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Tese-2012 Moacir-Santos.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUITO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA MOACIR ELIAS SANTOS JORNADA PARA A ETERNIDADE: AS CONCEPÇÕES DE VIDA POST-MORTEM REAL E PRIVADA NAS TUMBAS DO REINO NOVO - 1550-1070 a.C. NITERÓI 2012 MOACIR ELIAS SANTOS JORNADA PARA A ETERNIDADE: AS CONCEPÇÕES DE VIDA POST-MORTEM REAL E PRIVADA NAS TUMBAS DO REINO NOVO - 1550-1070 a.C. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de Concentração: História Social. Setor Temático Cronológico: História Antiga. Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura e Sociedade. Orientador: Prof. Dr. CIRO FLAMARION S. CARDOSO NITERÓI 2012 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá S237 Santos, Moacir Elias. Caminho para a eternidade: as concepções de vida post-mortem real e privada nas tumbas do Reino Novo – 1550-1070 a.C. / Moacir Elias Santos. – 2012. 467 f. ; il. Orientador: Ciro Flamarion Santana Cardoso. Tese (Doutorado em História) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2012. Bibliografia: f. 451-468. 1. Egito. 2. Religião; aspecto histórico. 3. Rito e cerimônia fúnebre. I. Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion Santana. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 932.014 MOACIR ELIAS SANTOS JORNADA PARA A ETERNIDADE: AS CONCEPÇÕES DE VIDA POST-MORTEM REAL E PRIVADA NAS TUMBAS DO REINO NOVO - 1550-1070 a.C. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de Concentração: História Social. Setor Temático Cronológico: História Antiga. Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura e Sociedade. BANCA EXAMINADORA _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ciro Flamarion Santana Cardoso – Orientador Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Margaret Marchiori Bakos Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul _________________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Regina Maria da Cunha Bustamante Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro _________________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Sônia Regina Rebel de Araújo Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Julio César Mendonça Gralha Universidade Federal Fluminense M tL ! 77 \1 p ! 7 7 tt h 4 - e Md ! < \ AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Ciro Flamarion S. Cardoso, que, assim como o deus Upuaut fazia com os egípcios, abriu diversos caminhos desde que o conheci, ainda como aluno de graduação. Obrigado principalmente pela paciência no decorrer de todo o trabalho e por suas valorozas opiniões a respeito do mesmo. Devo agradecer também por ceder parte de sua biblioteca, visto que por vezes a tentativa de adquirir os livros era frustante dada a raridade e o custo das obras. Aos professores que aceitaram avaliar este trabalho: Profa. Dra. Regina Maria da Cunha Bustamante e Profa. Dra. Sônia Regina Rebel de Araújo, pelas sugestões dadas no exame de qualificação e por aceitarem novamente participar desta banca examinadora; Profa. Dra. Margaret Marchiori Bakos, pela leitura crítica do material e também por ter aceitado o convite para este exame; e Prof. Dr. Julio César Mendonça Gralha, por integrar a banca. A todos meus sinceros agradecimentos. Aos professores Sônia Regina Rebel de Araújo, Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira Lima e Marcelo Aparecido Rede pelos excelentes momentos proporcionados durante as aulas das disciplinas do doutorado. À minha amada Liliane Cristina Coelho, que em muito participou deste trabalho e que ficava me ouvindo falar incessantemente sobre o tema, obrigado pela excelente convivência e pela paciência. Aos meus amados pais Élia Auer Santos e Osmar Sadowski Santos, pela incrível paciência desde que eu me conheço por gente, seja nos momentos de extrema alegria ou de profunda tristeza, meu muito obrigado. Aos meus queridos sogros, Liane Maria dos Santos Coelho e Luiz Alvaro Coelho, pela sempre presente acolhida e por me fazerem sentir parte da família. Aos amigos Prof. Dr. Luís Eduardo Lobianco, por sua gentileza ao solucionar dúvidas que surgiam nas horas menos propícias; Profa. Dra. Rívia Silveira Fonseca, por abrir as portas de 7 sua casa para mim sempre que precisei permanecer mais de um dia em Niterói; Prof. Ms Manuel Rolph de Viveiros Cabeceiras, pelo companheirismo; Prof. Renoaldo Kaczmarech, pelas tardes de conversa, pelo incentivo e pelo café compartilhado; Eduardo D’Avila Vilela pelas imagens do Museu Egípcio do Cairo; Vanessa Fronza pelo auxílio com as fotos do Museu Egípcio de Turim. Ao CNPq, cujo suporte por meio da bolsa de doutorado