DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies e-ISSN: 2319-9873 p-ISSN: 2347-2324 Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies A Short Study on Phylogenetics Indu Sama* Department of plant Pathology and forest genetics, Bharat University, India Review Article ABSTRACT Received: 06/09/2016 Accepted : 09/09/2016 Published: 12/09/2016 In science, phylogenetics is the investigation of transformative *For Correspondence connections among gatherings of life forms (e.g. species,populations), which are found through atomic sequencing information and morphological information grids. The term phylogeneticsderives from the Greek Department of plant Pathology expressions phylé (φυλή) and phylon (φῦλον), meaning "tribe", "faction", and forest genetics, Bharat "race" and the descriptive structure, genetikós(γενετικός), of the word University, India genesis (γένεσις) "source", "source", "conception". Indeed, phylogenesis is the procedure, phylogeny is science on this procedure, and phylogenetics is E-mail: [email protected] phylogeny in view of examination of successions of organic macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins, in the first). The consequence of phylogenetic Keywords: Phylogenetics, studies is a speculation about the developmental history of taxonomic Devolopment, Computation gatherings: their phylogeny. INTRODUCTION Development is a procedure whereby populaces are modified over the long run and may part into particular branches, hybridize together, or end by elimination [1 -15]. The transformative expanding procedure may be portrayed as a phylogenetic tree, and the spot of each of the different living beings on the tree is in view of a speculation about the arrangement in which developmental spreading occasions happened. Inhistorical phonetics, comparative ideas are utilized regarding connections in the middle of dialects; and in literary feedback withstemmatics [15-25]. Phylogenetic examinations have ended up crucial to research on the developmental tree of life. Case in point, the RedToL goes for recreating the Red Algal Tree of Life. The National Science Foundation supports an undertaking called the Assembling the Tree of Life (AToL) action [26,27]. The objective of this task is to focus developmental connections crosswise over expansive gatherings of creatures all through the historical backdrop of life. The exploration on this venture regularly includes vast groups working crosswise over establishments and orders, and normally gives backing to specialists dealing with computational phylogenetics and phyloinformatics assignments, including information securing, examination, and calculation advancement and dispersal [28-32]. Scientific categorization the arrangement, recognizable proof and naming of creatures is typically luxuriously educated by phylogenetics, yet remains a methodologically and coherently unmistakable discipline [4]. The extent to which scientific classifications rely on upon phylogenies varies relying upon the school of scientific categorization: phenetics disregards phylogeny through and through, attempting to speak to the closeness between organic entities rather; cladistics (phylogenetic systematics) tries to recreate phylogeny in its order without loss of data; developmental scientific categorization tries to discover a bargain between them so as to speak to phases of advancement [33-36]. Development of a phylogenetic tree The logical systems for phylogenetics are regularly gathered under the term cladistics. The most well-known ones are niggardliness, greatest probability (ML), and MCMC-basedBayesian derivation [37]. All systems rely on a RRJPTS | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | August, 2016 39 e-ISSN: 2319-9873 p-ISSN: 2347-2324 verifiable or unequivocal scientific model portraying the development of characters saw in the species incorporated; all can be, and are, utilized for atomic information, wherein the characters are adjusted nucleotide or amino corrosive successions, and everything except most extreme probability (see beneath) can be, and are, utilized for phenotypic (morphological, concoction, and physiological) information (likewise called established or customary information) [38-40]. Phenetics, prevalent in the mid-20th century however now generally out of date, uses separation grid based systems to build trees in light of general closeness in morphology or other recognizable qualities (i.e. in the phenotype, not the DNA), which was regularly accepted to surmised phylogenetic connections [41]. An exhaustive orderly convention on developing phylogenetic tree, including DNA/Amino Acid coterminous grouping get together, various succession arrangement, model-test (testing best-fitting substitution models) and phylogeny remaking utilizing Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, is accessible at Nature Protocol [42]. Before 1990, phylogenetic surmisings were by and large displayed as story situations. Such techniques are honest to goodness, however regularly questionable and difficult to test [43-46]. Homoplasy Certain characters are more inclined to develop concurrently than others; intelligently, such characters ought to be given less weight in the reproduction of a tree. Weights as a model of advancement can be deduced from sets of atomic information, so that greatest probability or Bayesian systems can be utilized to investigate