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The Horse in New Kingdom Egypt: Its Introduction, Nature, Role and Impact

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The Horse in New Kingdom Egypt: Its Introduction, Nature, Role and Impact THE HORSE IN NEW KINGDOM EGYPT: ITS INTRODUCTION, NATURE, ROLE AND IMPACT TEXT VOLUME Susan Turner Macquarie University Faculty of Arts Department of Ancient History 2015 For CAROLINE and DAVID and ARKI who taught me so much about horses. ABSTRACT THE HORSE IN NEW KINGDOM EGYPT: ITS INTRODUCTION, NATURE, ROLE AND IMPACT. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY SUSAN P. TURNER SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA DECEMBER 2015 This Thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. Susan P. Turner_____________________________________ 2 “his horses are like falcons when they sight small birds.. roaring like a lion, stirred up and raging” Edgerton.W.F. & Wilson. J (1936) Historical Records of Ramses III. The Texts in Medinet Habu. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 24. 3 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT To date much scholarly attention has been paid to the development of the light spoke- wheeled chariot, its spread throughout the Near East, its design and uses. There has also been much concentration on the domestication of the horse and its proliferation through the ‘horse cultures” in those regions. Apart from the work of Rommelaere1 in the early 1990’s, interest in the Egyptian horse has been limited to short articles or sections of other works dealing mainly with chariots, where mention of the driving force behind the chariot – the horse has been brief. This work addresses this omission by reviewing the faunal, iconographic, textual and archaeological evidence for the horse in New Kingdom Egypt. A brief examination of the origins of this animal and its proliferation throughout the Near East provides the introduction to a study of its arrival in Egypt and the means by which that occurred. The faunal remains will be examined in order to establish the physiological nature of the Egyptian horse and then these will be used in concert with the extant iconographic, textual and archaeological material to determine the role that the horse played in the New Kingdom, how that role changed over time and what impact the acquisition and use of the horse had on Egypt. 1 C. Rommelaere (1991) Les chevaux du Nouvel Empire égyptien, Brussels. 4 ABBREVIATIONS AJA American Journal of Archaeology. Baltimore. ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte. Cairo. BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Boston. BMMA Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. FIFAO Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Cairo. GM Göttinger Miszellen. Göttingen. JAS Journal of Archaeological Science. Massachusetts. JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. London. JIES Journal of Indo-European Studies. JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago. JARCE Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt. Boston. JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. Toronto. LÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Weisbaden. MÄS Münchener Ägyptologische Studien. Berlin. MDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts: Abteilung Kairo. Wiesbaden. 5 ABBREVIATIONS PM B. Porter & R. Moss (1927-51) Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, 7 vols. (revisions edited by J. Malek, 1960-) Oxford. TMP Theban Mapping Project. ZÄS Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Leipzig. 6 TERMINOLOGY: THE HORSE Bang/ Banging A fringe or section of hair cut straight across - the forelock or the tail. Barrel The midsection of a horse, between the forelegs and the loins. Bars The space along the gums in the horse’s mouth between the front incisors and the molars. Sometimes called the “interdental space.” Bay A body colour ranging from dark to light brown, always with a black mane and tail and usually black markings on the lower legs. Bit The bit is the means by which a rider steers. It lies on the bars of the horse’s mouth, that is, the part of the lower gums where there are no teeth. Black A body colour of true black, without any light areas, except possibly white markings on the face and legs, the mane and tail are also black. Blaze A wide white marking that covers the whole of the forehead and extends down the front of the face to the muzzle. Breed There is not a single definition for the term “breed” “A breed that exists today can be seen as an expression of a history of genetic selection and genetic drift. Its genotype will include genes and gene combinations coding for particular characteristics and it will have lost from its genotype, due to random genetic processes which accompany restricted mating, many of the genes which are present in other breeds.” D.S. Mills & S.M. McDonnell (2003) The Domestic Horse. The Origins, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Cambridge, 26. 