from routes connected Dakhla to the other oases and Kellis 2 cemetery (c. 100-360 AD), Dakhleh Oasis, to the Nile Valley and facilitated the exchange Egypt. Excellent preservation allowed for char- of goods. Thus, luxury items found their way acterization of organic materials using Raman from the Nile Valley and beyond to this oasis. spectroscopy. Results indicate that rosemary, myrtle, red and yellow myrrh, and henna were used to preserve not only body tissues, but also

© PalArch Foundation 7 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) individuality and spiritual needs. All detected wards bimodality in the distribution of sizes for botanicals are commonly used in contemporary Mendes and Kom Firin suggested two popula- fungicides, insecticides, and antibacterial agents, tions of similar animals. For these two sites, as well as in preparations used to mask strong comparisons with established and new stan- odors. Henna applications were detected in the dards were consistent with the presence of both hair styling of most adult females and a few domestic pigs and wild boar, sometimes at simi- younger males, and also in the nails of six adult lar densities in these sites. Furthermore, results females. Yellow myrrh oil was used with henna, for the Abydos Settlement Site suggested that indicating need for a dye accelerant to speed the wild boar might have been hunted occasionally. preparation process. Myrrh resin droplets were Consistent with previous studies, mandibu- included in wrappings, commonly located on lar wear scores (MWS) showed that pigs were the heads of infants. Myrrh, sourced to the Saudi slaughtered within the first 18-21 months of Arabian peninsula, was not readily available dur- age. Neither MWS, data distribution tendency, ing Roman rule, but was used earlier in embalm- molar width nor V alone were sufficient to dis- ing and offerings, indicating cultural pluralism tinguish between pure and mixed pig popula- in this practice. These findings question the char- tions, but taken together they provided strong acterization of early Christian body treatment evidence for the presence of wild boar in an- and preparation in Kellis 2 as being uniform and cient Egyptian civilization. dogmatic in simplicity; rather, mixing of botanicals and methods of preparation provide a high- Cécile Callou, Françoise Dunand & Roger ly individualistic characterization, fitting needs Lichtenberg of the living in preserving body, image and spirit of the deceased. Archaeological and Archaeozoological Study of Dogs from El-Deir ARCHAEOZOOLOGY Hundreds of mummies and skeletal remains of Louise C. Bertini & Edwin Cruz-Rivera dogs have been discovered inside three tombs of the Ptolemaic-Roman Necropolis at El-Deir The Presence of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in (Kharga Oasis). Human tombs had been reused Dynastic Egypt: A Biometrical Analysis Using to bury dogs which, obviously, had been offered Molar Size as ex voto to a canine deity, whose temple has not been discovered till now. Other dog remains While the use of wild boar by ancient Egyp- have been discovered at Dabashiya, not far from tians has been suggested through interpreta- Deir. On this site, about 80 well preserved mum- tions of paintings or anecdotal accounts, no mies have been X-Rayed, showing some off- zooarchaeological evidence has been provided hand practices of embalmers, even though the to either support or refute this. In this work, pig mummies were carefully wrapped and painted. remains from eleven ancient Egyptian sites dat- A thorough study of the dogs has been pursued ing from the Old Kingdom through the Ptole- by the author, from the Museum of Natural His- maic-Roman period (c. 2686 BC and up through tory in Paris, in order to establish as far as pos- 400 AD) were analyzed and their morphomet- sible their breed, physical conditions and pos- rics compared to: sibly circumstances of death.

1) An established standard from the United Nicole B. Hansen Kingdom; 2) A wild boar standard from Turkey; Foul Fowl: Birds as Agricultural Pests 3) A modern pig standard from Egypt. Birds are often thought of by Egyptologists for Age at death, sizes of first, second, and third their frequent appearance as hieroglyphic signs, molars (M1, M2, and M3), and coefficients of as a significant source of dietary protein, as variance (V) were consistent with the pres- animal mummies, or for the reverence shown ence of domestic pig-only populations for most to them in the ancient religion. Because Egypt sites. However, tooth sizes, V, and tendency to- was, and still is, an important migratory corri-

© PalArch Foundation 8 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) dor for birds and a place where they have long Joséphine Lesur refueled themselves before continuing on their journey over sea and desert, they are also one Herding During the Final Neolithic in the Egyp- of a number of fauna that posed a threat to the tian Western Desert: The Fauna from KS 43 & food supply in ancient Egypt, alongside insects, 52, Kharga Oasis mice, monkeys and even hippopotami. This paper will explore the role of birds as agricultural The sites of KS 43 & 52 are located in the south- pests in ancient Egypt, using ancient archaeo- ern part of the Kharga Oasis, in the Western logical, artistic, and textual as well as modern Desert of Egypt. The archaeological remains, as ethnographic and ornithological evidence. The well as a series of radiocarbon dates, have al- species of birds responsible for such depreda- lowed attribution of the site to the Final Neo- tions, the food sources (fruit, grain and animal) lithic of the eastern Sahara, between 4800 and that they targeted, and behavioral and seasonal 4400 BC. The bone assemblages are expansive aspects will be discussed. In addition, various with more 40,000 fragments. The faunal spec- preventative tactics, means of scaring, and traps trum shows a clear predominance of domesti- used to reduce the damage that birds caused cates especially caprines and cattle. The rest of will be covered. the spectrums include the domestic dog, and wild animals such as Barbary sheep, dorcas ga- Carolin Johansson & Geoffrey zelle, hare and bird. Some remains of catfish Metz and bivalves were also found, suggesting contact with the Nile Valley. The fauna from site KS Investigating an Unusual Cat Mummy: A Multi- 43 & 52 are of great interest, as they are the first disciplinary Approach (P) Neolithic sites from the Western Desert to provide such large assemblages. The high represen- The present investigation demonstrates the dif- tation of caprines and cattle testifies to a well- ficulty of securely determining the species of developed pastoral economy, relying partly on certain ancient Egyptian cat remains with re- the water resources of artesian wells. Wild ani- gards to a previous discussion on the eventual mals represent only a sporadic complementary presence of the Jungle cat (Felis chaus) among resource, with the presence of Barbary sheep, the tame and/or domestic cats of ancient Egypt. dorcas gazelle and hare providing an image of An exceptionally large cat mummy was stud- a semi-arid environment suggestive of the start ied by means of X-ray computed tomography of aridification. and molecular methods. The skeletal remains revealed by radiology displayed features charac- Rasha Nasr teristic of both the Felis chaus and the ancestral species of the common domestic cat (Felis sil- The Faunal Remains from the AA Bakery with vestris) as well as attributes with values inter- a Comparison to Other Areas of the Heit el- mediate between the two candidate species. Ghurab, Giza, Egypt Together with results of the analyses of ancient mitochondrial DNA extracted from The AA Bakery is one of several known in the a single caudal vertebra belonging to the cat Heit el-Ghurab (HeG) site at Giza, but it is the mummy in question and a review of quanti- only know bakery in the western town, located fied ancient Egyptian cat remains in the lit- in the south west corner of HeG. I have com- erature we arrive at the conclusion that iden- pleted the analysis of the faunal remains from tification of a possible mummified Jungle cat the AA Bakery, which was excavated in 1988, is not straight-forward. We argue that more 1991, 2005 and 2006-2007. The faunal remains reference material is needed to precisely from AA Bakery are characterized by a large describe the taxonomic positions of the dif- number of cattle, few pig, and some fish. The ferent kinds of cat remains of ancient Egypt fish are dominated by Nile catfish and Nile and that a possible impact of hybridization perch. I compared the faunal remains from the between the Jungle cat and the domestic cat AA Bakery to other areas of the site. AA Bakery held by the ancient Egyptians should be con- is different from all other faunal samples from sidered. Heit el-Ghurab, although it shares similarities

© PalArch Foundation 9 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) to the fauna from the Pottery Mound in the the southernmost town of Egypt it functioned number of cattle and in the age structure of the as military outpost and trade centre. It was a cattle sample. melting pot of traditions and customs from all around northeastern Africa and the Mediter- Wim Van Neer & Renee Friedman ranen area. Egyptians, Persions, Greeks and Romans, believers in the Pharaonic, Greek and An Update on the Burials of Wild and Domestic Roman cults, Christians and Muslims brought Animals at the Predynastic Elite Cemetery of their own beliefs and knowledge of food prepa- Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt) ration and breeding to this town. While studying the faunal material from The excavations in the elite predynastic cem- Aswan from the Late Period till the destruction etery HK6 at Hierakonpolis continues to yield of the town in the early Mameluk Period -- the the remains of animals that were buried as part main habitation phases of the town -- pig re- of large mortuary complexes surrounding large mains were found in nearly every stratigraphic elite tombs. The cemetery was in use for elite unit. These provided the possibility to follow burials of the Naqada IC-IIB period (3800-3650 several lines of thought: How did the ethnic, BC) and then used again in the Naqada III pe- cultural and religious changes influence animal riod (3300-3050 BC), but the animal burials ap- husbandy in this area? What can the bones tell pear to occur only in the earlier phase. The site us about the living conditions of pigs compared is unique for the number and variety of wild to other sites? Can religious or ethnic groups animal taxa that occur. An overview will be giv- be distinguished and located in Aswan by their en of the finds from the 2009-2012 excavations household animals? which revealed both domestic and wild animals In my paper I will try to give some prelimi- buried in tombs of their own or occasionally nary answers to these questions. More research with human accompaniment. Among the do- has to follow my proposals but this paper pro- mestic animals are numerous dogs and several vides an initial forum for discussion. well-preserved male and female individuals of Egyptian Longhorn cattle, as well as very large John H. Wyatt goats and sheep. Wild species include baboon, young hippo, elephant, aurochs and hartebeest, Africa: The Missing Link in the Identification of also known from earlier excavations, but also the Birds of Ancient Egypt crocodile, leopard and ostrich, which are new to the site. The pathologies observed in some of By the end of the 1980s, some 131 bird species these animals indicate that they had been held had been identified, from hieroglyphs, bone re- in captivity for an extensive period of time be- mains, bird mummies, art and literature, as hav- fore their burial. ing probably occurred in ancient Egypt. Only 45 of these, however, could be considered as tru- Johanna Sigl ly African, with the rest being from the Western Palearctic (Europe). It seemed that three main The Cataract Pigs. Thoughts on Pig Husbandry categories of African birds might be being un- in Syene/Aswan in Times of Change der-identified:

Throughout the history of Egypt pigs have been 1) Species which migrated solely within Africa used as a source for meat, fat and bristles. De- on a N-S or E-W basis; spite the often negative view on these animals 2) Species following the annual African flood given by pictural and textual evidence from e.g. cycle from South-West Africa each October/ Pharaonic and Ptolemaic times, archaeozoologi- November through to Egypt each August/ cal analyses show that they were and are held September before returning south; and bred throughout the country until nowa- 3) Species which might have moved into an- days. cient Egypt during times of climate and hab- The ancient Egyptian town Syene (modern itat change such as northwards during the Aswan) was in the centre of ethnic, cultural last great pluvial period from c. 10,000 to c. and religious change throughout its history. As 3,000 BC.