them. For sub- atomic groupings, this issue is exacerbated when the taxa under study have separated generously. As time subsequent to the uniqueness of two taxa build, so does the likelihood of numerous substitutions on the same site, or back changes, all of which result in homoplasies. For morphological information, lamentably, the main target approach to focus merging is by the development of a tree – a to a degree roundabout system [47-50]. Indeed, even along these lines, weighting homoplasious characters improves upheld trees. Further refinement can be gotten by weighting alters one course higher than changes in another; for case, the vicinity of thoracic wings very nearly ensures arrangement among the pterygote creepy crawlies on the grounds that, in spite of the fact that wings are frequently lost optionally, there is no proof that they have been increased more than once [51]. Level quality exchange As a rule, organic entities can acquire qualities in two ways: vertical quality exchange and even quality exchange. Vertical quality exchange is the entry of qualities from guardian to posterity, and level (likewise called sidelong) quality exchange happens when qualities bounce between disconnected living beings, a typical sensation particularly in prokaryotes; a great sample of this is the obtained anti-toxin resistance as an aftereffect of quality trade between different microbes prompting multi-drug-safe bacterial species [52-56]. There have additionally been all around reported instances of flat quality exchange between eukaryotes. Even quality exchange has confused the determination of phylogenies of creatures, and irregularities in phylogeny have been accounted for among particular gatherings of life forms relying upon the qualities used to develop transformative trees [57]. The best way to figure out which qualities have been procured vertically and which evenly is toparsimoniously expect that the biggest arrangement of qualities that have been acquired together have been acquired vertically; this obliges breaking down an extensive number of qualities [58-62]. Mixtures, speciation and introgressions The essential suspicion fundamental the numerical model of cladistics is a circumstance where animal types part flawlessly in bifurcating manner. While such a presumption may hang on a bigger scale (bar even quality exchange, see above), speciation is regularly significantly less deliberate [63 -70]. Research following the cladistic system was presented has demonstrated that half and half speciation, once thought uncommon, is truth be told very basic, especially in plants. Additionally paraphyletic speciation is regular, making the suspicion of a bifurcating example inadmissible, prompting phylogenetic systems as opposed to trees. Introgression can likewise move qualities between generally unmistakable species and at times even genera, confounding phylogenetic examination in light of qualities. This wonder can add to "inadequate line sorting" and is thought to be a typical sensation over various gatherings. In species level examination this can be managed by bigger inspecting or better entire genome [71-80] investigation. Frequently the issue is maintained a strategic distance from by confining the investigation to less, not nearly related example. RRJPTS | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | August, 2016 40 e-ISSN: 2319-9873 p-ISSN: 2347-2324 Taxon inspecting Attributable to the advancement of cutting edge sequencing systems in atomic science, it has ended up attainable to accumulate a lot of information (DNA or amino corrosive successions) to derive phylogenetic speculations [81-84]. Case in point, it is not uncommon to discover studies with character networks in light of entire mitochondrial genomes (~16,000 nucleotides, in numerous creatures). Nonetheless, recreations have demonstrated that it is more critical to expand the quantity of taxa in the grid than to build the quantity of characters, on the grounds that the more taxa there are, the more precise and more vigorous is the subsequent phylogenetic tree. This may be halfway because of the separating of long branches [85-90]. Phylogenetic sign Another essential element that influences the precision of tree remaking is whether the information
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acanthophora Dendroides Harvey (Rhodomelaceae), a New Record for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
    15 3 NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 15 (3): 509–514 https://doi.org/10.15560/15.3.509 Acanthophora dendroides Harvey (Rhodomelaceae), a new record for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans Gabriela C. García-Soto, Juan M. Lopez-Bautista The University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, 1325 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA. Corresponding author: Gabriela García-Soto, [email protected] Abstract We record Acanthophora dendroides Harvey for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean. Two specimens from the Philip- pines were resolved as conspecific to the Atlantic A. dendroides in molecular analyses extending its geographic range to the Philippines. In light of new evidence provided by field-collected specimens ofAcanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen (generitype) from Florida and Venezuela, the flattened species A. pacifica(Setchell) Kraft, showed