7 TERMINOLOGY: THE HORSE The word “breed” is used to designate those physical types which mankind has created by selecting mates on behalf of the animals. Bridle The bridle ensures that the bit remains correctly positioned in the horse’s mouth. It consists of a number of straps that are fastened around the horse’s head. Caballine Adjective: for finds associated with Equus caballus. Canine teeth Four small diameter, long sharp teeth in the interdental space of male horses, occasionally smaller versions are found in female horses. Cannon bone The cannon bone forms part of the knee joint at its top and part of the fetlock joint at its bottom. Its normal position is vertical. The cannon is the large (third) metacarpal. Canter The horse’s three beat gait, a slow or collected gallop. The canter is a three beat gait with suspension performed in a three-time rhythm. It is a series of “jumps” or bounds, with suspension between strides. It is regular, light and active with an elastic back and good balance. It is more collected than the gallop. The horse moves strait with his hind legs tracking his forelegs. 8 Harris.S.E. (1993) Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement. New Jersey. Carriage How a horse carries itself, especially the head, neck and tail. Check Rowels A thin rod running from the horse’s cheek area to the yoke saddle with a revolving, spiked disk near its centre. Cheek Pieces The metal rings or shanks that attach the bridle and the reins to the mouthpiece of a snaffle bit. Chestnut A dark brown or brownish-red coat, mane and tail. Collection The horse gathers himself for action by engaging his hindquarters, shifting his balance backward and lightening his forehand. His back rounds and his neck arches and rises, especially at the base. His head is carried high and he flexes at the poll. Collected Gait To put a horse into a more compact frame usually done to create greater impulsion. Collected Walk An energetic elastic marching gait with a regular four beat rhythm. The horse remains on the bit with neck raised and arched, head near the vertical, hindquarters well-engaged and 9 TERMINOLOGY: THE HORSE shorter higher active steps. Because the steps are shorter he does not overstep. Collected Trot A shorter, elastic and energetic trot with the horse’s balance shifted backward. The horse moves with well-engaged hindquarters, shorter higher steps and a founded back, with his neck raised and arched and his face near the vertical. Colour The colour of a horse is decided by the colour of the points - the muzzle, tips of the ears, mane and tail and the lower part of the legs. Colt An uncastrated male horse up to four years old. Conformation The formation of the skeletal frame and its accompanying structures when viewed in terms of the symmetrical proportion of the individual parts comprising the whole. It is the perfection of each component and their proportionate relationships that contributes to the perfection of the overall form. In the well - made horse, whatever the breed, no one feature disturbs the symmetry. Croup The highest point of the rump. Dish-faced A facial profile featuring concavity below the eyes, an Arabian characteristic. Dock The upper part of the tail at the tail head. Domestic horse Scientific Classification of the Domestic Horse: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia 10 Order Perissodactyla Suborder Hippomorpha Family Equidae Subfamily Equinae Tribe Equini Genus Equus Species Equus caballus Dun A coat colour that comprises a yellowish or gold body with black or brown legs and tail. Eneolithic Transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during which the earliest metallic (copper) artefacts appeared, hence, it is also known as the Copper Age (2500-2000BC.) Equine Any of the species of the family Equidae and genus Equus, including Equus caballus (horse), Equus Asinus (ass), as well as hybrids such as the mule or hinny. Equidae The family of the horse. Equus A genus of the family Equidae that comprises the horses, asses, zebras and related recent and extinct mammals. Equus asinus The donkey. Equus caballus The domestic horse. Equus ferus Modern domestic horses are probably descended primarily from a wild ancestral population that roamed the Eurasian grasslands about 5000-4000BCE, often referred to as Equus ferus, or the wild European horse. Equus przewalski The wild Asiatic horse. 11 TERMINOLOGY: THE HORSE Extended Trot A gait in which the horse covers as much ground as possible with each stride. The horse pushes off the ground with great impulsion, allowing for the greatest possible reach. Extended Walk A walk in which the horse covers as much ground as possible at each stride without quickening his tempo or losing his clear, regular four beat rhythm. He reaches well forward from the hips and shoulders, and his head and neck extend forward. His hind feet overstep well beyond the prints of the front feet.
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