This paper looks at each of these categories have conceived of death and prepared the re- individually and, by using normal ornithological mains of the dead. They are a unique record of identification techniques coupled with evidence past human biology and add to our understand- from the combined hieroglyph, bone, mummy, art ing of the people that produced the objects in and literature record, suggests which additional the museum’s collection. Curating and display- birds might have been present and when. At least ing human remains is balanced with a duty of 48 possible individual species have now been iden- care and the British Museum has developed a tified from hieroglyphs, 151 from bone remains, policy that sets out the principles governing the 76 from mummies, and 110 from art, sculpture holding, display, curation and study of human and literature, with a revised overall total of 241 remains in its collection. As part of the Muse- possible species once duplications have been tak- um’s efforts to study and publish the material en into account. The bone and mummy findings in its collections, the human remains are being have also served to confirm whether various birds, actively researched. Their analysis is provid- thought to be portrayed in art and hieroglyphs, ing valuable information on human biology, were actually present at the relevant time. Con- ancient diseases, injury patterns, past activities versely art and hieroglyphs have indicated some and diet. The Department of Ancient Egypt and very similar Palearctic and African species where Sudan curates one of the largest collections of bone identifications might need to be re-examined ancient human remains from the Middle Nile to determine whether both or just one species had Valley, a substantial part of which consists of occurred. skeletal remains and naturally mummified bodies recovered during the Merowe Dam Archaeo- ARCHAEOZOOLOGY/ARCHAEOBOTANY logical Salvage Project. The construction of the new dam at the Fourth Nile Cataract resulted Richard Redding & Claire Malleson in a major international rescue campaign in which the British Museum, in conjunction with Modeling Old Kingdom Food Production: What is the Sudan Archaeological Research Society, ex- the Limiting Factor? cavated burials from the Neolithic to Medieval period. This unique collection is allowing us to In a 2012 article Redding using the faunal data investigate how changes in environment, living from the Heit el-Ghurab (HeG) site at Giza and data conditions, diet and culture affected the biology from animal husbandry and agricultural literature and health of the past inhabitants of the Middle to establish estimates for the number of animals, Nile Valley. In addition, older collections are be- land and labor required to provision 10,000 working reanalysed and CT scans of the naturally ers. We will expand this work to include the pro- preserved mummies from Gebelein have re- duction of grains, wheat and barley, for consump- vealed new insights into Predynastic Egypt. tion of bread and beer at HeG. Comparing data on rations and human physiologic needs, we will Brenda J. Baker establish levels of consumption for 10,000 workers at Giza. These are used to estimate land and labor Sacrifices for the State? The Subsidiary Burials requirements using estimates of productivity and from Aha’s Funerary Enclosures at Abydos labor derived from texts and agricultural literature. The question is, as with animal production, is la- Early Dynastic royal funerary enclosures in the bor or land the limiting factor? Abydos North Cemetery, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) northeast of the royal tombs, have been inves- HUMAN REMAINS tigated intensively by the University of Penn- sylvania Museum, Yale University, New York Daniel Antoine University Institute of Fine Arts Expedition (PYIFA) over the past decade. Three enclosures The British Museum Human Remains from the are attributed to Aha, an early First Dynasty Nile Valley: Curation and Research pharaoh, c. 3000 BC. In 2002-03, five of six subsidiary graves around Aha’s principal enclosure were Human remains in the British Museum collec- excavated. Looted in antiquity, these graves con- tions reflect the varied ways different societies tained skeletons that were largely disarticulated,

© PalArch Foundation 11 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) though some elements were still in situ in each. features several major deficiencies. One of them Five more subsidiary graves, one still intact, were is a detailed knowledge of the third millennium excavated in 2004-05 around two smaller enclo- BC population. In this contribution, some most sures attributed to Aha that are just northwest of important results of a long-term project dealing the main enclosure. with Old Kingdom burials carried out by the The skeletal remains of those interred in the Czech Institute of Egyptology in Abusir will be subsidiary graves around these three enclosures presented. In particular, dozens of burials dat- provide critical information concerning the identi- ing to the Third-Sixth dynasties and belonging ty, lifestyle, and manner of death of these individu- to different social strata will be analyzed in deals. Based on age, sex, health status, and the quality tail. and quantity of grave goods, the identities of individuals interred around the principal versus the Giovanna Bellandi, Roberta De Marzo, two smaller enclosures differ. The richly furnished Stefano Benazzi & Angelo Sesana graves around the main enclosure present a more diverse group that includes a child of 3-5 years, a Burials Under the Temple of Millions of Years young adult male, two middle adult females, and of Amenhotep II in Luxor, West Thebes, Italian one old adult female. Graves around the two small- Archaeological Project (P) er enclosures had fewer objects of lesser quality and were all occupied by women with a younger age The area of the Temple of Millions of Years of profile (four young adults and one middle adult) the pharaoh Amenhotep II was partially inves- than those associated with the principal enclosure. tigated by the British archaeologist Sir W.M.F. Skeletal remains show no evidence of perimortem Petrie in 1894-95. Only in 1997 were excava- trauma indicative of sacrifice, though archaeologi- tions resumed in the area of the Temple under cal evidence indicates the graves around the prin- the direction of Angelo Sesana, president of cipal enclosure were roofed simultaneously. These the CEFB (Francesco Ballerini Centre for Egyp- individuals, however, were not dispatched by blows tology, Como, Italy). The excavations, now ap- to the head, decapitation or slashed throats, stran- proaching their 15th season, have permitted the gulation, or any other means that would be evident development of a notably detailed plan of the on their bones. Instead, they were presumably poi- Temple, expanding and rendering more precise soned or asphyxiated. The lack of skeletal evidence the summary data recorded by Petrie. Excava- for sacrifice of any of these individuals, however, tion has been continued down to bedrock and suggests that alternative explanations should be has revealed numerous funerary structures and considered. complexes that occupied the area before the Compared to later commoners from the temple’s construction and again after its aban- North Cemetery, these royal courtiers were taller donment and the looting of its stones. and had better dental health, but healed trauma, Prior to the construction of the Temple of infection, hyperostosis frontalis interna, and oth- Amenhotep II the area was occupied by a neer pathological conditions are present. Though cropolis dating back to Middle Kingdom. Two sample sizes are quite small, similarities and underground tomb complexes from this pre- differences in health status among those buried temple cemetery consisting of a ramp, a hall- around the principal funerary enclosure and the way and several chambers are still being stud- two smaller enclosures are evident. Significantly, ied. The tomb-fill has provided unexpectedly all the adults show angulation and torsion of rich finds: vessels of many different types and proximal femora and other indicators that sug- sizes, ceramic offering trays, faience beads and gest habitual donkey riding by courtiers. semi-precious stones amulets found along with skeletal remains. Miroslav Barta & Petra Havelkova The whole area was again used as a necropolis from the Third Intermediate Period on- Memphis’ Population of the Third Millennium wards. To date, 22 tombs in the necropolis have BC been investigated but only 14 still contained human remains: each has a square shaft of 2 to Despite all excavation projects on the pyramid 6 m depth with one or more small irregularly fields of Memphis, Old Kingdom archaeology shaped rooms leading off it. Most of the graves

© PalArch Foundation 12 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) had already been sacked in ancient times or, man tuberculosis also might have been far more in some cases, were identified and cleared by widespread in antiquity than in the recent past. Petrie. In other cases, however, elements of the These hypotheses, if confirmed, would imply that funerary assemblages remain. The use of the also cases of co-infection between protozoan and area of the temple complex as a cemetery con- mycobacterial pathogens could have occurred. tinued into the Ptolemaic-Roman period. To substantiate those speculations, molecular The human remains found in the tombs of analyses were carried out on sixteen Third Inter- the Temple of Amenhotep II are currently be- mediate to Graeco-Roman mummified heads (806 ing studied. We are focused on reconstructing BC-124 AD) recovered from the necropolis of Abu- the health status and life-stories of the individ- sir el Meleq (Fayum Valley, Lower Egypt). uals buried in two specific contexts: Soft tissue biopsies were used for DNA extrac- tions and PCR amplifications using well- suited 1) The large tomb, consisting of a ramp, a hall- protocols. A 196- bp fragment of the Plasmo- way and several chambers, in area A17 that dium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 was used in the Middle Kingdom and again (AMA1) and a 123-bp fragment of the Mycobac- in the Late Second Intermediate Period-early terium tuberculosis complex insertion sequence New Kingodom. It contained the partially or IS6110 were amplified and sequenced, respective- fully articulated skeletons of 19 individuals ly, in six (38%) and five (31%) mummified heads. along with some other scattered remains. Concomitant PCR amplification of falciparum The remains are still being analyzed so as to malaria and human tuberculosis specific frag- provide a more precise number of individu- ments was obtained in four of sixteen individuals als and data on sex, age and pathology; (25%). Here we extend back-wards to ca. 800 BC 2) The tomb in area C3 dating to the post- new evidence for single malarial and tuberculosis temple period (Third Intermediate Period) infections plus add first evidence of four cases of divided into two chambers which contained malaria tropica/MTB complex co-infections in in- six articulated skeletons and scattered frag- dividuals from the Fayum depression. mentary remains. Victor S. Bittar, Claudia R. Carvalho, The picture that emerges from a prelimi- Antonio B. Junior, Jorge Lopes & Sergio nary anthropological study is of a very precari- A. Azevedo ous state of health with high infant mortality and degenerative joint disease amongst almost A Non-invasive Bioarchaeological Research Ap- all adults. The frequently very pronounced proach on Sha-Amun-Em-Su: A Mummy Inside a muscle insertions suggest intense daily physi- Sealed Coffin (P) cal labour, sometimes so heavy as to induce the formation of osteophytes and entheso- The mummy of a Singer of Amun, identified phytes in tendon insertions at the margins of as Sha-Amun-em-su, came to Brazil in the 19th the vertebral bodies. century as a gift of the Khedive Ismail to the Emperor Dom Pedro II, when it was added to Raffaella Bianucci, lbert Lalremruata, his collection and where it has been ever since. Markus Ball, Beatrix Welte, Andreas G. Today, it is part of the Museu Nacional, da Nerlich & Carsten M. Pusch Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN/ UFRJ)’s collection. Tuberculosis and Malaria Co-Infections in Late This mummy is unique in the Museum to Graeco-Roman Period Mummies from the as the original coffin remains preserved and Fayum sealed, indicating that it never had been opened. Due to the presence of the lake Birket Quarun and Non-invasive studies on the mummy were to the particular nature of its irrigation system, it conducted in 2006, when the scanning, imag- has been speculated that the Fayum, a large de- ing techniques and equipment became more pression 60 km south-west of modern Cairo, was accessible in Brazil. At this time the coffin exposed to the hazards of malaria in historic was CT Scanned. Those procedures where times. Similarly, it has been speculated that hu- possible through a partnership between the