no affin- ity to Acanthophora sensu stricto, suggesting that the genus should be restricted to cylindrical species only. Key words Atlantic Ocean, Philippines, taxonomy. Academic editor: Luciane Fontana da Silva | Received 8 October 2018 | Accepted 21 January 2019 | Published 21 June 2019 Citation: García-Soto GC, Lopez-Bautista JM (2019) Acanthophora dendroides Harvey (Rhodomelaceae), a new record for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Check List 15 (3): 509–514. https://doi.org/10.15560/15.3.509 Introduction Kraft are restricted to the Pacific Ocean (Guiry and Guiry 2018), A. dendroides Harvey to the Indian Ocean The genus Acanthophora J.V. Lamouroux 1813 is a (Silva et al. 1996) and A. ramulosa Lindenb. ex. Kutz- member of the tribe Chondrieae and it is distinguished from other genera of the tribe by the presence of spirally ing appears to be confined to the Gulf of Guinea in West arranged acute spines (Gordon-Mills and Womersley Africa (Steentoft 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • Ribosomal Dna Phylogeny of the Bangiophycidae (Rhodophyta) and the Origin of Secondary Plastids1
    American Journal of Botany 88(8): 1390±1400. 2001. RIBOSOMAL DNA PHYLOGENY OF THE BANGIOPHYCIDAE (RHODOPHYTA) AND THE ORIGIN OF SECONDARY PLASTIDS1 KIRSTEN M. MUÈ LLER,2,6 MARIANA C. OLIVEIRA,3 ROBERT G. SHEATH,2 AND DEBASHISH BHATTACHARYA4,5 2Department of Botany and Dean's Of®ce, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; 3Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of SaÄo Paulo, R. MataÄo, Travessa 14, N. 321, SaÄo Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 05508-900; and 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, 239 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-3110 USA We sequenced the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA coding region from 20 members of the Bangiophycidae and from two members of the Florideophycidae to gain insights into red algal evolution. A combined alignment of nuclear and plastid small subunit rDNA and a data set of Rubisco protein sequences were also studied to complement the understanding of bangiophyte phylogeny and to address red algal secondary symbiosis. Our results are consistent with a monophyletic origin of the Florideophycidae, which form a sister-group to the Bangiales. Bangiales monophyly is strongly supported, although Porphyra is polyphyletic within Bangia. Ban- giophycidae orders such as the Porphyridiales are distributed over three independent red algal lineages. The Compsopogonales sensu stricto, consisting of two freshwater families, Compsopogonaceae and Boldiaceae, forms a well-supported monophyletic grouping. The single taxon within the Rhodochaetales, Rhodochaete parvula, is positioned within a cluster containing members of the Erythropelti- dales. Analyses of Rubisco sequences show that the plastids of the heterokonts are most closely related to members of the Cyanidiales and are not directly related to cryptophyte and haptophyte plastid genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Phylogenesis Versus
    108 The Evolution of Culturol Diversity Clades Lineages CHAPTER 7 PHYLOGENESIS VERSUS ETHNOGENESIS IN vvvv TURKMEN CULTURAL EVOLUTION vv v Mark Collard and Jamshid Tehrani INTRODUCTION The processes responsible for producing the similarities and differences among cultures have been the focus of much debate in recent years, as has the corollary vv issue of linking cultural data with the patterns recorded by linguists and Figure 6.10 Clodes versus lineages. All nine diagrams represent the same hiologists working with human populations (eg, Romney 1957; Vogt 1964; phylogeny, with clades highlighted on the left and lineages on the tight Chakraborty ct a11976; Brace and Hinton 1981; Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 1981; Additional lineages can be counted from various internal nodes to the branch Lumsden and Wilson 1981~ Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza 1984; Boyd and tips (after de Quelroz 1998). Richerson 1985; Terrell 1986, 1988; Kirch and Green 1987, 2001; Renfrew 19H7, 1992, 2000b, 2001; Atkinson 1989; Croes 1989; Bateman et a11990; Durham 1990, Archaeologists are uniquely capable of ans\vering these questions, and cladistics 1991,1992; Moore 1994b; Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza 1995; Guglielmino et a[ offers a means to answer them. 19Q5; Laland et af 1995; Zvelebil 1995; Bellwood 1996a, 2001; Boyd clal 1997~ But are we simply borrowing techniques of biological origin \vithout a firm Shennan 2000, 2002; Smith 2001; Whaley 2001; Terrell cI ill 20CH; Jordan dnd basis for so doing? No. We view cultural phenomena as residing in a series of Shennan 2003). To date, this debate has concentrated on two cornpeting nested hierarchies that comprise traditions, or lineages, at ever more-inclusive hypotheses, which have been termed the 'genetic', 'demie diffusion', 'branching' scales and that are held together by cultural as \veU as genetic transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinements for the Amplification and Sequencing of Red Algal DNA Barcode and Redtol Phylogenetic Markers: a Summary of Current Primers, Profiles and Strategies