possibilitou a minha segunda mudança para o Rio de Janeiro, sem a qual eu não teria meios para chegar ao final deste trabalho. Agradeço também por fornecerem os recursos que tornaram possível a ampliação de minha biblioteca, que no futuro, sem dúvida, auxiliará outros pesquisadores no campo da Egiptologia no Brasil. Uma geração passa, outra fica em seu lugar, desde o tempo dos antepassados. Os deuses que viveram outrora repousam em suas pirâmides, assim como os bem-aventurados, enterrados em suas pirâmides. Construíram casas, (mas) o seu local desapareceu. O que foi feito delas? (...) Suas paredes esfacelaram-se, seu local desapareceu como se nunca tivesse existido! Ninguém volta do lugar (onde se acham) para contar como estão, para dizer o que precisam, para serenar nosso coração até irmos para onde eles foram. (Canto de um Harpista, tumba de Intef, XI Dinastia) RESUMO O presente trabalho é um estudo que se insere na esfera da religião funerária dos egípcios antigos durante o Reino Novo, que reúne a XVIII, XIX e XX Dinastias, período que corresponde cronologicamente de 1550 a 1070 a.C.. A área geográfica de investigação compreende as necrópoles situadas na margem oeste da moderna Luxor, a antiga Tebas dos gregos ou Uaset, como era chamada pelos egípcios, e também a necrópole localizada no leste da atual Tell el-Amarna, ou Akhetaton conforme a denominação escolhida por Akhenaton. Na margem oeste de Tebas região foi criada uma vila, conhecida pelo nome de Deir el-Medina, com o objetivo de abrigar um grupo de trabalhadores e suas famílias, que estavam organizados hierarquicamente e que tinham um missão em comum: a construção das tumbas reais. Ao mesmo tempo em que trabalhavam neste projeto, estes construtores também se ocuparam de outros, entre os quais estavam as suas próprias tumbas. E é por meio destas, que verificamos todas as etapas da construção, desde a escolha do local até a finalização das pinturas, para que pudéssemos compreender as modificações nas formas, a sua função e a organização simbólica dos textos e da iconografia, que serviam tanto para os vivos quanto para os mortos. Em um segundo momento, avaliamos a cultura material funerária encontrada nas tumbas tebanas, por meio da qual apontamos as principais modificações que ocorreram durante a XVIII e XIX Dinastias e que serviram para explicar a existência de diferentes concepções de vida no além. Por último, investigamos o imaginário sobre a vida post mortem, por meio do qual explicamos a relação da dependência dos egípcios e dos estrangeiros com o faraó visto que, juntamente com Ra e Osíris, ele era o grande responsável por garantir aos mortos a vida eterna. Neste ponto tratamos também das ideias de Akhenaton que causaram profundas modificações na religião funerária, em especial na extenção passageira do outro mundo. Palavras-chave: Egito Antigo; Reino Novo; Tebas; Deir el-Medina; Religião Funerária. ABSTRACT The present work is a study that concerns the ancient Egyptian funerary religion during the New Kingdom, which includes the 18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties, a period that corresponds chronologically the years from 1550 to 1070 BC. The geographical area of research includes the necropolis located in the west of modern Luxor, the ancient Thebes of the Greeks or Uaset as it was called by the Egyptians, and also the necropolis located in the east of the present Tell el-Amarna, or Akhetaten as the name chosen by Akhenaten. On the west bank of Thebes region was created a village, known as Deir el-Medina, in order to maintain a group of workers and their families, that were organized hierarchically and they had a common mission: the construction of royal tombs. While working on this project, these manufacturers also occupied themselves with others tasks, such as their own graves, where we find all stages of construction, from site selection to completion of the paintings, so we could understand the changes in form, its symbolic function and organization of texts and iconography, which served both to living and the dead. In a second moment we evaluated the funerary material culture found in Theban tombs, which point out the main changes that occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth Dynasties, showing the existence of different conceptions of the afterlife. Finally, we investigated the imagination about post-mortem life, by which we explain the dependence relation of Egyptians and foreigners with the Pharaoh because, along with Ra and Osiris, he was largely responsible for ensuring the dead to eternal life. At this point we also
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