Museum, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnolo- of human remains from all respectively dated gia/Ministèrio da Cilncia, Tecnologia e Ino- cemeteries in the area of the Oasis. Thorough vato (INT/MCTI) and the access of the CT examination of human skeletal remains can equipment at the Clinica de Diagnosticos por reveal the full range of palaeopathological in- Imagem (CDPI). dicators pointing to the successful assessment This new research was added to the previous of one’s health condition and diet. The identi- ones, now with the objective of getting further fication of all signs of disease, skeletal trauma knowledge about this mummy, working on the and nutrition will hopefully enable the recon- bioanthropological aspect, checking the burial struction of the quality of life in early medieval procedures and funerary artifacts and the actu- Fayum. We will also try to recreate the average al condition of the whole set (the mummy, the life expectancy and mortality rate, especially coffin and artifacts). among the youngest members of the commu- The research is now at the imaging docu- nity. mentation stage, going from simple external The starting point of this research were the photographs to the virtual rebuild of the whole excavations of 14 rock-hewn graves, dating skeleton without the coffin or bandages, been back to 6th/7th c. AD, from cemetery C at Deir this last task done at the Laboratorio de Proces- el-Naqlun. These works were carried out dur- samento de Imagem Digital (LAPID/MN). ing three seasons between 2004 and 2006, by the mission of the Polish Centre of Mediterra- Svetlana B. Borutskaya nean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Apart from the basic anthropological analysis of the Paleoecological Study of Medieval Copts from remains, a number of soft tissue samples were Deir el-Banat Necropolis, Egypt. Preliminary collected. These samples will be used for histo- Report (P) pathological and microbiological examination, identification of parasites and insects, as well as The necropolis is located in the eastern part of ancient DNA analysis. Fayum Oasis in the desert (about 2 km from In the future, all of the data obtained during the monastery of Deir al-Malak). The cemetery anthropological analysis of human remains will was partially excavated by the researches from hopefully be complemented by other bioarchae- the sector of Islamic and Coptic monuments ological material, including study of animal and of the Fayum Inspectorate for five seasons plant remains. The research will also include (1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995). According to written sources analysis, especially Greek and the information from the inventory book and Coptic papyri and ostraka found in correspond- inspectorate reports on the excavations, the ing contexts. Some of them relay to goods that cemetery was used starting from the Greco-Ro- have been the subject of trade, transportation man period to the Early Medieval. We worked between distribution points, or payment from at Fayum during field seasons 2003-2006. We one party to another. Among these goods are studied 209 Coptic skeletons. Among them, food products, including various types of grains 42.6% belonged to female, 39.7% to men and (wheat or barley), wine, beer, meat, or even mol- 17.7% to children. luscs. Through the analysis of these texts it is theoretically possible to determine what kinds Joanna A. Ciesielska of products were ordered, by whom and in what quantities. This information will in turn Life and Death in the Fayum Oasis. Living Con- be confronted with anthropological data. ditions in the Byzantine Period (P) Jason J. Crosby This paper introduces recently begun doctoral research concerning the matter of diet, liv- Diet, Subsistence, and Dental Pathology: Studies ing conditions and health of the Fayum oasis from Prehistoric Egypt to the Khartoum Meso- residents at the end of the Roman period and lithic of Central Sudan during Byzantine times. Most of the research will be based on the previously published and Dental pathology recorded in human skeletal currently conducted anthropological analysis remains from archaeological contexts informs

© PalArch Foundation 14 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) the relationship between diet and health in gatherers of the Khartoum Mesolithic. When past populations. Prehistoric Africa, however, combined with evidence for dental disease and remains a poorly documented area despite our enamel growth disturbances in contemporane- knowledge of their diverse populations and sub- ous skeletal samples and subsequent Neolithic sistence practices. The present study provides a groups in the region, however, a broader per- background for the current understanding of spective is achieved for this crucial area along how subsistence practices and diet are linked the White Nile. A larger comparative frame- to oral health indicators, examines issues con- work encompassing prehistoric Egypt and an- cerning poorly documented regions in dental cient Nubia also demonstrates the importance disease-subsistence research, and highlights the of a multifactorial approach in our understand- importance of an overall biocultural approach ing the history of past populations and the as- to the study of human remains. Encompass- sociation between subsistence, diet, and dental ing prehistoric Egypt (>3100 BC) and placing it disease. within the broader framework of ancient Nubia and neighboring regions along the White and Jerome Cybulski, Robert Stark & Tamas Blue Nile, the significance of geographical, cul- Bacs tural, and ecological contexts in dental disease prevalence and distribution is explored. Bioarchaeology, TT65 Project, Hungarian Mis- Given the importance of a regional perspec- sion in Thebes (P) tive within the oral health and diet relationship, the present study uses standard macroscopic TT 65 is a private tomb in the Theban Necropo- data collection protocols for paleopathological lis on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor, assessment to provide relevant information re- Egypt. Our poster presents a contextual over- garding evidence for dental disease and enamel view of human remains from five burial loca- defects from the Khartoum Mesolithic (7000- tions studied on site during the 2010 (14th) 5000 BC) site of Shabona (n=7; six adults, one field season of the Hungarian Mission in The- subadult). Health and subsistence information bes. Highlighted are Shaft 1 in the forecourt from prehistoric hunter-fisher-gatherers of cen- of TT65, which held the known latest burial tral Sudan is essential in delineating sectional occupant, and Shafts 3 and 4 on the eastern and temporal differences along the Nile river slope of the forecourt, which held the earliest. system and illustrates the need for additional Shaft 1 was intended for the original 18th Dy- fieldwork and research in the region. Atypical nasty owner of TT65 but never used by him for African Mesolithic skeletal samples, the and the tomb itself abandoned for reasons Shabona remains exhibit a relatively high fre- unknown. Instead, the remains of a naturally quency of dental caries (26/89 teeth, 29%; n=5 preserved Coptic period ‘half-mummy’ was individuals). Excluding the most complete in- found in the shaft, possibly disturbed by loot- dividual (#11049) from the overall rate due to ers of a nearby grave and hastily discarded. exceptionally severe oral pathology, however, We descended Shaft 4 to study its lone occu- yields a low frequency of carious teeth (2/61 pant, an 18th Dynasty mummy that had obvi- teeth, 3%; n=4 individuals). Linear enamel hy- ously been damaged by looters. The estimat- poplasia (LEH), a marker of childhood physi- ed length of this probable male, a reasonable ological stress, was identified in the maxillary proxy indicator of stature during life, was incisors and canines of two individuals, but was 165 cm. Shaft 3 provided a challenging mix otherwise absent in the collection. Evidence for of at least 17 individuals, some represented possible dental ablation of the central maxillary only by one or a few bones, others by limbs incisors was also documented (#11044) and is wrapped in high quality linen plus loose consistent with the pattern of cultural modifica- bones matched during the analysis. The lat- tion found at the Khartoum Mesolithic site of ter may have been the original 18th Dynasty Khartoum Hospital as well as in later chrono- occupants: three adult males, a female, a child logical periods in central Sudan. and an infant as determined from the skeletal The small number of individuals at Shabona remains. Possible later intrusions, accidental limits the ability to generalize about the rela- or intentional, included three infants, three tionship between oral health and hunter-fisher- children, a juvenile, two adult males and two

© PalArch Foundation 15 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) females. Pathology in the overall collection presenting a contrasting picture of a life filled was minimal: porous orbital roofs in young- with high levels of general, nutritional, and sters and foci of bone spicules and joint sur- workload stress. General indicators of stress face erosion in adults that did not resemble include the mortality profile (high post-in- the usual scars of degenerative joint disease. fancy sub-adult mortality in some areas of the cemetery), adult stature (Amarna adults Gretchen R. Dabbs, Melissa Zabeki & are the shortest of any known ancient Egyp- Jerome Rose tian population), and the frequency of linear enamel hypoplasia (30.4% with at least one The Bioarchaeology of Akhetaten: Unexpected LEH). Nutritional stress is directly reflect- Results from a Capital City ed in the skeletal lesions of cribra orbitalia (22.4%), porotic hyperostosis (3.1%), and The short-lived capital city of Akhenaten, those lesions characteristic of scurvy (3.1%). Akhetaten (modern Amarna), is unique Workload stress in adults (n=175) is manifest among ancient Egyptian cities in that it was in the frequency of spinal trauma (Schmorlís built, occupied, and abandoned in an nar- nodes 34.9%; compression fracture 20.6%), row temporal spectrum during Akhenaten’s and degenerative joint disease (overall spine reign (c. 1349-1332 BC) and a brief aftermath 47.4%; limb joints 24.0%). These health pat- that ended during the reign of Tutankha- terns are hardly what one would expect for mun. The city, as home to Akhenaten and his any group of people living in the capital of court, swelled quickly to perhaps as many as Egypt during the prosperous New Kingdom. 30,000 residents as the officials, soldiers, art- Perhaps the social, religious, and political up- ists, manufacturers, and others responsible heaval caused by Akhenaten’s devotion to the for its construction, and those in service to Aten extended into the realm of individual higher officials arrived and began the process health as well. of building lives in the new capital city. As Egypt’s most accessible urban archaeological Tosha Dupras , Sandra Wheeler, Lana site, Amarna has long been a source of in- Williams & Peter Sheldrick formation on the domestic architecture and material culture of life during the Amarna Birthing in Ancient Egypt: Timing, Trauma, and Period. Recently, the addition of bioarchaeo- Triumph? Evidence from the Dakhleh Oasis logical data from the ongoing excavations of the South Tombs Cemetery (STC) at Amarna The mortuary landscape and inclusion of all in- has enhanced the understanding of life at dividuals, no matter age or pathological condi- Akhetaten by providing data to examine not tion, in the Kellis 2 cemetery has allowed for the only the conception of death and spirituality interpretation of birth cycles and elements of through burial treatment, but also the bio- the birthing process. While ancient epigraphic logical ramifications of living during this pe- sources have provided sparse evidence of sea- riod of religious and social upheaval through sonal birthing cycles for populations of the analysis of human skeletal remains. Roman Empire, bioarchaeological analyses of While probably never intended to reflect Kellis 2 indicate a pattern of seasonal birth am- the lives of the non-elite public, the themes plitude occurring during March-May, which cor- portrayed in the daily life scenes on the walls relates directly with the seasonal amplitude in in the rock cut tombs of the Amarna elites are mortality for birthing age women. Skeletal birth dominated by depictions of abundance and trauma, or any injury that occurs to the fetus or opulence, with offerings to the Aten consist- infant during delivery, may be caused by large ing of heaping piles of grain, shanks of meat, fetal size, prolonged labor, abnormal fetal posi- and vessels of hearty drink. The ready inter- tion, or compression and traction forces during pretation of this is the suggestion that life at the birth process. An examination of these types Akhetaten was of a life full of dietary diversi- of injuries may help us to understand birthing ty and surplus. The analyzed skeletal remains practices and the possible use of midwives in from the non-elite STC at Amarna (n=275) Egypt during the Romano-Christian period. This reflect the antithesis of this dominant theme, presentation will explore the seasonal birthing