    Review Algae 2013, 28(1): 31-43 http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2013.28.1.031 Open Access Refinements for the amplification and sequencing of red algal DNA barcode and RedToL phylogenetic markers: a summary of current primers, profiles and strategies Gary W. Saunders1,* and Tanya E. Moore1 1Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Frederic- ton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada This review provides a comprehensive summary of the PCR primers and profiles currently in use in our laboratory for red algal DNA barcoding and phylogenetic research. While work focuses on florideophyte taxa, many of the markers have been applied successfully to the Bangiales, as well as other lineages previously assigned to the Bangiophyceae sensu lato. All of the primers currently in use with their respective amplification profiles and strategies are provided, which can include full fragment, overlapping fragments and what might best be called “informed overlapping fragments”, i.e., a fragment for a marker is amplified and sequenced for a taxon and those sequence data are then used to identify the best primers to amplify the remaining fragment(s) for that marker. We extend this strategy for the more variable markers with sequence from the external PCR primers used to “inform” the selection of internal sequencing primers. This summary will hopefully serve as a useful resource to systematists in the red algal community. Key Words: DNA barcode; Florideophyceae; molecular markers; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; primers; RedToL INTRODUCTION There can be little question that molecular techniques redtol/) (Vis et al. 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Bermuda, Western Atlantic Ocean, Including Five New Species and C
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Faculty Scholarship 6-2018 A Revision of the Genus Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Bermuda, Western Atlantic Ocean, Including Five New Species and C. bermudensis (Collins & M. Howe) comb. nov [post-print] Craig W. Schneider Trinity College, [email protected] Christopher E. Lane University of Rhode Island Gary W. Saunders Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/facpub Part of the Biology Commons TEJP-2017-0083.R1 _____________________________________________________________________________ A revision of the genus Cryptonemia (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Bermuda, western Atlantic Ocean, including five new species and C. bermudensis (Collins et M. Howe) comb. nov. Craig W. Schneidera, Christopher E. Laneb and Gary W. Saundersc aDepartment of Biology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; cCentre for Environmental & Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada Left Header: C. SCHNEIDER ET AL. _____________________________________________________________________________ CONTACT Craig W. Schneider. E-mail: [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT Cryptonemia specimens collected in Bermuda over the past two decades were analyzed using gene sequences encoding the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the large subunit of RuBisCO as genetic markers to elucidate their phylogenetic positions. They were additionally subjected to morphological assessment and compared with historical collections from the islands. Six species are presently found in the flora including C. bermudensis comb. nov., based on Halymenia bermudensis, and the following five new species: C. abyssalis, C. antricola, C. atrocostalis, C. lacunicola and C. perparva. Of the eight species known in the western Atlantic flora prior to this study, none is found in Bermuda.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis (PDF, 13.51MB)
    Insects and their endosymbionts: phylogenetics and evolutionary rates Daej A Kh A M Arab The University of Sydney Faculty of Science 2021 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Authorship contribution statement During my doctoral candidature I published as first-author or co-author three stand-alone papers in peer-reviewed, internationally recognised journals. These publications form the three research chapters of this thesis in accordance with The University of Sydney’s policy for doctoral theses. These chapters are linked by the use of the latest phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary techniques for analysing obligate mutualistic endosymbionts and their host mitochondrial genomes to shed light on the evolutionary history of the two partners. Therefore, there is inevitably some repetition between chapters, as they share common themes. In the general introduction and discussion, I use the singular “I” as I am the sole author of these chapters. All other chapters are co-authored and therefore the plural “we” is used, including appendices belonging to these chapters. Part of chapter 2 has been published as: Bourguignon, T., Tang, Q., Ho, S.Y., Juna, F., Wang, Z., Arab, D.A., Cameron, S.L., Walker, J., Rentz, D., Evans, T.A. and Lo, N., 2018. Transoceanic dispersal and plate tectonics shaped global cockroach distributions: evidence from mitochondrial phylogenomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(4), pp.970-983. The chapter was reformatted to include additional data and analyses that I undertook towards this paper. My role was in the paper was to sequence samples, assemble mitochondrial genomes, perform phylogenetic analyses, and contribute to the writing of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene
