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Satellite Communications, Second Edition ROHDE ET AL This page intentionally left blank Telecommunication Transmission Systems i Other McGraw-Hill Telecommunications Books of Interest ALI G Digital Switching Systems BENNER G Fibre Channel BEST G Phase-Locked Loops, Third Edition FEIT G TCP/IP, Second Edition GALLAGHER G Mobile Telecommunications Networking with IS-41 GOLDBERG G Digital Techniques in Frequency Synthesis GORALSKI G Introduction to ATM Networking HARTE G Cellular and PCS: The Big Picture HELDMAN G Information Telecommunications HELDMAN G Competitive Telecommunications KESSLER G ISDN, Third Edition KURUPILLA G Wireless PCS LEE G Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, Second Edition LEE G Mobile Communications Engineering, Second Edition LINDBERG G Digital Broadband Networks and Services LOGSDON G Mobile Communication Satellites MACARIO G Cellular Radio, Second Edition PATTAN G Satellite-Based Global Cellular Telecommunications RODDY G Satellite Communications, Second Edition ROHDE ET AL. G Communications Receivers, Second Edition SIMON ET AL. G Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook SMITH G Cellular Design and Optimization TSAKALAKIS G PCS Network Deployment Telecommunication Transmission Systems Robert G. Winch Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 1998, 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-136950-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-070970-X. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior con- sent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the con- tent of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause what- soever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071369503 Contents Preface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Transmission Media 1 1.2 Digitization 7 1.3 Digital Microwave Radio System Configuration 8 1.4 The Satellite System Configuration 11 1.5 Mobile Radio Systems 14 1.6 The Optical Fiber System Configuration 14 1.7 Data Communications and the Network 16 1.8 International Standards 17 1.9 Telecommunication Systems Driving Forces 18 Chapter 2. Digital Multiplexing 21 2.1 Pulse Code Modulation 22 2.1.1 Sampling 22 2.1.2 Quantization 24 2.1.3 Encoding and Decoding 28 2.1.4 Recent Coding Developments 29 2.1.5 PCM Primary Multiplexer 32 2.1.6 Formats for 24-Channel PCM Systems 34 2.1.7 Formats for 30-Channel PCM Systems 35 2.2 Line Codes 38 2.3 Plesiochronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing (North America) 48 2.3.1 PDH Multiplexing (North America) 48 2.3.2 Second-Order (DS-2) PDH Multiplexing (1.544 to 6.312 Mb/s) 49 2.3.3 Positive Pulse Stuffing (or Justification) 51 2.3.4 The 6-Mb/s PDH Frame Structure 52 2.3.5 PDH DS-3 Multiplexing (6 to 45 Mb/s) 54 2.3.6 PDH DS-4 Multiplexing (45 to 274 Mb/s) 56 2.4 Plesiochronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing (Europe) 56 2.4.1 PDH Multiplexing (Europe) 56 2.4.2 The PDH 8-Mb/s Frame Structure 58 2.4.3 PDH Third-Order Multiplexing (8 to 34 Mb/s) 58 2.4.4 PDH Fourth-Order Multiplexing (34 to 140 Mb/s) 60 2.4.5 PDH Fifth-Order Multiplexing (140 to 565 Mb/s) 61 v vi Contents 2.5 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Multiplexing 62 2.5.1 Network Node Interface 63 2.5.2 Synchronous Transport Signal Frame 64 2.5.3 Synchronous Transport Module Frame 69 2.5.4 Comparison of PDH and SDH/SONET Interfaces 71 2.5.5 SDH Multiplexing Structure Summary 74 2.5.6 Comparison of PDH and SDH/SONET Equipment 77 2.6 Multiplexing Digital Television Signals 80 2.6.1 Digitization of TV Signals 81 2.6.2 Analog Color TV 82 2.6.3 Video Compression Techniques 83 2.6.4 A Typical Digital TV Transmission System 85 2.6.5 High-Definition Television 86 Chapter 3. Signal Processing for Digital Communications 89 3.1 Modulation Schemes 89 3.1.1 Bandwidth Efficiency 89 3.1.2 Pulse Transmission through Filters 90 3.1.3 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 92 3.1.4 Frequency Shift Keyed Modulation, Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), and Gaussian MSK 93 3.1.5 Phase Shift Keyed Modulation 95 3.1.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 98 3.1.7 Comparison of Modulation Techniques 99 3.1.8 Demodulation 106 3.2 Error Control (Detection and Correction) 111 3.2.1 Forward Error Correction 111 3.2.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 120 3.2.3 Automatic Request for Repeat 122 3.2.4 Trellis-Coded Modulation 123 3.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 128 3.3.1 Pseudorandom Noise Generation 129 3.3.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 130 3.3.3 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 132 3.4 Access Techniques for Satellite and Mobile Communications 133 3.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 133 3.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access 134 3.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access 134 3.5 Transmission Delay 135 Chapter 4. The Microwave Link 139 4.1 Antennas 144 4.1.1 Antenna Gain 145 4.1.2 Beamwidth 147 4.1.3 Polarization 149 4.1.4 Antenna Noise 149 4.1.5 High-Performance Antennas 150 4.1.6 Antenna Towers 151 4.2 Free Space Propagation 154 4.3 Atmospheric Effects 156 4.3.1 Absorption 156 4.3.2 Refraction 157 4.3.3 Ducting 161 4.4 Terrain Effects 161 4.4.1 Reflections 161 Contents vii 4.4.2 Fresnel zones 163 4.4.3 Diffraction 163 4.5 Fading 169 4.5.1 Flat fading 169 4.5.2 Frequency Selective Fading 170 4.5.3 Factors Affecting Multipath Fading 171 4.6 Overall Performance Objectives 171 4.6.1 Error Definitions 173 4.6.2 Availability 175 4.6.3 Microwave Radio Performance Objectives 178 4.6.4 Comments on the Old and New Error Objectives 179 4.7 Diversity 180 4.7.1 Space Diversity 180 4.7.2 Frequency Diversity 182 4.8 Link Analysis 183 4.8.1 Hop Calculations 183 4.8.2 Passive Repeaters 187 4.8.3 Noise 191 Chapter 5. Digital Microwave Radio Systems and Measurements 201 5.1 System Protection 201 5.1.1 Diversity Protection Switching 201 5.1.2 Hot-Standby Protection 202 5.1.3 Combining Techniques 202 5.1.4 IF Adaptive Equalizers 204 5.1.5 Baseband Adaptive Transversal Equalizers 208 5.2 155-Mb/s DMR with 64-QAM 216 5.2.1 DMR Transmit Path 218 5.2.2 DMR Receive Path 234 5.2.3 DMR and the Telecommunications Management Network 242 5.2.4 DMR with Higher Modulation Levels 244 5.2.5 Multicarrier Transmission 245 5.3 Low-Capacity DMR 246 5.3.1 RF Channel Arrangement 247 5.3.2 Modulation 248 5.3.3 Transmitter and Receiver 249 5.4 Performance and Measurements 249 5.4.1 RF Section Out-of-Service Tests 251 5.4.2 IF Section Out-of-Service Tests 254 5.4.3 Baseband Tests 255 Chapter 6.
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