© PalArch Foundation 16 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) cycle and injuries resulting from birth trauma, ple was excavated from Bahriyah Oasis. They including cases of humerus varus deformity, and belong to the Greco-Roman period (332 BC-30 fractures of the ribs, clavicles, humeri, and cervi- AD). The skeletal sample used consisted of 80 cal vertebrae. The majority of birth injuries re- pelvic male bones (33R, 47L) & 64-female bones corded in individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery (34R, 30L). Stress muscle markers were ob- are most likely due to factors such as prolonged served in 75.75% of the right side and 72.34% labor, compression and traction forces, and ex- of the left side in males. In females the percent- traction practices during the birth process. ages were 61.76% and 6o% in the right and left sides respectively. These results confirm that Tosha Dupras, Lana Williams, Peter two of the main activities in Bahriyah during Sheldrick , Brittany , Bart VanThuyne & the Greco-Roman period in Egypt were textile Sandra Wheeler and wine production.

Cancer, a Disease of Modern Industrial Society? Ahmed M. Gabr Not Likely! A Review of Old and New Evidence from Ancient Egypt (P) Continued Excavations in the South Abydos Archaic Cemetery in the 2009 and 2010 Sea- Although considered a disease of modern indus- sons trial societies, skeletal and soft tissue evidence of secondary malignant cancers is becoming more The SCA South Abydos Excavation was initi- evident in the ancient world. Here we examine ated in 2007 in order to investigate an area the evidence of cancer as a disease of antiquity thought to have archaeological remains. The in ancient Egypt, particularly focusing on evi- site is located approximately 350 m south of the dence from Deir al-Bersha and the Dakhleh Oa- temple of Seti I, and about 1400 m northeast of sis. We present two cases of advanced metastatic Umm el Qaab, adjacent to the modern village El carcinoma, both most likely representative of Araba El Madfuna. breast cancer that metastasized throughout the The 2007 season confirmed that the site skeleton. The first case, from the site of Deir indeed held archaeological remains, as a cem- al-Bersha, dates to the 2nd to 4th Dynasty (ca. etery with two distinct phases was uncovered; 2686-2494 BC) and may well represent the earli- the earliest phase, dated to the Archaic period est skeletal evidence for this disease. This indi- (based on pottery, body treatment of the occu- vidual, an adult female approximately 45 years pants and funerary items) consisted of several of age at death, displays multiple characteristic mud brick tomb structures, and the later phase metastatic lesions throughout her skeleton. The was represented by numerous inhumations sur- second case, from the Kellis 2 cemetery in Da- rounding the older structures in what appears khleh Oasis dating to the Romano-Christian pe- to be an intentional way. This second phase, riod (c. 100 to 360 AD), is also an adult female excavated during the 2007 season, was dated approximately 40 years of age at death and dis- to the Late Roman/Byzantine period based on plays similar characteristic metastatic lesions, fabric patterns on the shrouds of the bodies, however, in limited distribution. Given the and comprises more than ten burials, some of advanced stage of cancer represented in both which were the topic of an earlier paper pre- cases, we also explore possible medical and pain sented at the CHRAE 2010 conference. management strategies used in ancient Egypt. This paper will deal with the continued excavation of the site during the 2009 and 2010 Rokia Elbanna & Azza M. Sarry el-Din seasons, during which the team was able to focus on the Archaic period tombs on the site. Activity Pattern Reconstruction from Hip Bones A brief overview of the work carried out dur- in Bahriyah Oasis - Greco-Roman Period (P) ing the last two seasons will be given, with two tombs, numbers 14 and 8, described in more Musculoskeletal stress markers have been wide- detail. ly used to reconstruct activity pattern in human Tomb 14 is unusual because it belonged to population. This study was to reconstruct activ- a sub-adult, and epiphyseal closure suggests ity pattern focused on pelvic bones. The sam- the age of this individual was under 14 years

© PalArch Foundation 17 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) of age, while dental eruption points to an even Stacy L. Hackner younger person, between 8.5 to13.5 years of age. The burial had been disturbed in antiquity, Platycnemia in Two Nubian Populations: An but enough of the skeleton was left in situ to Activity-Based Explanation of Shape Change in determine that this was a coffin burial, with the the Tibia (P) occupant buried lying on his or her left side, facing west. This study analyzes the difference in tibial shape Based on its prime location within the site, between two groups from the area that is now Tomb 8 appears to be one of the most impor- northern Sudan. The cnemic index is the ratio tant tombs of the cemetery. The tomb owner between the antero-posterior and medio-lateral in this case was an adult, most likely male, and diameters of the tibia, and has long been known was buried in a semi-flexed position in a wood- to be influenced by habitual activity. en coffin, with his head to the Northwest. The Additionally, the study developed categori- analysis of this tomb is ongoing, and the burial cal systems for analysis of other features of the itself was left in situ in the tomb awaiting final tibia, including robusticity, lateral grooving, excavation next season. posterior buttressing, and height of the inter- osseous crest. The groups addressed were both Yehia Z. Gad, Carsten M. Pusch , Dina excavated in the course of the North Dongola Fathalla , Rabab Khairat, Angelique Reach Survey; one is Kerman and the other Corthals, Sally Wasef , Amal Ahmed, Meroitic. Significant differences were evident Ahmed Z. Gad, Suzan Fares, Rama Saad, between the groups; primarily, the former is Eslam El-Shahat , Mohamed Fateen, ‘platycnemic’, with elongated, diamond-shaped Naglaa Hasan, Albert R. Zink & Somaia tibias, and the latter is ‘eucnemic’, with round- Ismail ed tibias. The platycnemic Kerma groupís scores were evenly distributed between grac- A Systematic Approach Towards Studying An- ile and robust, while the eurycnemic Meroitic cient DNA from Egyptian Mummies group was more gracile overall and was more sexually dimorphic. It is likely these differ- The study of ancient DNA (aDNA) is a disci- ences represent changing activities and sexual pline that has many challenges. A systemati- divisions of labor within these groups, about capproach has been proposed to execute aDNA whose daily life little is known. studies on ancient human remains. Moreover, over the years, a considerable effort has been Scott D. Haddow exerted towards devising a set of criteria for authentication of the results of aDNA studies. Dental Morphological Analysis of Roman-Era In the case of Egyptian mummies, certain addi- Burials from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt tional distinctive features do exist. This implied adopting some modifications to the previously Kellis (Ismant el-Kharab) is an archaeological proposed ones. site in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, which dates This presentation will shed light on the from the late Ptolemaic to the late Roman short-lived experience of the first dedicated period. Previous studies of skeletal material Egyptian aDNA labs that have been instituted from Kellis and other oasis sites suggest that in the Egyptian museum and Cairo University the ancient population of the Dakhleh Oasis Medical School. The technical challenges dur- was largely homogenous and inbred as a re- ing establishment of the methodologies will be sult of geographic isolation. Archaeological illustrated. In addition, experiments showed and textual evidence however, indicates a re- that there were distinctive profiles of post mor- cord of contact with the Nile Valley since the tem DNA damage among Egyptian mummies. Neolithic. In order to test these apparently The effect of these changes on the generated conflicting narratives, descriptive and multi- results will be discussed. variate statistical methods are employed in an analysis of heritable dental morphological variants in 186 individuals from Kellis using the Arizona State University Dental Anthro-