    Please cite this article in press as: Chan et al., Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene Sharing Found in a Rich Reper- toire of Red Algal Genes, Current Biology (2011), doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.037 Current Biology 21, 1–6, February 22, 2011 ª2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.037 Report Red and Green Algal Monophyly and Extensive Gene Sharing Found in a Rich Repertoire of Red Algal Genes Cheong Xin Chan,1,5 Eun Chan Yang,2,5 Titas Banerjee,1 sequences in our local database, in which we included the Hwan Su Yoon,2,* Patrick T. Martone,3 Jose´ M. Estevez,4 23,961 predicted proteins from C. tuberculosum (see Table and Debashish Bhattacharya1,* S1 available online). Of these hits, 9,822 proteins (72.1%, 1Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources including many P. cruentum paralogs) were present in C. tuber- and Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers culosum and/or other red algae, 6,392 (46.9%) were shared University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA with C. merolae, and 1,609 were found only in red algae. A total 2Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay of 1,409 proteins had hits only to red algae and one other Harbor, ME 04575, USA phylum. Using this repertoire, we adopted a simplified recip- 3Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 rocal BLAST best-hits approach to study the pattern of exclu- University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada sive gene sharing between red algae and other phyla (see 4Instituto de Fisiologı´a, Biologı´a Molecular y Neurociencias Experimental Procedures).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Algae: Primary Endosymbiosis
    CHAPTER TWO Diversity and Evolution of Algae: Primary Endosymbiosis Olivier De Clerck1, Kenny A. Bogaert, Frederik Leliaert Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 56 1.1. Early Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis 56 1.2. Origin of Plastids: Primary Endosymbiosis 58 2. Red Algae 61 2.1. Red Algae Defined 61 2.2. Cyanidiophytes 63 2.3. Of Nori and Red Seaweed 64 3. Green Plants (Viridiplantae) 66 3.1. Green Plants Defined 66 3.2. Evolutionary History of Green Plants 67 3.3. Chlorophyta 68 3.4. Streptophyta and the Origin of Land Plants 72 4. Glaucophytes 74 5. Archaeplastida Genome Studies 75 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 Abstract Oxygenic photosynthesis, the chemical process whereby light energy powers the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds and oxygen is released as a waste product, evolved in the anoxygenic ancestors of Cyanobacteria. Although there is still uncertainty about when precisely and how this came about, the gradual oxygenation of the Proterozoic oceans and atmosphere opened the path for aerobic organisms and ultimately eukaryotic cells to evolve. There is a general consensus that photosynthesis was acquired by eukaryotes through endosymbiosis, resulting in the enslavement of a cyanobacterium to become a plastid. Here, we give an update of the current understanding of the primary endosymbiotic event that gave rise to the Archaeplastida. In addition, we provide an overview of the diversity in the Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta and the Viridiplantae (excluding the Embryophyta) and highlight how genomic data are enabling us to understand the relationships and characteristics of algae emerging from this primary endosymbiotic event.
    [Show full text]
  • Organellar Genome Evolution in Red Algal Parasites: Differences in Adelpho- and Alloparasites
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Dissertations 2017 Organellar Genome Evolution in Red Algal Parasites: Differences in Adelpho- and Alloparasites Eric Salomaki University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss Recommended Citation Salomaki, Eric, "Organellar Genome Evolution in Red Algal Parasites: Differences in Adelpho- and Alloparasites" (2017). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 614. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/614 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORGANELLAR GENOME EVOLUTION IN RED ALGAL PARASITES: DIFFERENCES IN ADELPHO- AND ALLOPARASITES BY ERIC SALOMAKI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION OF ERIC SALOMAKI APPROVED: Dissertation Committee: Major Professor Christopher E. Lane Jason Kolbe Tatiana Rynearson Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2017 ABSTRACT Parasitism is a common life strategy throughout the eukaryotic tree of life. Many devastating human pathogens, including the causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, have evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor. However, how an organism transitions from a photosynthetic to a parasitic life history strategy remains mostly unknown. Parasites have independently evolved dozens of times throughout the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta), and often infect close relatives. This framework enables direct comparisons between autotrophs and parasites to investigate the early stages of parasite evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Palmophyllum Crassum , a New Record of an Ancient Species In