© PalArch Foundation 18 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) pology System. The present study has two recently submitted PhD thesis. In the HeG cem- main components: etery, more adult males than women and children were interred during the autumn and/or 1) An intra-cemetery assessment of inter-sex spring, while we find a much higher incidence and inter-group morphological variation in of young children interred during summer, order to identify related individuals within compared to the number of adults in the same the Kellis 2 cemetery and provide evidence season. Surprisingly, the number of interments for post-marital residence patterns; during the winter season was comparatively 2) An inter-regional comparison between the low for all age groups. This is interesting as the Kellis skeletal assemblage and groups from data differs significantly from that published Egypt, Nubia, North and Sub-Saharan Africa for the Secondary Cemetery in the mastaba of in order to place the ancient Dakhleh Oasis Ptahsepses in Abusir, which is a cemetery of population within a broader regional con- similar type and close in time to the HeG cem- text. etery. This paper will outline the percentages of interment for both cemeteries, correlated with The results of the intra-cemetery analysis age, sex and some pathologies, and suggest pos- demonstrate low levels of inter-sex phenetic sible explanations for the disparity in orienta- variation consistent with an isolated and pos- tion between these different groups. sibly interbred population. Spatial analysis within the Kellis 2 cemetery has tentatively Tina Jakob identified one area containing individuals with distinctive dental trait frequencies. This may Health and Disease in Meroitic Al Khiday 2, indicate a kin-structured area of the cemetery, Central Sudan (P) or alternatively, an area reserved for individuals who are not native to the Dakhleh Oasis. The This contribution aims to assess the health and results of the inter-regional comparison of trait disease of a small skeletal population from the frequencies demonstrate an overall affinity multi-period site of Al Khiday 2 in Central Su- with North African populations, especially with dan. Situated on the western bank of the White several early Upper Egyptian and contempo- Nile, 35 km south of Khartoum, the site has rary Lower Nubian groups. Despite these simi- been excavated since 2005 and has proved to be larities, however, the Kellis assemblage remains one of the southernmost examples of Meroitic relatively distinct in relation to the comparative burials in the Nile Valley. Radiocarbon and arte- groups. This is consistent with a geographically fact dating has established that the Al Khiday 2 isolated population experiencing limited gene- Meroitic cemetery was in use ca. 100 BC to 200 flow. AD. Macroscopic and radiographic analyses of the 35 individuals so far excavated allows us to Zeinab S. Hashesh draw a detailed picture of how an adverse and increasingly arid living environment may have Seasonality of Death at the Heit el Ghorab Cem- led to compromised health. While there was an etery, Giza even number of male and female individuals, more than half of the population died before Though the reason for differing orientation of reaching adulthood and this might indicate a burials may vary, the most common explana- high level of stress and ill adaptation leading tion is that Egyptian burials were aligned with to the premature death of parts of the popula- the sun. If we assume that graves were aligned tion. Health stress was also portrayed in low intentionally according to the position on the adult stature with an average of 149 cm for fe- horizon of the setting sun, then the incongru- males and 157 cm for males. Equally, evidence ence in orientation are quite possibly due to the for non-specific infectious disease and -maxil different seasons during which the deceased lary sinusitis was common in adults and non- were interred. The present study is a presenta- adults. Dental disease indicated a diet high in tion of the results of the investigation of solar carbohydrates causing high dental caries rates. burial orientation at the Heit el Ghorab (HeG) Trauma was found in form of healed fractures, cemetery in Giza that was part of the author’s mainly to the ribs and small bones of the hand

© PalArch Foundation 19 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) and feet. These palaeopathological findings are serve as a proper template for the NGS tech- compared to data from other contemporaneous nique thus opening new pathways of investiga- and medieval skeletal populations from Sudan tion for future genome sequencing of ancient to place the individuals from Al Khiday 2 into Egyptian individuals. their bioarchaeological context. Ghada Al-Khafif Rabab Khairat, Markus Ball, Chun- Chi Hsieh Chang, Raffaella Bianucci, Assessing Diet Quality Changes through the Andreas G. Nerlich, Martin Trautmann, Elemental Analysis of Ancient Egyptians Bones Somaia Ismail, Gamila M.L. Shanab, Amr (Qubbet el-Hawa Cemetery) Using LIBS M. Karim, Yehia Z. Gad & Carsten M. Pusch Calcified tissues as bones and teeth are considered to be the biological ‘archives’ of living or- First Insights into the Metagenome of Ancient ganisms as they can contain the indicators of Egyptian Mummies Using Next Generation their diet and the environmental conditions dur- Sequencing ing their life. Bone chemistry studies e.g. trace elements promotes the understanding of archeo- Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology logical populations dietary behavior. In general, was applied for the first time on Egyptian mum- social, economic and belief systems of a society mies to test the degree of information, which can be reflected in food. could be gained. Seven NGS datasets obtained Benefiting from the advantages of LIBS from five randomly selected Third Intermedi- technique, trace elements analysis of the arche- ate to Graeco Roman Period Egyptian mummies ological bones excavated from Qubbet el Hawa (806 BC-124 AD) and two unearthed pre-contact cemetery, Aswan is conducting in order to esti- South-American skeletons were generated and mate the Sr/Ca ratio of two samples belonging characterized. The datasets were compared to to the middle class and dated to the Middle three recently published NGS datasets obtained Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period. from cold climate regions, i.e. the Saqqaq, the The main argument against diagenesis was Denisova hominid and the Alpine Iceman. the significant correlation between bone Sr/Ca Analysis was done using one million reads of and Ba/Ca ratios. The Sr/Ca of the First Inter- each newly generated or published dataset. mediate Period is significally lower than that Blastn and Megablast results were analyzed us- of the Middle Kingdom which was interpreted ing MEGAN software. in the light of the point of view concerning The NGS datasets showed variable contents the use of Sr/Ca ratio in paleodiet reconstruc- of endogenous DNA harboured in tissues. Three tion as an indicator of the extent of calcium of five mummies displayed a human DNA pro- biopurification and not as an indicator of the portion comparable to the human read count plant/meat ratio. It is suggested that the very of the Saqqaq permafrost-preserved specimen. low Sr/Ca of the First Intermediate Period may Furthermore, a metagenomic signature unique be interpreted as a result of the introduction of to mummies was displayed. Utilizing a ‘bacteri- unusual sorts of foods with low strontium or al fingerprint’, discrimination among mummies high calcium levels during the years of famine. and other remains from warm areas outside of Another possible cause is the consumption of Egypt was possible. Plant kingdom representa- cereals imported from neighboring nomes. tion in all mummy datasets was distinct, espe- These cereals may differ in their strontium cially in comparison with cold climate samples content according to soil type. The Sr/Ca ratio datasets, and could be partially associated with of the Middle Kingdom can be considered as their use in embalming materials. In addition, a reflection of an amelioration of political, cli- NGS data encompassed Plasmodium falciparum matic, economic and social conditions. Thus, and Toxoplasma gondii DNA sequences indicat- the Middle Kingdom Sr/Ca ratio reflects the ing the presence of malaria and toxoplasmosis consumption of typical Dynastic diet with no in these mummies. need for exceptional sorts of foods, nor for the We demonstrate that endogenous ancient import of cereals. DNA can be extracted from mummies and

Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin Sandra Lösch, Estelle Hower-Tilmann & Albert Zink A Case of a Metastatic Carcinoma in an Old Kingdom Skeleton from Saqqara Mummies and Skeletons from the Coptic Mon- astery Complex Deir el-Bakhit in Thebes-West, Bone tumours, both benign and malignant, Egypt (P) have been identified in a number of ancient Egyptian skeletal remains. Another case comes Deir el-Bachit is the largest known Coptic mon- from Burial 554 uncovered in one of the astery complex in Thebes-West. It dates to Late shaft-tombs in the Old Kingdom necropolis Antiquity, between the 6th and the beginning at Saqqara-West. This disturbed burial com- of the 10th c. AD. So far, at least 26 individuals prised the skeletal remains of a female, aged from the site were analysed anthropologically. 50-60 years at the time of death. Macroscopic 22 of them were excavated directly in the ne- examination of the remains revealed an ex- cropolis, the other four are special burials that tensive osteolytic lesion in the neurocranium, were found at other locations nearby. Most in- with osteoblastic reactions at the margin, and dividuals from the necropolis are male adults. further smaller perforations surrounding the There are two categories of human remains: lesion. Such lesions perforating both cortical ‘mummified’ and ‘skeletonised.’ The differenc- tables are characteristic of metastatic carcino- es are probably due to social stratification. A ma, a malignant neoplasm that could spread to substance similar to bitumen was found in the bone directly from an adjacent soft tissue tu- mummies. In the Coptic era, resin containing mour, or metastasise from a cancer of internal oils and bitumen were thought not to be used organ. In the present case, the bone tumour is any more. Several special burials were found -- likely to be a metastasis from carcinoma of the one was an approximately three years old child brain; however, a metastasis from carcinoma who was found enclosed within a wall. Another of the breast should also be considered. The was a juvenile or young adult female who was latter has been identified as the most common found in the vault of an abandoned granary. cause of metastatic bone disease in females, ac- She was most likely pregnant and fell victim to cording to modern clinical studies. a violent crime. This is indicated by the bones of a six months old foetus and an intravital Roger Lichtenberg skull fracture. She was not contemporary from the time the monastery was cultivated but was Study of Growth Arrest Lines Upon Human later deposited here. Remains from Kharga Oasis Samia M. El-Merghani Since 1982, almost 300 mummies and far more numerous skeletal remains belonging to 3 cem- Bones Reveal Secrets: Ramose, an Egyptian eteries of Kharga oasis (Douch, Ain el-Labakha Story and El-Deir), have been studied through radiogra- phy at the sites. The study of Growth Arrest Lines Eternity was the dream of all the ancient Egyp- (GAL) was part of the whole work. These lines oc- tians, not only for wealthy people but also for low- cur inside bones after a long disease or periods income ones. Mummification was a way for the of malnutrition. It is possible to see them only by wealthy to preserve their bodies to reach eternal X-rays or with a microscope. The research was ini- life, while the common people were buried in the tiated after I learnt of P.H.K. Gray’s work. dry/hot sand in desert, which was also their way Gray found about 30 % of GAL in mummies. to preserve their bodies to reach the eternal life. From the start, at Douch, it was astonishing to The study of human bones is an impor- find almost twice the number of GAL. Itwas tant source for information about the ancient the same at Labakha and Deir, with some varia- population. From the traditional study of any tions. GAL are undoubtedly connected with the skeleton, we are able to determine the sex of standard of living, so they seem to be an excel- the person and estimate the age at the time of lent criterion to evaluate health and social level death, cause of death and study of certain dis- inside populations. eases. Moreover, some studies give attention

© PalArch Foundation 21 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) to the effect of stress and hard work in human sample two tissue biopsies and the associated skeletons. wrappings. But what of the common, poor people who In order to evaluate the conditions of tissue were buried in the desert sand? Can we expect preservation, we first subjected a small tissue what were his dreams? What was the future of sample of presumed lung to histological exami- his children? Was education one of the human nation. Following careful rehydration and em- rights for the common people in ancient Egypt? bedding into paraffin wax, typical alveolar struc- Was there social mobility? tures were seen, with some diagenetic alterations This paper tries to answer these questions but still sufficiently well preserved to identify by studying the skeletal remains of a common- the pulmonary tissue structure. This contained er: Ramose. occasional small deposits of anthracotic coal pig- ment, as frequently seen in pulmonary residues Andreas G. Nerlich, Stephen Buckley, of ancient Egyptian mummies and most prob- Joann Fletcher, Sara Caramello & ably due to the inhalation of particles from an Raffaella Bianucci open fire. In addition, a very few small spots of haemosiderin deposits suggest the presence of An Interdisciplinary Study of the Mummified siderophages, as seen in cases of chronic cardiac Remains of the 18th Dynasty Official Nebiri (P) insufficiency. Lastly, the identification of intraal- veolar proteinaceous exudation might indicate Following initial work by the University of that Nebiri also experienced acute heart failure York’s Mummy Research Group with the Uni- of whatever cause. versity of Turin and Fondazione Museo delle The samples from Nebiri’s head and canopic Antichite Egizie of Turin in 2007, a long-term jar were also analysed by gas chromatography- research project was set up to investigate the mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to chemi- museum’s mummified remains in detail. cally characterise the organic constituents used In addition to the ongoing examination of in the embalming process of this non-royal 18th the 18th dynasty tomb assemblage of Kha and Dynasty individual. The suggestion that some Meryt, the Turin-York project has also begun to non-royal individuals were subject to minimal, study other 18th Dynasty individuals, includ- if any, mummification during the mid-18th Dy- ing Nebiri, Chief of Stables during the reign of nasty makes this aspect of the study of particular Thutmose III (1479-1424 BC). His tomb (QV interest, and significant for understanding funer- 30) was uncovered during the excavation cam- ary practices at this time. paign carried out by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Following sample extraction and derivatisa- the Valley of the Queens, Luxor, between 13th tion procedures, the samples from both the head/ February and the end of March 1904, and al- neck area and from the canopic jar containing though most of the body was missing, Nebiri’s the lungs were then analysed using GC/MS. This mummified head and canopic equipment were revealed a complex mixture of an animal fat or recovered from the tomb. Currently displayed plant oil, a balsam/aromatic plant, a diterpenoid in the Fondazione Museo delle Antichite Egi- (coniferous) resin and a triterpenoid resin. The zie of Turin (Room 3), they are now the subject inclusion of such non-native imported resins in of multi-disciplinary examination, the initial the embalming materials employed for Nebiri is results of which are presented in this paper. consistent with the high quality preservation of Small samples of skin were taken from the his head and the fact he had been eviscerated. left parietal area of Nebiri’s head (Suppl. 5109) and from the remaining linen wrappings at Andreas G. Nerlich the left side of the neck. Small samples of linen wrappings and soft tissue were also taken Old and Middle Kingdom Cemeteries of Dashur: from one of the four limestone canopic vessels Preliminary Paleopathological Investigations (Suppl. 5111/01-02), each topped with a human-headed lid and inscribed with the name The anthropological and paleopathological of one of the Four Sons of Horus. Since the examination of the human remains from jar inscribed for Hapy, guardian of the lungs, cemeteries provide deep insights into the was partly broken, it allowed direct access to population structure, its living conditions

© PalArch Foundation 22 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) and diseases. In an ongoing intense collabo- utilize bones and teeth, as these tissues are the ration with Nicole Alexanian and Stephan most likely to survive in the archaeological re- Seidlmayer, German Archaeological Institute cord. Where exceptional preservation exists, Cairo and Free University Berlin, in the last as can be found in Egypt, soft tissues may also few years I had access to a series of burials be available for inclusion in isotopic studies. from the Old and Middle Kingdom cemeter- Analyses of stable isotopes from different tissue ies in the area of Dashur that extend east of types within the same individual reveal dispa- Snefru’s Red Pyramid. Location and type of rate isotopic values for a variety of physiologi- shaft tombs suggest that the Old Kingdom cal and biological reasons, and these differences burials may have harboured inhabitants have been used to study a number of topics, from the Red Pyramid town while the Mid- primarily diet variation. However, the effects of dle Kingdom tombs were presumably that of growth and development on these values are not members of the residence elite. well understood, and large samples of well-pre- The excavations revealed 38 individuals served juveniles are rarely available for analysis. from Old Kingdom burials, 12 from Middle The skeletal collection of the Kellis 2 cemetery Kingdom tombs and two Greco-Roman buri- (c. 100-360 AD), Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, presents a als. All remains revealed good to even excel- rare opportunity to investigate such issues, due lent preservation, with fairly complete skel- to the superb preservation of both adult and ju- etons. venile remains. Utilizing data collected from the The anthropological analysis showed in remains of 52 juveniles, this project examines both populations a fairly balanced ratio be- how the distances between 13C values in bone tween males and females, with an average age collagen, skin, hair, and nail vary between differ- of death between the ages of 20 to 30, with ent age groups. Although spacing between tis- few immature individuals. A significant num- sues was found to vary across all age categories, ber of various diseases was detected which the distances between collagen and hair, collagen included a broad range of lesions, such as and skin, and collagen and nail are all substan- trauma, metabolic alterations, joint and verte- tially greater in the older juveniles than those in bral degeneration, and dental pathologies. In the younger age categories. Possible physiologi- two cases malignant tumours were identified cal, developmental and social factors that may and three individuals showed severe chronic lie behind the observed variation are presented. osseous tuberculosis with typical angulation This research shows that, in addition to the gen- of isolated vertebral bodies. This may suggest eral dietary variations that may be detected in a significant infection rate by this chronic in- multiple tissues, an individual’s age must also be fectious disease in the small population. considered as a potential factor in variations of Two individuals from the Middle King- inter-tissue spacing. dom were only 13-16 years old and one Mid- dle Kingdom burial was a child of only seven Anna Pieri, Daniel Antoine & Renee to nine years. The fact that these persons had Friedman despite their youth the right to be buried in single shafts close to the pyramid of Amen- Dwarfism at Hierakonpolis: Two New Cases emhat II shows that they inherited their so- from the Predynastic Elite Cemetery (HK6) cial status. Several examples of ancient Egyptian Achon- Annie Laurie Norris, Lana Williams, droplastic dwarfs have been recovered from ar- Tosha Dupras & Sandra Wheeler chaeological excavations. During the 2011 and 2012 seasons, two individuals with severe skel- The Use of Multiple Tissues in Stable Isotope etal dysplasia, similar to Achondroplasia, were Analysis: An Example from the Dakhleh Oasis found in the Predynastic Elite cemetery (HK6) at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. Achondropla- Stable isotope analysis is routinely used in sia is characterised by a shortness of stature and bioarchaeology to investigate a variety of top- a proportionally large head with a protruding ics, including diet reconstruction, weaning be- maxilla and a very prominent mental eminence havior, and migration. These studies typically with wide mandibular rami. Changes also in-

© PalArch Foundation 23 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) clude short limbs with enlarged epiphyses, sociated with the mummy, and in the coffin in- small fingers and a reduced thorax and pelvis. scriptions, the individual concerned is referred The mid-shaft diameter of the long bones usu- to as a singer of the god Amun. However, one ally remains unaffected, resulting in short but cannot be absolutely sure of this, as there are no robust bones. The two individuals described inscriptions associated with the mummy itself. here presented most of the skeletal changes as- The coffin has been approximately dated to the sociated with Achondroplasia but the mid-shaft 21th Dynasty or slightly later (circa 1050-900 diameter of the long bones was also reduced, BC) although the exact date has not yet been resulting in what appear to be miniature bones. established. The name of the owner is not men- The long bone morphology of the Badari dwarf tioned in the coffin inscriptions. Seemingly, it found by Brunton, casts of which are curated at was made for any woman of rank rather than the Natural History Museum in London, shows for a specific individual. The owner’s name similar changes to the Hierakonpolis dwarfs: may have been recorded on the coffin lid; how- small limbs with reduced mid-shaft diameters. ever, this has now unfortunately been lost or at In contrast, two other incomplete skeletons held least separated from the base at some point in at the Natural History Museum from the mor- history. During conservation attempts of the tuary complex of Semerkhet at Abydos have mummy in 2011, a complete CT investigation large mid-shaft diameters and appear to show was carried out. This revealed no evidence of the more classical form of Achondroplasia. Ad- craniotomy, as well as more than 24 ribs indi- ditional research is ongoing but the examples cating that more than one individual was rep- from Hierakonpolis may have been affected by resented. Furthermore, post-mortem tooth loss a different form of dysplasia or may simply re- was reported with the dislodged teeth visible flect a previously unnoticed variation in Achon- intracranially and within the chest and abdomi- droplasia. The presence of two examples of nal area. The skeletal elements represented ap- such a rare condition in one elite cemetery once peared embedded from the head to the pelvis again highlights the importance dwarfs appear and at the proximal femoral level within a in- to have played in ancient Egyptian society. homogeneous mass consistent with sand. Very little soft tissue was visible and disarticulations Dario Piombino-Mascali, Lidija were also noted. Radiocarbon dating obtained McKnight, Stephanie Panzer, Wilfried from analyses of linen removed from the wrap- Rosendahl, Tadas Rutkauskas, Algirdas pings was compatible with the archaeological Tamosiunas, Ramunas Valancius, dating of 21th Dynasty (2843 a BP +/- 27,1 = cal Rimantas Jankauskas BC 1041-941). The authors propose two possible hypotheses: either the body was wrapped The Egyptian Mummy from Kaunas: Is it a when the body had become partly skeletonized, Fake? or that ancient linen was reused to produce a fake mummy at some point in history to be sold Important findings have recently been- re as a tourist souvenir. Scientific analysis of this vealed concerning a mummy in the collection mummy is ongoing in the hope of providing of Marija Rudzinskaite-Arcimaviciene, the first clarification to this mystery. Lithuanian Egyptologist. From 1922 onwards, she lectured at the Vytautas Magnus Univer- Mindy C. Pitre, Erika L. Davin, Holly sity, Kaunas. As a consequence of her three vis- J. Hunold, Nancy Lovell & Maria C. its to Egypt during the early 20th century she Gatto amassed a small collection of Egyptian objects which she bequeathed to the National Museum A Possible Case of Infantile Scurvy at Nag Qa- of Art in 1940. The collection included a mum- rmila, Egypt (P) my acquired from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo during her 1924 trip, together with the in- The skeleton of a 1 year +/- 4 month old child ner coffin, but without a lid. Although the exact was recovered from the Predynastic layers of a provenance of the artefact is not known, it was settlement area at the site of Nag Qarmila in As- reported to come from Thebes. According to wan, Egypt. Although no indication of cause of Rudzinskaite-Arcimaviciene the coffin was as- death was observed, some abnormally porous