    ISSN 1226-9999 (print) ISSN 2287-7851 (online) Korean J. Environ. Biol. 35(3) : 319~328 (2017) https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2017.35.3.319 <Original article> Palmophyllum crassum, a New Record of an Ancient Species in Green Algae from Korea Hyung Woo Lee and Myung Sook Kim* Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea Abstract - The continuous exploration in deep seawater from Korea makes us lead the discovery of ancient Chlorophyta, Palmophyllum, in the Korean coast. The phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA and rbcL genes demonstrate that our specimens are Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst, recorded in Japan and clearly distinguished from P. umbracola from New Zealand and California, USA. Palmophyllum crassum grows in the subtidal region, 8-30 m deep, and has a crustose thallus which is closely adherent to substrates such as non-geniculate crustose coralline algae, sponge, shells, or rocks. P. crassum is composed of numerous spherical cells embedded in the gelatinous matrix. The discovery of this ancient green seaweed implies that the Korean coast is one of the hotspots of algal species diversity and has the suitable marine environment for algal speciation. We suggest the grounds to conserve the Korean coast environmentally as the biodiversity center of marine species by studying the phylogeny of seaweeds. Key words : 18S rRNA, molecular phylogeny, Palmophyllophyceae, Palmophyllum crassum, rbcL INTRODUCTION that the earliest-diverging Chlorophyta comprises marine green algae with simple morphology by revealing a deep- The green algae distributed in freshwater and seawater, branching clade which is a macroscopic algal group named even terrestrial habitats, are photosynthetic eukaryotes char- as the order Palmophyllales including Palmophyllum, Ver- acterized by the presence of chloroplast with two envelope digellas and Palmoclathrus, based on the molecular phylo- membranes, stacked thylakoids, and chlorophyll a and b genetic study.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomics of Reichenowia Parasitica, an Alphaproteobacterial Endosymbiont of the Freshwater Leech Placobdella Parasitica
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research CUNY Graduate Center 2011 Phylogenomics of Reichenowia parasitica, an Alphaproteobacterial Endosymbiont of the Freshwater Leech Placobdella parasitica Sebastian Kvist American Museum of Natural History Apurva Narechania American Museum of Natural History Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa CUNY Graduate Center Bella Fuks Long Island University Mark E. Siddall American Museum of Natural History How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_pubs/365 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Phylogenomics of Reichenowia parasitica,an Alphaproteobacterial Endosymbiont of the Freshwater Leech Placobdella parasitica Sebastian Kvist1,2*, Apurva Narechania3, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa2,4, Bella Fuks5, Mark E. Siddall2,3 1 Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 3 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 4 Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America, 5 Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America Abstract Although several commensal alphaproteobacteria form close relationships with plant hosts where they aid in (e.g.,) nitrogen fixation and nodulation, only a few inhabit animal hosts. Among these, Reichenowia picta, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Barcoding Confirms the Presence of Exotic Asian Seaweeds (Pachymeniopsis Gargiuli and Grateloupia Turuturu) in the Cantabrian Sea, Bay of Biscay
    Molecular barcoding confirms the presence of exotic Asian seaweeds (Pachymeniopsis gargiuli and Grateloupia turuturu) in the Cantabrian Sea, Bay of Biscay Marcos Montes1,2, Jose M. Rico2, Eva García-Vazquez1 and Yaisel J. Borrell Pichs1 1 Biología Funcional, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain 2 Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (BOS), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain ABSTRACT Background. The introduction of exotic species can have serious consequences for marine ecosystems. On the shores of the Cantabrian Sea (North of Spain) there are no routine examinations of seaweeds that combine molecular and morphological methods for early detection of exotic species making it difficult to assess in the early stages their establishment and expansion processes as a result of anthropogenic activities (e.g., shipping and/or aquaculture). Methods. In this work we used both morphological identification and molecular barcoding (COI-5P and rbcL genes) of red algae collected in Asturias, Bay of Biscay (Gijón and Candás harbours) and from the University of Oviedo's herbarium samples. Results. The results confirmed the presence of exotic Asian seaweeds Pachymeniopsis gargiuli and Grateloupia turuturu Yamada on Cantabrian Sea shores. Several individuals of these species were fertile and developing cystocarps when collected, underlining the risk of possible expansion or continued establishment. This study constitutes the first report of the Asian P. gargiuli in this area of the Bay of Biscay. Conclusions. Here the presence of the exotic species of the Halymeniales P. gargiuli is Submitted 3 October 2016 confirmed. We hypothesize that this species may have been established some time ago as Accepted 23 February 2017 a cryptic introduction with G.
    [Show full text]