© PalArch Foundation 24 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) areas were noted on the humeri, radii, femora, females (41.5%). On the other hand, childhood greater wings of the sphenoid, maxillae, man- stress was indicated in the individuals from Da- dibular rami, and zygoma. While difficult to khleh, with 27% having enamel hyperplasia. The discern between normal and abnormal porosity incidence of the defect was somewhat higher in woven bone, the porotic lesions in this case among males (51.8%) than females (48.1%). Cal- penetrate the cortical bone, and on long bones culus was also detected in the sample. The overall extend well beyond 40 mm from the metaphy- incidence was 45.9% with no sex difference ob- ses, rendering a diagnosis of abnormal porosity served. These results indicate a population with possible. Such lesions have been attributed to a level of oral health that uses the dentition as infantile vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) as well a tool and consumes diet that contains abrasive as to other conditions caused by depleted fetal material and high proportion of starchy foods. and maternal stores of vitamins and nutrients. Suffering from a condition such as scurvy dur- Ladislava Horackova & Frank Rühli ing the first years of life would have led toa compromised immune system and may have Human Remains from the Tomb of Meryneith at contributed to this child’s early death. Saqqara

Moheb M. Shaaban & Tamer G. Rashed The tomb with bones studied belonged to an 18th Dynasty high priest at the temple of Aten Oral Health of the Ancient People of Dakhleh in Memphis named Meryneith and his wife. Oasis, Egypt (P) More substantial skeletal remains from burials were discovered in 2002 in the underground Dental health is an important indicator of oral shafts and mummy chambers of shaft I (a health and of general health. The focus of this labyrinth of subterranean rooms and niches) paper is the assessment of the oral health status and shaft II (Late Period shaft complex). Skel- of a sample population of the Dakhleh Oasis, etal remains found in the individual chambers Upper Egypt. This study group consisted of 198 and niches are incomplete; they are rather skulls (97 males and 101 females) and 50 mandi- isolated bones. The deceased were probably bles. The sample was recovered from Ein Tirghi buried here for centuries, so dating them is cemetery, and dated back to 1070-404 BC. The very difficult. Paleopathological changes were assessment indicated generally moderately poor found from nearly all main categories of dis- oral health. Carious dentition was moderately eases except for malignant tumours. The most high in the sample (51.1%), with almost equal often occurring paleopathological condition of incidences for both males (48%) and females the spine was diagnosed as deforming spondy- (51.9%). As expected, this defect was frequent in losis, forming osteophytic rims on the verte- posterior teeth. On the other hand, alveolar ab- bral body margins. Almost all found fractures scessing was observed in 44.4% of the sample, tended to heal well, except for six (from a to- with males had significantly higher incidence tal of 66 found fractures) which were compli- (56.8%) than females (43.12%). Dental attrition cated by osteomyelitis and/or posttraumatic among the Dakhleh sample was considerably arthrosis, and two fractures affected by post- high (87.8%) with equal incidences for males traumatic ankylosis. One case has been found (50%) and females (50%). Similarly, incidence of of healed polytrauma, complicated by post- periodontal disease was high (92.9%) in the pop- traumatic osteoarthrosis and osteomyelitis. As ulation with almost equal incidences for males far as congenital anomalies are concerned, we (48.8%) and females (52.1%). Consequently, the have focussed on the occurrence of spondylol- observed incidence of tooth loss was also consid- ysis, sacralization of the last lumbar vertebra, erably high (64.1%), with males had significantly and spina bifida. Three cases of internal fron- higher incidence (55.1%) than females (44.8%). tal hyperostosis (resulting from endocrine dis- Occupational stress was not considerable as ob- eases) have been found in Meryneith’s burial served by the patterns of dental attrition among complex. Some inflammation processes and the Dakhleh sample. Only 26% of the individu- metabolic diseases have also been diagnosed. als showed evidence of using dentition as a tool, A relatively high frequency of dental cysts has with males had higher incidence (58.5%) than been found in the permanent dentitions. The

© PalArch Foundation 25 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) frequency of some post-cranial bone variants extended and contracted burials potentially has been studied, too. All obtained knowledge suggest cultural changes occurring in the area forms an information source for the compari- during the period of occupation of the site. son of demographic and anthropometrical Applying a biocultural approach, we report data of similar Egyptian burial-grounds. demographic and palaeopathological results in combination with contextual archaeological Frank Rühli, Michael Habicht & Abigail data in order to provide an insight into living Bowman conditions in this region during the middle and later Meroitic period. Several parameters, Canopic Jars: A New Source for Old Questions including low mean statures and evidence of infectious disease point towards the presence Canopic jars and their contents are a major of significant environmental pressures affect- part of the ancient Egyptian mummification ing the people living at Berber. tradition. Surprisingly, they have been widely This research project represents the first neglected for modern paleopathological analy- output of recent efforts undertaken by NCAM ses. Very few histological and CT based stud- with the support of the British Museum and ies exist. With advances of diagnostic imaging the Institute for Bioarchaeology to establish as well as molecular technologies, the content bioarchaeological research and training of lo- of canopic jars shall become a major research cal specialists in Sudan. All analyses were car- object. ried out within the newly created research fa- The aim of this presentation is two-fold: cilities at the National Museum in Khartoum, Sudan. 1) The known filled canopic jars currently stored in Egypt will be presented, such as Lisa Sabbahy the canopic equipment of Heteperes I (4th Dynasty), Hor I (13th Dynasty) or Kia (18th A Decade of Advances in the Palaeopathology Dynasty); of the Ancient Egyptians 2) We raise some specific research questions that hint at the enormous potential of The study of human remains from ancient canopic jar contents for future analyses of Egypt has made great strides in the last decade, human remains in Egypt, including tissue for the most part due to advances in medical identification and pathologies by CT and engineering and biomolecular techniques. histology or kinship analyses and matching Ancient DNA has been retrieved from bacte- with ‘corresponding’ mummy by molecular ria, viruses and parasites, giving specialists an techniques. entirely new method for recognizing disease. For example, this has totally changed our per- Mohamed Saad & Michaela spective on tuberculosis in ancient Egypt, not Binder only concerning the extent of its presence in the ancient Egyptian population, but in iden- Bioarchaeology of the Berber Meroitic Cem- tifying the specific Mycobacterium strains etery causing the infection. Recent CT scan studies have identified atherosclerosis and heart dis- This paper aims to present the first results of ease as a significant problem among the upper the bioarchaeological analysis of human re- class of ancient Egypt, particularly the priestly mains excavated by the National Council of families. Also, the question of whether or not Antiquities and Museum of Sudan (NCAM) cancer is an ‘old disease’ has been brought up at the Meroitic cemetery at Berber (2nd-Third again because of the recent MDCT identifica- c. AD), Central Sudan. The site, located on the tion of metastatic prostate cancer in an Egyp- east bank of the Nile, was investigated prior tian mummy. This paper will present an over- to construction work in 2009 and 2012, with view of recent discoveries in ancient Egyptian 34 single and multiple burials of adults and paleopathology, made both in medical studies children being excavated so far. Funerary cus- and excavations in the field. toms employed in the cemetery including both

Bonnie M. Sampsell Sergey V. Vasilyev

Resolving a Mummy Mismatch (P) Cranilogical Study of Medieval Copts from Deir el-Banat necropolis, Egypt. Preliminary The Wayne County Historical Museum in Rich- Results (P) mond, IN (USA) owns an Egyptian mummy in a decorated wooden coffin. The coffin and The study focuses on the skeletal remains of the its mummy were purchased by the museum’s early medieval Copts from the monastic site of founder, Mrs. William Gaar, from the Cairo Deir el-Banat in Fayum Oasis (Egypt). The mon- antiquities dealer, E. Hatoun, on her trip to astery of Deir el-Banat is located south-west from Egypt in 1929. The design of the coffin allows Faiyum and functioned from the 4th to 8th c. it to be dated to the early 22nd Dynasty with AD. Beginning from the early Middle Ages the confidence. Coffins of this type were made in most of the Copts lived densely near monaster- great quantities for the priestesses at the The- ies and monastic cemeteries were common for ban Temple of Amun (Karnak). The mummy the local Christian population, where they were has no distinguishing mummification features buried, often with lavish textiles. In the Middle that would allow it to be dated. X-rays revealed Ages the tombs of the necropolis near the ruins that the bones are disarticulated and disar- of Deir el-Banat monastery were looted and dam- ranged. An experienced Egyptian physical an- aged and the moving sands turned this cemetery thropologist studied photos of the skull, which almost into ossuary. Our research was conducted is unwrapped, and concluded that the mummy in conjunction with the Centre for Egyptological belonged to a man. Mis-matches of gender or Studies of the RAS in 2003- 2010. period between mummies and their coffins are Fifty-three skulls (29 male and 24 female) fairly common in museums around the world were studied according to the full craniology with many of them arising from efforts of 19th programme. This research will allow us to Century dealers to make up attractive combina- understand whether the sample consists en- tions. Two lines of evidence now suggest that tirely of the indigenous population or if any the Wayne County combination of coffin and migration had taken place there. In this paper mummy was ancient: first, the presence of an we present the results of the study of the au- intact set of tenons shows that the coffin was thentic Coptic skulls. One case of trepanation opened carefully (probably by employees at in the sagittal suture and one case of chopped Hatoun, rather than by tomb robbers) and sec- wounds, also in the sagittal suture were scored. ond, carbon dating of samples of the mummy In both cases individuals stayed alive and lived and its bandages are consistent with the date of after injury. A single case of strongly neglected the coffin’s manufacture arguing against a re- otitis, which caused most likely the total deaf- burial or recycling of funerary goods. ness, was noted. The porosis of upper palate, which more likely is due to a lack of calcium Eugene Strouhal in the diet, was scored very often. Three cases of the syphilitic plaques, few and solid, on the People of Sayala (Nubia) During the Late skull were identified. In all three cases, if there Roman-Early Byzantine Period was a syphilitic disease, individuals died in the early stage of the disease’s development. The site of Sayala was excavated by the Austrian The male skull from the Deir el-Banat ne- mission to Egyptian Nubia as part of the Inter- cropolis was medium size in length, width and national Action of Safeguarding Nubian Monu- height, dolichocranial. Most skulls were ovoid. ments of UNESCO. Beside several archaeological The nose is rather short and enough narrow, in publications, an anthropological one concerning terms of symotic width and height - strongly the C-Group and Pan Grave Culture was pub- protruding. The parameters of the frontal and lished by Strouhal and Jungwirth (1984). After occipital bone are mid-level. With a relatively a delay caused by political and professional rea- small bizygomatic diameter, the face has mid- sons, a second volume dealing with Late Roman- dle width and height sizes. The shape of the Early Byzantine Period has been currently pre- orbit is close to the round with lowered lateral pared; this paper presents some of the results. edge. The naso-malar and zygo-maxillary an-

© PalArch Foundation 27 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) gles are small, indicating that means that hori- the methods of palaeopathology, the study of zontal face profile is expressed. ancient disease. Dental palaeopathology, as a The female skull from the same cemetery is sub-discipline of palaeopathology, can provide long, medium width and height, mesocranial, but vital insights into the lives of past peoples. It has a tendency to dolichocranial ones. The skull can add a new dimension to the knowledge we shape is the most often ovoid, though rhomboid can gain about the past. In skeletal remains of skulls can be seen. Sizes of frontal and occipital ancient populations, evidence of dental pathol- bones are medium at the world scale. The face ogy is often well preserved in the form of le- is more narrow, bizygomatic diameter is small, sions on the teeth. Meticulous, detailed record- the upper facial height is middle-sezed. The nose ing of these lesions provides baseline data on is narrow, rather short, and strongly protruding. which a realistic assessment can be made of The orbits are small in size and round in shape. the probable impact of dental diseases and its The naso-malar and zygo-maxillary angles dem- sequelae on health of these earlier populations. onstrate expressed horizontal face profile. Through dental studies palaeopathologist are Thus, we can say that studied craniological able to extract an extensive record of the life material belonged to Caucasoid and, most likely, of an individual, presenting insights into the a homogeneous group. Further analysis of the stresses, diets and occupations which an indi- material is related to the comparative studies vidual and or population may have dealt with that will help us to understand the origins of this during their lives. group. The purpose of the current paper is to show the validity of different aspects of dental stud- Paula A Veiga, Claudia Rodrigues- ies as enamel defects, dental wear, dental cal- Carvalho & Sabina Malgora culus, dental stress indicators, occupation and dietary reconstruction in the life reconstruc- Human Remains Found in TT 37: A Preliminary tion and bioarchaeological study of the ancient Survey (P) Egyptians.

The communication comprises the first over- Tamer M. Abdel Wahab view of the human remains recovered in the funerary complex of Harwa (TT 37) and Akhime- Keeping Ahead of Time: Practicing Dentistry in nru (TT 404). It is a result of two short stays on Ancient Egypt (P) the spot (2009 and 2012). The work was carried out to evaluate the condition of the remains and The torment of toothache is something all the possibilities for scientific studies. A preliminary humans have in common. Dentistry has been survey, together with a rough evaluation of the around for almost as long as people have had minimal number of individuals, was carried on. teeth and dental problems, nevertheless evi- The guidelines to follow in the next researches dence for dentistry in archeological context were also established. The study of the human is an entirely different matter. Judging from remains from excavations in the funerary com- existing archaeological evidence the antiquity plex of Harwa and Akhimenru is mainly aimed of dentistry can be divided into three classes: at the archaeological needs of the research in the field above all absolute dates but can also Class I: consist of the therapeutic or purely provide important information about diseases, medical methods of combatting dental af- mortuary practices, and activities of robbers fections; through the ages. Class II: convenience retentive procedures or that type of dental art which has for its ob- Tamer M. Abdel Wahab ject the retaining of natural dental organs when the ravages of disease would other- Contribution of Dental Studies to the Bioarchae- wise have caused their loss; ology of Ancient Egypt (P) Class III: is the highest grade of development reached in ancient dentistry: it introduces Anthropologists often obtain data on health, dis- true dental treatment and prosthesis, that ease, and death from ancient populations using is, the art of applying solid medical and bio-

mechanical bases for treatment and substi- Roxie Walker, Salima Ikram & Betsy tution for dental organs. Bryan

According to a systematic review of all stud- An Extraordinary Interment Found in Early New ies performed on Egyptian mummies pub- Kingdom Luxor lished since 1977 when computed tomography was first applied to ancient Egyptian- mum In January 2011, Ms. Walker was asked by proj- mies, 18 percent of all mummies in case reports ect director Betsy Bryan to clear a flexed burial showed a nightmare array of dental diseases from the industrial section of the Mut Temple (worn teeth, periodontal diseases, abscesses complex at Karnak in Luxor. The ceramics close and cavities. The current research addresses to the body indicate a late Second Intermediate the questions of whether a dental profession or early 18th Dynasty date. Initial examination existed in ancient Egypt and gives examples of of the partly-exposed body indicated that it lay the archaeological evidence of dentistry in the on its left side, the head to the North, facing ancient Egyptian antiquity with special empha- North. The knees, although tightly flexed, were sis on the medical and biomechanical aspects not to the front of the body and thus pointing of the dental treatments compared to modern approximately North, but actually pointing to dental practice. the South. Over the following days, the body’s posture became increasingly interesting, as ex- Afaf Wahba pected elements (arm, shoulder, iliac crest of the presumed upper side) did not appear where one The Teti Cemetery Excavations might have expected to see them. Unfortunately, work was interrupted by early closure of the ex- The Teti funerary complex is located in Saqqa- cavation due to political developments in Cairo. ra to the northeast of the step pyramid and the When we returned to the site in June 2011, funerary complex of King Djoser. The site has the authors were able to fully excavate this indi- been under excavation by an Egyptian mission vidual, revealing that it lay in an unprecedent- directed by Zahi Hawass and Hakim Karar since ed position, covered and surrounded by large 2006, and to date approximately 100 burials amounts of pottery including sherds originat- have been unearthed, ranging in date from the ing from Nubian -made pots). The position of Late Period (664-332 BC) in the later phases of the body and its arrangement allowed the au- the cemetery, to the reign of king Teti (c. 2345- thors to posit the individual’s cause of death. 2181 BC), the founder of the 6th Dynasty, in the The skeleton, much of it excavated en bloc, was phase related to the Old Kingdom structures. removed to the site storehouse. Detailed analy- Some of these burials were in situ, and some sis of this individual took place in early June were disturbed by later activity at the site. The this year, and the results of this work are to be osteological analysis of the burials is ongoing. presented at this conference. In 2008, the tem discovered a small pyramid in an area of the cemetery directly associated Lana Williams, Annie Laurie Norris & with the pyramid of King Teti. While a car- Tosha Dupras touche or other means of positively identifying the owner of this pyramid is yet to be found, The Long and Short of It: Biomechanical Effects it has been suggested that the tomb may be of Leg Length Disparity from a Tibial/Fibular that of queen Sesheshet, the mother of King Fracture Teti and grandmother of the 5th Dynasty king Pepi I. Though the pyramid had been looted in Although various treatments for major frac- antiquity, human remains and other funerary tures of the leg are known from the preserved items were found in the sarcophagus still pres- medical texts of ancient Egypt, most individu- ent in the burial chamber. This paper will cover als who received care may have still suffered the general findings of the Teti cemetery exca- from long-term effects such as chronic pain, vations as well as the burial thought to belong weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or skel- to the queen. etal deformity. Among the skeletal remains recovered from the Middle Kingdom period

© PalArch Foundation 29 Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013) tombs (ca. 2055-1650 BC) in the flood plains of Acknowledgement Deir al-Bersha, Egypt, one individual, an adult male approximately 35 years in age, exhibited The conference organisers would like to thank a well-healed fracture of the tibial plafond and the Wenner-Gren, the American University distal fibula. As a result of these fractures, how- in Cairo, the Institute for Bioarchaeology, the ever, the individual also suffered a 3.5 cm fore- American Research Center in Egypt, André J. shortening of the left leg. Asymmetrical skel- Veldmeijer, Laurie Obbink, Djodi Deutsch, Jane etal indications, from the calcanae through to Smythe, Mahmoud Tawfik, Ariel Singer, Darcy the first and second cervical vertebrae and the Hackley, Kenaya Camacho, Nicholas Brown, mandible, point toward a reduced dorsiflexion Emmy Malak, Amy Wilson, Nathalie Marquez, and continual circumduction of the limb when Emily Layton, Taylor Woodcock, Richard Hoath, walking to compensate for the foreshorten- Nicholas Warner, and Shirin Ikram for their ing of the leg. This form of movement would help in making this conference an actuality. cause an abnormal gait and biomechanical cor- recting for oppositional torso shift to maintain 3rd Edition Published: 19 January 2013 balance through the gait cycle. In addition, the abnormal pelvic tilt caused arthritic changes Copyright © 2003-2013 PalArch in the hips and spine, knee and shoulder joint Foundation pain formation of bone spurs on calcaneae and could have possibly resulted in associated The author retains the copyright, but agrees neck pain and misalignment of the temporal- that the PalArch Foundation has the exclusive mandibular joint. This case study emphasizes right to publish the work in electronic or other the need to investigate beyond the trauma of formats. The author also agrees that the Found- the fracture itself and holistically consider pos- ation has the right to distribute copies (electro- sible long-term behavioral and biomechanical nic and/or hard copies), to include the work in effects that could result in a reduced quality archives and compile volumes. The Foundation of life. will use the original work as first published at www.PalArch.nl. Sonia R. Zakrzewski The author is responsible for obtaining the permission of the use of illustrations (dra- Egyptian Bioarchaeology and Ancient Identities wings, photographs or other visual images) made by others than the author. The author Bioarchaeology in Egypt has frequently focussed can be requested to submit proof of this per- upon one site or one aspect of health and dis- mission to the PalArch Foundation. Pdf texts ease. This paper develops from these excellent (papers and proceedings) are free to download foundations, and demonstrates the potential of on the conditions that each copy is complete integrative research into skeletal and mummi- and contains the PalArch copyright statement; fied human remains and its use in further devel- no changes are made to the contents and no oping and modifying current ideas as to social charge is made. The downloaded (and/or prin- identities within Egypt. The paper debates the ted) versions of PalArch publications may not theoretical aspects of archaeological identity and be duplicated in hard copy or machine reada- personhood. Biological expressions of identity ble form or reproduced photographically, and are analysed and discussed, and the interactions they may not be redistributed, transmitted, with Egyptological expressions of identity are translated or stored on microfilm, nor in elec- then evaluated. Studies of Egyptian identity have tronic databases other than for single use by included aspects of ethnicity, gender roles and the person that obtained the file. Commercial disability. This paper attempts to demonstrate use or redistribution can only be realised after the biological expression and interplay of these consultation with and with written permission multiple strands of identity within past Egyptian of the PalArch Foundation. populations.

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